ABSTRACT Fresh‐cut Atlantic salmon fillets are highly susceptible to microbial contamination and lipid oxidation. To address this, a smart, biodegradable active packaging film (SKP‐YCu‐CDs) was developed by incorporating yuzu peel‐derived, copper‐coordinated carbon dots (YCu‐CDs) into a ternary sodium alginate/konjac glucomannan/polyvinyl alcohol (SA/KGM/PVA) matrix. The resulting film exhibits excellent UV and water vapor barrier properties, high wet‐state ductility (elongation at break >300%), and a unique “water‐triggered peelable” interface for clean, zero‐residue removal before cooking. Crucially, the embedded YCu‐CDs act as a pH‐adaptive, near‐infrared (NIR) light‐enhanced nanozyme system synchronized with salmon spoilage stages. During early acidic phases caused by bacterial metabolism, NIR irradiation amplifies a peroxidase‐like oxidative burst, killing 76.33% of Staphylococcus aureus and 64.69% of Escherichia coli . As protein degradation shifts the microenvironment toward neutrality later on, the nanozymes transition into an antioxidant state to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid rancidity. Salmon‐fillet preservation experiments demonstrated that this bifunctional coating effectively suppresses biochemical deterioration, maintains myofibrillar structures, and extends salmon shelf life by at least 4 days. With excellent biocompatibility, this advanced material offers a safe, full‐cycle preservation strategy for high‐value aquatic products.

Background Driven by the demand for sustainable development and food safety, biopolymers have emerged as ideal materials to replace conventional plastics in packaging. However, the practical effectiveness of active packaging is often limited by the incompatibility between hydrophobic active substances (e.g., essential oils and polyphenols) and hydrophilic biopolymer substrates (e.g., polysaccharides and proteins). Scope and approach This review explores the role of cyclodextrins (CDs) as “bridges” and details how their amphiphilic nature addresses the fundamental incompatibility between hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. The review covers three main aspects: preparation methods (e.g., solution casting, layer-by-layer casting, and electrospinning), mechanisms of performance enhancement (e.g., structural stability, barrier properties, and controlled release), and preservation efficiency in different food systems. Key finding and conclusions Studies indicate that CDs improve the incorporation and stability of active ingredients in packaging. Additionally, they enhance the mechanical and barrier properties of polymer matrices through intermolecular interactions. CDs also enable long-term sustained release and stimuli-responsive release (e.g., humidity or pH) of active compounds. As a result, CD-incorporated packaging materials exhibit improved antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, effectively extending the shelf-life of food. In summary, CDs act as key “molecular bridges”, promoting the functional and intelligent development of biopolymer-based film packaging. Future research should focus on green processing, long-term safety, and smart controlled release systems to facilitate industrial application.

This cross-sectional study systematically evaluated the association between the Food Group-Based Inflammatory Score (FGBIS) and cardiometabolic disorders among adults in Ganzhou City, China. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between FGBIS levels and metabolic abnormalities, with differential distribution patterns observed across sex (P = 0.044) and marital status (P = 0.008) groups. Regression analyses revealed a significant positive association between age and FGBIS, while hypertension status showed an inverse relationship with FGBIS. Gender-stratified analyses further indicated that higher FGBIS levels in males were significantly associated with greater age (β = 0.027), and smoking initiation among non-smoking males substantially associated with higher FGBIS (β = 0.500). In contrast, female hypertensive patients exhibited lower FGBIS levels (β=-0.268). These findings not only reveal distinct demographic patterns in dietary inflammatory effects but also provide important implications for public health practice: targeted anti-inflammatory dietary interventions may effectively mitigate the development of metabolic disorders, and incorporating FGBIS assessment into chronic disease prevention systems could facilitate the development of personalized dietary guidelines, thereby offering scientific evidence for improving population cardiometabolic health.

To prevent the rapid microbial growth caused by unintended temperature abuse during the handling of cooked meat, such as malfunctioning hot-holding equipment or improper storage, this study developed a smart formulation that can be triggered by high temperature to release antibacterial agents on demand. A mixture of lauric acid and stearic acid was employed as the phase change material (PCM), and cinnamaldehyde (CA) was used as the active substance to fabricate this composite (CA/PCM). At 42 °C, CA/PCM can transit from a solid phase to a molten state, leading to the rapid release of embedded CA. In vitro experiments showed that, compared with the 25 °C group, the CA/PCM-42°C group reduced the colony counts of E. coli and S. aureus by 74.5% and 74.0%, respectively, and also decreased the biofilm absorbance by 92.75% and 82.08%, respectively. Compared with the samples stored at 25 °C, the inoculated meat stored at 42 °C for 24 h exhibited smaller changes in colour (∆E* < 3.5), hardness, pH, TVB-N, and MDA values. Moreover, the microbial counts remained below 5 log CFU·g-1. The results demonstrate that CA/PCM serves as an effective fail-safe strategy, providing targeted antimicrobial protection specifically under temperature-abuse conditions for the preservation of cooked meat.

To increase the survival and controlled-release properties of probiotics during storage and gastrointestinal digestion, this study develops a novel probiotic intestinal-targeted controlled-release tablet using a gelatin/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based complex coacervation and double emulsification method integrated with spray drying and direct compression technology. The effects of three different CMCs on the complex coacervation process, as well as the microstructure, physicochemical characteristics, gastrointestinal controlled-release behavior, and storage stability of the resulting microcapsule tablets, were systematically evaluated. The results demonstrated that the complex coacervates formed from medium-viscosity CMC and gelatin exhibited the highest probiotic encapsulation efficiency (EE) (87.27 %) in the double emulsion system. Following spray drying, the microcapsule powders exhibited favorable physicochemical properties. Second, the microcapsule tablets formulated with medium-viscosity CMCs provided the most effective protection for probiotics, with a survival rate of 48.74 %, which was significantly higher than that of the unencapsulated tablet group (21.09 %, p < 0.05). These advantages can be attributed to the moderate molecular chain length and steric hindrance exhibited by medium-viscosity CMC, which enable the coacervate to achieve sufficient emulsification performance and protective capability. In simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiments, the survival rate of probiotics in the microcapsule tablets at the end of intestinal digestion ranged from 75.41 % to 85.68 %, which was also markedly higher than that of the unencapsulated group (11.46 %, p < 0.05). Furthermore, after storage at 37 degrees C for six months, the viable bacterial count in the microcapsule tablets decreased by only 0.9 x 10(9) to 1.57 x 10(9) CFU/tablet. This study systematically investigated the impact of CMC viscosity on the encapsulation and controlled-release performance of a gelatin/CMC (G/CMC) complex coacervation system, leading to the successful development of a probiotic controlled-release tablet with high survival rates, enhanced stability, and targeted delivery.

Background: The global environmental crisis driven by petroleum-based plastic waste has necessitated a paradigm shift in food packaging toward sustainable biopolymers. However, the intrinsic hydrophilicity and limited mechanical robustness of native proteins and polysaccharides restrict their industrial substitution for synthetic polyolefins. Traditional chemical crosslinking often involves toxic reagents, while physical treatments generate unstable networks. Photo-crosslinking has emerged as a green and efficient strategy, offering rapid kinetics, catalyst-free processing, and precise microstructural regulation to reconcile sustainability with advanced material performance. Scope and approach: This review systematically examines recent progress in photo-crosslinked biopolymer films, providing a critical analysis of the mechanistic dichotomy between material classes. It elucidates the structureproperty relationships connecting crosslinking density to microstructural changes and macroscopic enhancements in multiple properties. Furthermore, this review evaluates the transition of photo-crosslinking from simple structural reinforcement to functional applications, specifically highlighting emerging strategies in active packaging and the design of smart, recyclable closed-loop materials. Key findings and conclusions: Across the biopolymer matrices surveyed, optimized photo-crosslinking delivers substantial but matrix-dependent improvements in mechanical strength, moisture barrier, thermal stability and optical performance. Demonstrated applications include antimicrobial films that extend the shelf life of perishable food, UV-shielding films that prevent photo-oxidation of light-sensitive lipids, antioxidant films that suppress lipid oxidation, and wavelength-reversible coatings that enable closed-loop recycling of multilayer films. Together these outcomes position photo-crosslinking as a versatile, low-toxicity route to next-generation sustainable food packaging. The practical transition from the lab to industry will require quantitative irradiation reporting, depth-resolved dose characterization, and case-by-case food-contact safety assessment.

To reduce food contamination caused by foodborne pathogens, improve encapsulation stability and targeting efficacy of antimicrobial agents, and minimize the required dosage, we developed a pectin-coated liposome containing thymol (Thy@Lip@Pec). The pectin shell of this formulation can be enzymatically degraded by pectinase secreted by fungi, thereby triggering the on-demand release of thymol. Under the action of pectinase at 1.0 mg/mL, this formulation released 76.45 % of thymol within 6 h. Thy@Lip@Pec treatment significantly inhibited Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp. colonies on agar plates. Moreover, while maintaining quality indicators of oranges, Thy@Lip@Pec significantly suppressed postharvest diseases caused by A. niger and Penicillium spp., reducing the decay incidences of A. niger from 80.00 % (control) to 6.67 %, and that of Penicillium spp. from 93.33 % (control) to 33.34 % in artificially inoculated oranges. This on-demand release antimicrobial material system represents an advanced and efficient strategy for food preservation.

Plastic waste from food packaging threatens ecosystems as it accumulates and breaks down into microplastics. This "white pollution" crisis demands sustainable alternatives. Fucoidan, derived from brown algae, offers a promising solution. This marine-sourced biopolymer forms flexible, transparent films with functional properties comparable to those of conventional plastics, while its sulfate groups provide key antioxidant and antibacterial benefits. This review is based on a total of 55 highly relevant studies that focus on the preparation and performance evaluation of fucoidan-based films, with emphasis on the key functional roles of fucoidan in edible packaging materials. It analyzes and summarizes the preparation techniques of edible materials containing fucoidan, the improvements in material properties (including mechanical properties, barrier properties, and antioxidant properties) brought about by fucoidan, and the application cases of these materials. Fucoidan-based films are primarily fabricated through solution casting, ionic crosslinking, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly. The incorporation of fucoidan markedly enhances the overall performance of composite films. It increases film thickness, UV-barrier capacity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability in most systems through electrostatic and hydrogen-bond interactions, and strengthens water-vapor barrier properties while reducing moisture content, water solubility, and surface hydrophilicity in crosslinked matrices. Most importantly, fucoidan confers potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities via its sulfate groups, enabling efficient radical scavenging and pH-responsive release. In practical applications, these multifunctional films have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in preserving highly perishable foods, including many fruits and meats. Fucoidan-based packaging is poised to emerge as a safe, intelligent, and truly sustainable alternative to conventional plastics.

To explore the associations between protein-level ratios (rQLTs) and duodenal ulcer (DU) risk using Mendelian randomization (MR), colocalization, and pathway analysis approaches. A bidirectional MR approach was used to identify molecular targets linking rQLTs with DU, employing the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method for causal estimation. Colocalization analysis ensured the reliability of inferred causal relationships. Gene interaction networks were constructed via STRING, and key regulatory hub-genes were identified through Cytoscape analysis. Significant inverse associations were found between rQLT-ACE2/GGT1 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1) (IVW, OR (95% CI) = 0.754 (0.674-0.843), adjusted PIVW = 0.0005), and DU risk in the East Asian (Japanese) population. No statistically significant associations were observed in the European population. The findings indicate a genetic inverse association between rQLT-ACE2/GGT1 and DU risk in the East Asian (Japanese) population, while no corresponding association was observed in Europeans. These results provide genetic evidence consistent with a potential association rather than causal inference or biomarker validation. This study does not support conclusions regarding diagnostic or therapeutic utility at this stage.

In this study, succinylated nori protein (SNP), sodium alginate (SA), and flaxseed oil were used to develop novel high-internal-phase Pickering emulsion (HIPPE) gels with potential application as plant-based fat analogues. Stable composite particles were successfully fabricated through ultrasonication combined with temperature control. The ultrasonic treatment condition was identified as 450 W for 30 min, under which the Pickering particles exhibited the smallest particle size and superior emulsifying ability. The optimal formulation parameters were identified as an SNP-to-SA ratio of 1:5, an SNP-SA complex particle concentration of 3%, and an oil-phase fraction of 75%, which resulted in optimal oil retention and emulsion stability. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that the SNP-based emulsion produced smaller droplets (23.08 ± 0.09 μm) and a more compact core-shell interfacial structure than the emulsion prepared with native nori protein. These structural improvements were associated with enhanced adsorption kinetics and wettability, with a contact angle approaching 90°, indicating optimal amphiphilicity. Rheological analysis further demonstrated that the emulsion exhibited more solid-like viscoelastic behavior, with a greater difference between G' and G″ than that prepared with native nori protein. Moreover, microscopic observations showed that the dense packing of lipid droplets within the gel network resembled the cellular architecture of animal fat tissue. The thermal behavior of the HIPPE gels in the range of 200-500 °C was similar to the two downward endothermic peaks observed for pork fat during cooking. Sensory and texture analyses of meat patties revealed that 25% and 50% fat substitution levels could closely mimic full-fat meat patties. Overall, the proposed material provides an environmentally friendly and healthy strategy for developing fat analogues from marine-derived protein resources and flaxseed oil, while mimicking animal fat tissue in terms of texture, microstructure, thermal behavior, and sensory properties.

This study introduces a novel biosensing strategy that combines carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the detection of aflatoxin biosynthesis-related genes in foodborne Aflatoxigenic fungi. MNPs are used for the enrichment and purification of target DNA, and CQDs serve as the fluorescent signaling unit to display the target DNA. By employing a sandwich structure, the target DNA is captured and detected with high sensitivity. This method enables both visual and fluorescence-based detection, providing a rapid, cost-effective, and portable solution for foodborne Aflatoxigenic fungi screening. The method demonstrates low detection limits for the three target DNAs (aflD, aflM, and aflP) with values of 0.0144 nM, 0.0136 nM, and 0.0151 nM, respectively. The recovery rates for real samples, such as peanut powder, range from 84.7% to 112.7%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 2.73% and 4.06%. This method shows great potential for the early detection of foodborne Aflatoxigenic fungi.

This study introduces a novel biosensing strategy that combines carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the detection of aflatoxin biosynthesis-related DNA markers. MNPs are used for the enrichment and purification of target DNA, and CQDs serve as fluorescent signaling units to convert target-DNA recognition into a measurable fluorescence signal. For matrix-spiking analysis, a synthetic mixed-target DNA system was used, in which each target DNA was selectively captured by its corresponding MNP-Capture probe and then detected by forming an MNP-target DNA-CQD sandwich structure. After DNA extraction, this method enables both visual and fluorescence-based detection, providing a rapid, cost-effective, and portable strategy for screening aflatoxin biosynthesis-related genetic markers in food matrices. Using individual synthetic target DNA standards, the method showed low detection limits for aflD, aflM, and aflP, with values of 0.0144, 0.0136, and 0.0151 nM, respectively. In peanut powder matrix-spiking experiments using synthetic mixed-target DNA containing aflD, aflM, and aflP, all three target DNAs were present at the same final concentration of 0.5, 3, or 10 nM per target, yielding recoveries of 84.7% to 112.7%, with RSDs of 2.73%-4.06%. These results support feasibility of the proposed platform for marker-based screening of aflatoxin biosynthesis-related DNA markers in food matrices.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising fluorescent probes for food analysis due to their tunable optics, good biocompatibility, and facile functionalization. Unlike recent reviews that focus primarily on CQD synthesis, fluorescence mechanisms, laboratory-scale performance, or analyte-based categorizations (e.g., metal ions, antibiotics, pathogens), this review critically evaluates the real-matrix applicability of CQD-based sensors. Using other QD-based platforms-including conventional metal-based semiconductor QDs, such as CdTe and lead-halide perovskite QDs, and carbon-based graphene quantum dots-as references, we compare performance advantages and common pitfalls across different sensing systems. Particular emphasis is placed on matrix-induced bottlenecks-including nonspecific adsorption, pH/ionic strength instability, poor batch-to-batch reproducibility, and reliance on complex sample pretreatment-that limit practical deployment. Key recognition mechanisms (IFE, FRET, PET, static/dynamic quenching, AIE) and molecular recognition principles (coordination, hydrogen bonding, it-it stacking) are critically analyzed. Mainstream optimization strategies are summarized from five dimensions: surface engineering, recognition-unit coupling, signal optimization, sample treatment/ amplification, and portable on-site sensing. Finally, future priorities are highlighted for improving antiinterference capability, long-term stability, reproducibility, and standardization of CQD-based sensors in complex food matrices.

As naturally derived polymeric materials, chitosan and its derivatives exhibit considerable promise in food preservation, owing to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, structural tunability, and favorable mechanical properties. This review critically surveys recent progress in chitosan-based food preservation materials, with emphasis on preparation strategies, performance modulation, smart packaging functionalities, and prospective applications. The sources and intrinsic physicochemical characteristics of chitosan are examined, alongside various functionalization routes, including physical blending, chemical modification, and derivative synthesis. The systematic discussion then focuses on how these modification strategies-either independently or synergistically-regulate the key performance parameters of chitosan-based films and coatings, such as mechanical strength, water vapor and gas barrier properties, antibacterial and antioxidant activities, thermal stability, optical transparency, and biodegradability. Special attention is given to the emerging role of intelligent packaging in modern food preservation, and the mechanisms by which chitosan-based materials enable real-time, visual monitoring of food freshness through the integration of pH-sensitive dyes or volatile amine sensors are analyzed in detail. Future directions for chitosan and its derivatives in this field are outlined, with particular focus on their integration into smart packaging systems, and prioritized research avenues are proposed for further performance optimization, industrial scale-up, and commercialization. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the development of efficient, sustainable, and intelligent food packaging solutions.

Dengue virus (DENV) is an infectious pathogen that spreads widely through insect vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The clinical symptoms of this disease can range from mild flu-like symptoms to more severe and potentially fatal manifestations. The incidence of this disease is particularly high in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including the hot and humid regions in southern China, and poses a significant health risk to the populations in these areas. Although existing diagnostic methods have strengths, they often require sophisticated instruments and the involvement of trained professionals to conduct the tests. This limitation significantly reduces the accessibility of such tests to the general population and hinders the possibility of conducting related research in impoverished and remote areas. To address this issue, the research team integrated the advantages of recombinase-aided amplification (RAA), CRISPR/Cas13a, lateral flow strips, and visual signal output properties to develop a real-time detection system for DENV. We developed a novel assay that combines RAA with CRISPR/Cas13a. The developed CRISPR-based Rapid and Efficient Test (CRISPRET) offers high sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis, facilitating timely intervention and control of DENV transmission. This technology integrates sample processing, nucleic acid extraction, virus detection, and result analysis into a single operation. This detection system achieves a detection limit (DL) of 1000 copies & sdot;mL- 1 and demonstrates excellent accuracy when detecting DENV serotypes 1-4 (Hereinafter referred to as DENV 1-4). This method fully meets the requirements for detecting DENV transmitted by mosquitoes, providing a valuable reference for the prevention, control, and diagnosis of various acute infectious diseases.

Edible insect chitin-protein complexes (CPCs) represent protein-associated biocomposites, where chitin nanofibrils are interwoven with cross-linked cuticular proteins, melanin and minerals, forming a natural protein-polysaccharide matrix that functions as both an alternative protein source and a structure-specific prebiotic substrate. This review first maps how extraction and processing alter degree of acetylation, crystallinity, lamellar spacing, particle size and surface chemistry. We then show that these structural parameters dictate hydration, enzyme accessibility, adsorption and fermentability within the gastrointestinal tract. Across in vitro fermentations, animal models and emerging human trials, CPCs behave as structure-specific prebiotics: they selectively expand saccharolytic taxa, boost short-chain fatty acid output and enrich butyrate producers, while suppressing opportunistic bacteria and systemic low-grade inflammation. Mechanistically, benefits arise through two converging pathways: (i) microbial degradation of CPCs into bioactive chitooligosaccharides and SCFAs, and (ii) direct, size- and charge-dependent pattern-recognition of chitinous particles by host immune receptors. Safety, allergenicity and regulatory status are scrutinised, highlighting cross-reactivity risks with shellfish and mite allergens, contaminant-binding propensity, and alignment with current novel-food frameworks. Finally, we outline rational design strategies that couple precision biorefinery to microbiome-guided nutrition. Overall, insect CPCs represent tunable, sustainable matrices able to co-deliver alternative protein and targeted prebiotic function, potentially offering a scalable approach to modulate gut microbiota and promote host health.

To prevent early thermal degradation during Oleogel preparation, ethyl cellulose (EC) was utilized as the outer wall for curcumin liposomes to synthesize Cur-Lip-EC complexes (CLE). Optimization tests demonstrated that 12% wt soy lecithin (SL) and 40% ethanol yielded maximum encapsulation efficiency and stability against heating (95°C) or storage. When used to prepare linseed oil-based Oleogels (CLEO), the incorporation of SL resulted in a substantial hardness increase of 67.88g and an 11.07% improvement in oil binding capacity. Notably, CLEO exhibited a minimal peroxide value of 5.72 after 28 days. Molecular dynamics simulations and FTIR analyses indicated that system stability was primarily driven by van der Waals forces and electrostatic interactions. Specifically, the strongest binding energies were recorded for Gt_SL (-26.27 kcal/mol) and EC_Gt (-26.46 kcal/mol). Ultimately, this study underscores the potential of CLEO as a health-promoting, trans-fat-free fat substitute enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Neglectful eating habits, a sedentary lifestyle, and psychological disturbance are common issues among college students. This study aims to identify the relationships between these factors among college students through an intervention in Guangdong, China. Data on a sample of college students (N = 683) was collected through a cross-sectional study alongside the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, Diet Balance Index-16, and Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 questionnaires, all of which comprise standardized scales. An intervention trial with 440 participants (220 intervention participants and 220 control participants) was also conducted to gauge the impacts of psychological disturbances, poor diets, and a lack of physical activity. The statistical methods employed included descriptive statistics, nonparametric group comparisons, correlation analyses, and pre-post comparison. Students reported substantial stress and anxiety and exhibited depressive symptoms, with their mean scores nearing and/or crossing mild thresholds. The physical and psychosocial correlates of dietary quality were suboptimal, featuring positive associations with cereals, condiments, and energy-dense foods, and negative associations with vegetables, fruits, dairy, and protein. A majority of participants reported a low level of physical activity, though there were notable differences across genders and grade levels. Correlation analysis revealed that increases in physical activity were linked to improved mental health, while more severe dietary imbalances were associated with worsened mental health. Notably, participants in the control group exhibited greater improvements in stress, anxiety, depression, physical activity, and dietary balance compared to the intervention group (all P < .05). Mental health issues, low physical activity, and poor dietary patterns represent pressing concerns among college students in Guangdong. However, evidence suggests that integrated lifestyle interventions have the potential to address these issues.

Previous studies have evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-glycation activities of sugarcane polyphenol (SP) in vivo; however, the mechanisms by which SP protects cells from glycation damage remain to be clarified. This study investigated the protective effects of SP on cells damaged by glycation and the potential mechanisms involved therein. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were used to induce glycosylation damage in L929 cells, followed by nutritional intervention with SP and chlorogenic acid (CA). The results demonstrated that both SP and CA effectively facilitated oxidative stress resistance, alleviated cell senescence, reduced cell apoptosis, and regulated the cell cycle. Additionally, SP and CA also promoted the expression of COL1 and COL3, inhibited the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, restored cell migration, and delayed AGEs-induced aging. Furthermore, western blot results showed that SP and CA could also prevent inflammation by inhibiting the expression of receptors for AGEs (RAGE), thereby blocking the activation of AGEs-RAGE and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. SP exhibited superior anti-glycosylation effects compared to CA, indicating that its activity was the result of a collaboration between multiple phenolic substances. These findings confirm the value of SP in developing dietary supplements as effective potential alternatives to traditional anti-glycation agents.