为探究幼苗期淹水胁迫及喷施烯效唑(S3307)对小豆(Vignia angularis)根系生理代谢和产量的影响,以龙小豆4号和天津红为材料,盆栽条件下,苗期预喷施S3307,然后进行连续淹水5 d处理,测定淹水后小豆根系活性氧物质的积累、膜脂过氧化程度、抗氧化酶活性及小豆产量.结果表明,幼苗期淹水胁迫引起小豆根系H2O2和丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高,超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性显著提高;淹水胁迫3～5 d导致龙小豆4号单盆产量显著降低4.77％～8.40％,天津红单盆产量显著降低5.59％～9.91％.喷施S3307具有抵御淹水胁迫的作用,能有效增加小豆根系脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,显著降低H2O2和MDA含量,显著提高SOD、POD和CAT活性并降低SOD/CAT比值.喷施S3307使淹水4 d的龙小豆4号产量显著提高2.85％,使天津红产量显著提高5.29％.综上,淹水胁迫下,不同品种小豆根系在活性氧物质积累、膜质过氧化、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节等方面的生理响应存在显著差异;喷施S3307能够有效缓解淹水胁迫对小豆生理和产量的影响,为进一步研究小豆苗期抵御淹水胁迫的生理机制及提高淹水胁迫下小豆产量提供理论依据.

为探明小豆(Vigna angularis)幼苗对低温胁迫的生理应激差异,以及烯效唑(uniconazole,S3307)对低温胁迫的缓解效应,以耐冷性不同的2个小豆品种龙小豆4号(耐冷型)和天津红(冷敏型)为材料,在盆栽条件下,于苗期在人工气候室进行低温(4℃,持续12 h)及预喷施烯效唑(S3307)处理,测定小豆叶片逆境生理指标.结果表明:幼苗期短时低温引起小豆叶片H2 O2和MDA含量提高,SOD和POD活性提高;预喷施S3307具有提高小豆幼苗缓解低温胁迫的作用,显著降低H2 O2和MDA含量,显著提高SOD和POD活性.综上,低温胁迫下,不同品种小豆的生理应激存在显著差异;抗性较弱的天津红反应较为明显,相关生理指标变化幅度较大,喷施S3307能够有效缓解低温胁迫对小豆的伤害,对抗性较弱的天津红品种的缓解效应更为明显.

In order to explore the difference on the resistance physiology and yield and the mitigation effect of uniconazole (S3307) pretreatment under waterlogging stress, the pot experiment was conducted using Longxiaodou 4 (LXD 4) and Tianjinhong (TJH). The anti-stress physiological indexes and yield were measured on 5th day after waterlogging stress and foliar spraying S3307 at seedling stage, and samples were taken every day. The results showed that leaf physiological indexes in waterlogging stress were changed during seedling stage, the content of H2O2, MDA, proline and soluble protein were significantly increased, as the same as the content of ABA, IAA, and SA, and the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT. Waterlogging treatment for five days resulted in a significant decrease in the output of LXD 4 in a single pot by 8.40% to 12.61%, and that of TJH decreased by 9.91% to 10.01%. S3307 had the effect of resisting waterlogging stress, and could effectively increase the content of proline and soluble protein in the leaf of adzuki bean, significantly reduced the content of H2O2 and MDA, significantly increased the activity of SOD and POD, the value of SOD/POD and SOD/CAT, significantly increased the ABA and SA content, and significantly inhibited the increase in IAA content. Foliar spraying S3307 significantly increased the output of LXD 4 by 2.85% to 6.18% under waterlogging treatment for four days, and significantly increased the yield of TJH by 2.85% to 3.95%, respectively. This study concluded that there were significant differences under physiological stress in reactive oxygen species accumulation, membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and hormone levels among different varieties of adzuki bean under waterlogging stress. Spraying S3307 could effectively alleviate the effects of waterlogging stress on the physiology and yield in adzuki bean. The results provide a theoretical basis for further studying the physiological mechanism of adzuki bean resistance to waterlogging at the seedling stage and improving the yield of adzuki bean under waterlogging stress.

在盆栽条件下,以耐冷性不同的2个小豆(Vigna angularis)品种龙小豆4号(耐冷型)和天津红(冷敏型)为材料,于苗期在人工气候室进行低温(4℃,持续12 h)及预喷施外源脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)处理,旨在研究苗期低温胁迫下外源ABA对小豆叶片逆境生理指标(H2 O2、丙二醛(MDA)、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性物质)和产量因子的调控效应.结果表明:幼苗期低温处理12 h后,龙小豆4号和天津红小豆叶片H2 O2含量分别提高34.82％和27.10％;MDA含量分别提高65.56％和83.79％;SOD和POD活性分别提高6.67％和18.48％、45.53％和102.44％;脯氨酸含量分别提高33.12％和24.41％.低温处理导致龙小豆4号百粒重下降2.58％,与喷施清水相比,低温处理12 h后天津红的单株荚数和百粒重分别下降18.55％和10.61％(P<0.05).喷施外源ABA具有抵御低温的作用,外源ABA促进龙小豆4号和天津红叶片脯氨酸含量提高9.13％和19.76％;H2 O2含量降低7.63％和8.36％;MDA含量降低10.18％和20.27％;SOD和POD活性分别提高9.06％和13.57％、8.26％和28.51％,同时百粒重分别提高8.56％和8.92％.低温胁迫下,不同品种小豆的生理应激存在显著差异;喷施外源ABA能够有效缓解低温胁迫对小豆的伤害.

Uniconazole is a plant growth regulator that inhibits the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which are involved in the catabolism of abscisic acid (ABA), and promotes plant growth and stress resistance. To investigate the cold-stress resistance of adzuki bean (Hgna angularis) seedlings, the cold-tolerant accession Baoqinghong (BQH) and the cold-sensitive accession Tianjinhong (TJH) were foliar sprayed with 20 mu M uniconazole, followed by cold stress at 15 degrees C for 5 d. Our results revealed that foliar spray of 20 mu M uniconazole considerably increased the crop yield and yield-related parameters, including the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pot, and the 100-grain weight, in both TJH and BQH under cold stress. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmolyte content as well as antioxidant enzymatic activity were higher in BQH than in TJH. Foliar treatment with uniconazole (20 mu M; 225 L/Ha) significantly increased the yields in both BQH and TJH under cold-stress exposure. Therefore, we concluded that foliar treatment with 20 mu M uniconazole effectively promoted the cold tolerance of the adzuki bean cultivars by interacting with endogenous ABA and physiological adaptation, including the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of osmolytes. These results provide novel insights and are expected to aid in the development of more effective stress resistance breeding programs in adzuki bean production. (C) 2020 Friends Science Publishers

为了探讨低温条件下外源ABA对水稻叶鞘内源激素含量和抗寒生理指标的调控效应,以水稻品种龙稻5(耐冷型品种)和龙粳11(冷敏型品种)为材料,于开花期喷施ABA后,在人工气候室进行低温(15℃,分别持续1,2,3,4,5 d)处理.结果 表明,开花期低温可导致水稻花粉活力和结实率显著降低,冷敏型品种尤为严重,喷施ABA可有效抑制花粉活力和结实率的降低.低温处理可引起水稻叶鞘MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量及相对电导率的提高,同时导致SOD、POD和CAT活性发生变化;外源ABA具有降低MDA含量和相对电导率的作用,同时促进可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和保护酶活性的提高.研究证实外源ABA具有提高水稻抗冷的作用,对优化东北地区水稻生产抗冷方法,建立寒地水稻生产的抗冷技术体系,达到保产增产的目的有积极意义.

植物生长调节剂能够调控马铃薯的多项生育过程,包括代谢生理、产量形成、品质改善等.笔者综合了国内外研究成果,概述了植物生长调节剂对马铃薯的影响,详细介绍了植物生长调节剂对马铃薯产量和营养品质的调控效应.基于植物生长调节剂在马铃薯上的应用,展望了中国在该领域未来的研究方向与发展趋势,为以后的研究提供相应理论依据.

红小豆是重要的豆类作物,在中国种植范围较广.笔者综合了国内大量研究成果,概述了红小豆栽培技术研究现状,详细介绍了红小豆生理水平的研究进展.基于红小豆生产过程中存在的问题,提出了对应的解决策略,展望了红小豆未来的研究方向与发展趋势,为以后的研究提供相应理论依据.

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles in plant stress response, especially in drought and chilling resistance. In order to reveal the relationship between ABA and chilling tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.), the chilling-sensitive cultivar ‘Longjing11’ (LJ11) and chilling-tolerant cultivar ‘Longdao5’ (LD5) were pretreated with different concentrations of ABA, and then their tolerance to low temperature was analyzed. The results showed that the yield, seed-setting rate, and pollen viability were significantly decreased in the sensitive cultivar LJ11 under chilling stress; however, there was no significant change in the tolerant cultivar LD5 comparing with the untreated control. The antioxidant enzyme activity and soluble sugar content of LD5 were higher than those of LJ11, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative electricity conductivity were found lower in LD5 than those in LJ11. Spraying 20 mg L−1 ABA can effectively alleviate the chilling damage and significantly increase the seed-setting rate of LJ11 under chilling stress. The superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities in the leaves were obviously increased at 2–4 days under low-temperature stress, but deceased rapidly after 5-day treatment. These results showed that proper pretreatment with ABA can increase the chilling tolerance in the chilling-sensitive rice cultivar through adjusting plants physiological characteristics such as ABA content, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, soluble sugar, and MDA content.

本文以黑龙江省兰西县为调研区域，分析国家级贫困县农村留守儿童问题，从农村留守儿童现状入手，深入剖析农村留守儿童问题产生的根本原因及直接原因，从家庭、学校、社会三层面分析该问题的影响因素，形成原因分析。为兰西县农村留守儿童问题的解决提供蓝本，为农村经济社会发展、和谐农村构建提供参考。

2013年“中央一号”文件着重提出:各级政府和社会各界应高度重视农村留守儿童,保证其基本权益和人身安全.可见,农村留守儿童问题已成为国家“三农”工作的重要方面.从农村留守儿童现状入手,深入剖析农村留守儿童问题产生的根本原因及直接原因,从家庭、学校及社会三个层面分析该问题的影响因素及形成原因.为农村留守儿童问题的解决提供借鉴,为发展农村社会经济、构建和谐农村提供参考.