倒伏普遍存在于水稻生产中,导致水稻产量降低、品质下降,是影响水稻产业进一步发展的主要瓶颈问题.为了解水稻倒伏的研究现状,对国内外有关文献进行分析汇总,得出水稻倒伏的影响因素有很多,包括遗传特性、植株形态在内的内在因素,以及自然条件、耕作栽培条件和措施等外在因素,都会导致水稻不同程度地倒伏.水稻倒伏会直接导致产量和品质发生改变,降低产量并显著影响稻米品质,进而影响水稻产业.提高水稻抗倒伏能力需要综合施策,结合水稻生产需求和实际问题,提出以良种良田良法良机相结合,综合应对水稻倒伏问题.

为探究幼苗期淹水胁迫及喷施烯效唑(S3307)对小豆(Vignia angularis)根系生理代谢和产量的影响,以龙小豆4号和天津红为材料,盆栽条件下,苗期预喷施S3307,然后进行连续淹水5 d处理,测定淹水后小豆根系活性氧物质的积累、膜脂过氧化程度、抗氧化酶活性及小豆产量.结果表明,幼苗期淹水胁迫引起小豆根系H2O2和丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高,超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性显著提高;淹水胁迫3～5 d导致龙小豆4号单盆产量显著降低4.77％～8.40％,天津红单盆产量显著降低5.59％～9.91％.喷施S3307具有抵御淹水胁迫的作用,能有效增加小豆根系脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,显著降低H2O2和MDA含量,显著提高SOD、POD和CAT活性并降低SOD/CAT比值.喷施S3307使淹水4 d的龙小豆4号产量显著提高2.85％,使天津红产量显著提高5.29％.综上,淹水胁迫下,不同品种小豆根系在活性氧物质积累、膜质过氧化、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节等方面的生理响应存在显著差异;喷施S3307能够有效缓解淹水胁迫对小豆生理和产量的影响,为进一步研究小豆苗期抵御淹水胁迫的生理机制及提高淹水胁迫下小豆产量提供理论依据.

[目的]研究苗期淹水胁迫对小豆抗逆生理和产量的影响以及外源脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)缓解胁迫的效应,为探明小豆对淹水胁迫的应激生理机制及外源ABA的应用效果提供理论依据.[方法]盆栽条件下,以龙小豆4号和天津红小豆品种为试验材料,于苗期进行预喷施外源ABA并连续淹水处理5d,研究淹水胁迫对小豆根系活性氧(ROS)物质积累、膜脂过氧化伤害、抗氧化系统和产量的影响,以及外源ABA的缓解作用.[结果]幼苗期淹水胁迫引起小豆根系H2O2和MDA含量、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高,SOD、POD和CAT活性显著提高,淹水处理5d导致龙小豆4号单盆产量显著下降6.18％ ～ 8.40％,天津红显著下降4.97％ ～9.91％.叶面喷施ABA可有效提高小豆根系脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,显著降低H2 O2和MDA含量,能够显著提高SOD、POD和CAT活性并降低SOD/POD的比值,喷施ABA使龙小豆4号在淹水3d时产量显著提高1.50％ ～6.05％,使天津红在淹水4d时产量显著提高3.00％～4.46％.[结论]本试验条件下,淹水胁迫引起小豆根系H2O2积累和膜脂过氧化加剧,诱导保护酶活性及渗透调节物质含量增加以抵御胁迫,淹水胁迫最终导致产量下降.外源ABA可在一定程度上提高保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,提高抗氧化能力,减缓淹水胁迫危害,相对提高小豆产量.

为探究外源脱落酸(ABA)对小豆农艺性状及产量的影响,以龙小豆4号为供试小豆品种,大田叶面喷施ABA后,于成熟期调查株高、底荚高度等形态指标,并对产量因子进行测定.结果表明:在三叶期和花期施用浓度为50 mg·L-1的ABA显著降低龙小豆4号的株高、增加主茎粗度.不同时期喷施外源ABA对小豆的主茎节数、底荚高度、单株总荚数及单株有效荚数、百粒重没有显著影响.综合以上分析,在小豆花期喷施外源ABA可降低株高、增加茎粗,可有效增加小豆单株粒数和单株粒重.

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in regulating activities of antioxidant enzymes, hormone levels, accumulation of reactive oxygen species under stress. To understand the effects of exogenous ABA treatment on flooding tolerance at seedling stage in adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), the water-sensitive (WS) variety ‘Tianjinhong’ (TJH) and the water-tolerant (WT) variety ‘Longxiaodou 4’ (LXD 4) were foliar sprayed exogenous ABA with 20 μM, followed by flooding stress for 5 days under pot conditions. Our results revealed that under flooding stress at seedling stage, the contents of H2O2 and MDA, proline and soluble protein in adzuki bean leaves significantly increased, the contents of ABA, IAA and SA significantly increased, and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT also significantly increased. Flooding treatment for 5 days resulted in a significant decrease in single pot yield of LXD 4 by 8.40% and TJH by 9.91%. Foliar spray of 20 μM exogenous ABA could resist flooding stress, considerably increased the contents of proline and soluble protein, significantly decreased the contents of H2O2 and MDA, significantly increased the activities of SOD and POD, increased the contents of ABA and SA, and significantly inhibited the increase of IAA content in adzuki bean leaves. Spraying exogenous ABA significantly increased the yield of ‘LXD’ 4 by 6.95% after 4 days of flooding treatment, and ‘TJH’ by 4.46%. To sum up, there were significant differences in physiological stress among different varieties of adzuki bean under flooding stress, and spraying exogenous ABA could effectively alleviate the effects of flooding stress on physiology and yield of adzuki bean. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for further studying the physiological mechanism of adzuki bean resisting flooding stress at seedling stage and improving the yield of adzuki bean under flooding stress. Thus, foliar spraying exogenous ABA effectively improved submergence tolerance by enhancing the activity of protective enzymes and osmoregulation. These results provided novel insights and were expected to aid in the development of more effective stress resistance cultivation methods in adzuki bean production.

以红小豆(Vigna angularis)品种龙小豆4号和天津红为材料,在盆栽条件下,以喷施蒸馏水+正常土壤水分为对照(CK),于幼苗期对红小豆进行淹水(5 d)处理,开展淹水胁迫及预喷施脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)对红小豆茎部生理指标及产量的影响研究,为红小豆抗涝栽培提供理论依据.结果 表明,红小豆幼苗期淹水引起茎部膜脂过氧化产物(H2O2和MDA)、渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸)含量升高,SOD、POD、CAT活性提高,淹水处理5d导致龙小豆4号、天津红产量分别较CK显著下降8.40％、9.91％.预喷施外源ABA具有缓解淹水胁迫的效应,能显著降低红小豆幼苗茎部MDA含量,显著提高茎部POD和CAT活性,进一步提高龙小豆4号茎部SOD活性,增加天津红茎部脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量.预喷施ABA使淹水4d的龙小豆4号和天津红产量分别显著提高6.95％和4.46％.综上所述,淹水胁迫引起红小豆茎部H2O2积累和膜脂过氧化加剧,诱导保护酶活性及渗透调节物质含量增加以抵御胁迫,但随淹水胁迫时间延长最终导致产量下降;外源ABA可在一定程度上提高保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,提高抗氧化能力,减缓淹水胁迫危害.

为探明小豆(Vigna angularis)幼苗对低温胁迫的生理应激差异,以及烯效唑(uniconazole,S3307)对低温胁迫的缓解效应,以耐冷性不同的2个小豆品种龙小豆4号(耐冷型)和天津红(冷敏型)为材料,在盆栽条件下,于苗期在人工气候室进行低温(4℃,持续12 h)及预喷施烯效唑(S3307)处理,测定小豆叶片逆境生理指标.结果表明:幼苗期短时低温引起小豆叶片H2 O2和MDA含量提高,SOD和POD活性提高;预喷施S3307具有提高小豆幼苗缓解低温胁迫的作用,显著降低H2 O2和MDA含量,显著提高SOD和POD活性.综上,低温胁迫下,不同品种小豆的生理应激存在显著差异;抗性较弱的天津红反应较为明显,相关生理指标变化幅度较大,喷施S3307能够有效缓解低温胁迫对小豆的伤害,对抗性较弱的天津红品种的缓解效应更为明显.

为探究不同浓度的外源物质脱落酸(ABA)对小豆农艺性状及产量的影响,以2个小豆品种'白红8号'和'012-27'为试验材料,大田花期叶面喷施后,在不同生育期测量植株主茎长度、主茎粗度、叶片鲜重、根系鲜重及产量性状等.结果 表明:花期施用浓度为100mg/L和200mg/L的ABA能显著降低'白红8号'和'012-27'的主茎长度.2个品种不同浓度处理与CK相比茎粗均显著增加.'白红8号'和'012-27'在处理A100中开花期叶片鲜重分别比CK增加了33.54％、23.81％.2个小豆品种A100处理的单株粒数与CK相比分别增加了12.80％、20.13％.综上所述,喷施脱落酸能降低小豆植株的主茎长度,显著增加主茎粗度、叶片鲜重、根系鲜重及小豆单株粒数,小豆花期喷施浓度为100mg/L的ABA可在一定程度上提高产量.

近年来全球气候变化异常,极端天气和农业气象灾害频发,突发性低温胁迫已经成为农业生产中最常见的非生物胁迫之一.低温胁迫影响植物生长发育,对植物的生理机能、细胞膜组分及结构可产生直接或间接影响,降低作物产量和品质,严重制约农业生产.合理施用外源脱落酸(ABA)能够缓解低温胁迫对植物理化进程的影响.本综述系统阐述了低温胁迫对植物理化过程的影响,分别从光合生理、逆境生理、细胞膜组分及细胞结构、激素水平及基因表达等方面阐明了植物对低温胁迫的应激反应,分析了外源ABA缓解低温胁迫的积极效应.本课题论述了外源ABA缓解低温胁迫的研究现状和发展趋势,对农业稳产保产具有重要意义,也为今后植物抗冷研究提供理论依据.

In order to explore the difference on the resistance physiology and yield and the mitigation effect of uniconazole (S3307) pretreatment under waterlogging stress, the pot experiment was conducted using Longxiaodou 4 (LXD 4) and Tianjinhong (TJH). The anti-stress physiological indexes and yield were measured on 5th day after waterlogging stress and foliar spraying S3307 at seedling stage, and samples were taken every day. The results showed that leaf physiological indexes in waterlogging stress were changed during seedling stage, the content of H2O2, MDA, proline and soluble protein were significantly increased, as the same as the content of ABA, IAA, and SA, and the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT. Waterlogging treatment for five days resulted in a significant decrease in the output of LXD 4 in a single pot by 8.40% to 12.61%, and that of TJH decreased by 9.91% to 10.01%. S3307 had the effect of resisting waterlogging stress, and could effectively increase the content of proline and soluble protein in the leaf of adzuki bean, significantly reduced the content of H2O2 and MDA, significantly increased the activity of SOD and POD, the value of SOD/POD and SOD/CAT, significantly increased the ABA and SA content, and significantly inhibited the increase in IAA content. Foliar spraying S3307 significantly increased the output of LXD 4 by 2.85% to 6.18% under waterlogging treatment for four days, and significantly increased the yield of TJH by 2.85% to 3.95%, respectively. This study concluded that there were significant differences under physiological stress in reactive oxygen species accumulation, membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and hormone levels among different varieties of adzuki bean under waterlogging stress. Spraying S3307 could effectively alleviate the effects of waterlogging stress on the physiology and yield in adzuki bean. The results provide a theoretical basis for further studying the physiological mechanism of adzuki bean resistance to waterlogging at the seedling stage and improving the yield of adzuki bean under waterlogging stress.

在盆栽条件下,以耐冷性不同的2个小豆(Vigna angularis)品种龙小豆4号(耐冷型)和天津红(冷敏型)为材料,于苗期在人工气候室进行低温(4℃,持续12 h)及预喷施外源脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)处理,旨在研究苗期低温胁迫下外源ABA对小豆叶片逆境生理指标(H2 O2、丙二醛(MDA)、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性物质)和产量因子的调控效应.结果表明:幼苗期低温处理12 h后,龙小豆4号和天津红小豆叶片H2 O2含量分别提高34.82％和27.10％;MDA含量分别提高65.56％和83.79％;SOD和POD活性分别提高6.67％和18.48％、45.53％和102.44％;脯氨酸含量分别提高33.12％和24.41％.低温处理导致龙小豆4号百粒重下降2.58％,与喷施清水相比,低温处理12 h后天津红的单株荚数和百粒重分别下降18.55％和10.61％(P<0.05).喷施外源ABA具有抵御低温的作用,外源ABA促进龙小豆4号和天津红叶片脯氨酸含量提高9.13％和19.76％;H2 O2含量降低7.63％和8.36％;MDA含量降低10.18％和20.27％;SOD和POD活性分别提高9.06％和13.57％、8.26％和28.51％,同时百粒重分别提高8.56％和8.92％.低温胁迫下,不同品种小豆的生理应激存在显著差异;喷施外源ABA能够有效缓解低温胁迫对小豆的伤害.

为明确水稻不同品种在秸秆还田和灌溉方式互作条件下的表现差异,以9个水稻品种为供试材料,在秸秆全量还田下设置4种灌溉方式,测定水稻不同品种的产量及其构成因素,进而进行相关分析和主成分分析.结果表明:4种灌溉方式下,9个水稻品种的8个性状指标变异系数最大的为瘪粒数,其次是有效穗数、产量、结实率和穗长;产量及其构成因素间存在着显著或极显著的相关性.主成分分析表明:8个相关性状可简化为3个彼此不相关主成分因子,其所提供的信息量占全部信息量的82.81％.基于主成分的综合评价表明:龙稻14、龙稻17、龙香稻2在传统灌溉方式下表现最好,其次是间歇灌溉和控制灌溉I;中龙粳2、龙稻27、中龙粳3、龙稻7、龙稻26、龙稻22在间歇灌溉方式下表现最好,其次是传统灌溉和控制灌溉I.

以耐冷性不同的2个红小豆(Vigna angularis)品种宝清红(耐冷型)和天津红(冷敏型)为材料,盆栽条件下于苗期在人工气候室进行低温(15℃,分别持续1、2、3、4、5 d)及喷施烯效唑(S3307)处理,研究苗期低温胁迫下烯效唑对红小豆产量和茎部逆境生理指标的影响.结果表明:幼苗期低温引起红小豆茎部SOD活性提高,宝清红在处理第2天达到最高,较CK(室外常温)高15.35％;而天津红在处理第3天时达到最高,较CK高20.73％.POD和CAT活性也有所提高,处理3 d时酶活性最高,与CK相比较,宝清红和天津红分别提高了75.31％和4.55％、63.50％和22.22％.低温处理也导致红小豆植株茎部MDA含量增加,低温处理5d后,天津红和宝清红茎部MDA含量分别达到0.052μmol·g-1和0.053μmol·g-1,与处理1d相比,增加了0.033μmol·g-1和0.027μmol·g-1,分别提高了1.74倍和1.04倍.低温处理5 d,宝清红和天津红的产量分别下降了19.39％和41.69％.S3307具有抵御低温的作用,能有效增加红小豆植株茎部可溶性蛋白含量,宝清红和天津红都是在处理3d时含量达到最高,与喷施清水相比,分别提高了3.45％和3.74％;S3307显著降低MDA含量,处理5 d时,与喷施清水相比,宝清红和天津红分别下降了4.25％和4.55％;同时显著提高POD活性,宝清红和天津红都是在处理3d时活性达到最高,与喷施清水相比,分别提高了3.52％和11.16％.低温处理5 d,喷施S3307提高宝清红和天津红的产量,提高幅度分别为23.06％和43.88％.综上,低温胁迫下,不同品种红小豆茎部逆境生理响应存在显著差异;喷施S3307能够缓解低温胁迫对红小豆的伤害.

Uniconazole is a plant growth regulator that inhibits the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which are involved in the catabolism of abscisic acid (ABA), and promotes plant growth and stress resistance. To investigate the cold-stress resistance of adzuki bean (Hgna angularis) seedlings, the cold-tolerant accession Baoqinghong (BQH) and the cold-sensitive accession Tianjinhong (TJH) were foliar sprayed with 20 mu M uniconazole, followed by cold stress at 15 degrees C for 5 d. Our results revealed that foliar spray of 20 mu M uniconazole considerably increased the crop yield and yield-related parameters, including the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pot, and the 100-grain weight, in both TJH and BQH under cold stress. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmolyte content as well as antioxidant enzymatic activity were higher in BQH than in TJH. Foliar treatment with uniconazole (20 mu M; 225 L/Ha) significantly increased the yields in both BQH and TJH under cold-stress exposure. Therefore, we concluded that foliar treatment with 20 mu M uniconazole effectively promoted the cold tolerance of the adzuki bean cultivars by interacting with endogenous ABA and physiological adaptation, including the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of osmolytes. These results provide novel insights and are expected to aid in the development of more effective stress resistance breeding programs in adzuki bean production. (C) 2020 Friends Science Publishers

全球气候变暖,导致各类自然灾害时有发生,作物生长环境恶化.为了缓解逆境对作物生长带来的影响,本研究总结了S3307在提高作物抗倒伏性、抗盐碱胁迫、抗水分胁迫以及抗温度胁迫方面的生物学功能,分析了S3307在提高作物抵御逆境环境领域的研究现状和发展趋势,指出在施用植物生长调节剂来提高作物的抗逆性时,要根据实际情况对施用方式和施用浓度进行科学调整.合理施用植物生长调节剂对作物抗逆、耐逆生长发育以及节本增产具有重要意义,为今后农业生产抗逆研究提供理论依据和科学指导.

In order to explore the application effect of straw returning to field combined with water-saving irrigation technology,the effect of different irrigation regimes on rice growth and development,yield and its components,and water use efficiency was studied under the condition of straw returning to full field.The results showed that as for rice growth and development,to some extent,straw returning to field combined with water-saving irrigation technology could increase tillers number in the early middle period,decrease plant height at maturity,reduced the panicle formation percentage with the decrease of irrigation amount.In the early middle period of rice growth and development,proper reduction of water supply is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter in leaves and stems and sheath,the dry matter output rate and transfer rate of leaves were the largest under the treatment of control irrigation Ⅰ,arriving at 14.19％ and 4.15％,and the dry matter output rate and transfer rate of stems and sheath were the largest under the treatment of intermittent irrigation,arriving at 28.69％ and 17.39％,respectively.As for yield and its components,the yield order of the different irrigation regimes was intermittent irrigation ＞ flooding irrigation ＞ control irrigation Ⅰ ＞ control irrigation Ⅱ.As for water use efficiency,irrigation water use efficiency was the largest under the treatment of control irrigation Ⅱ with 3.55 kg· m-3,and natural rainfall water use efficiency was the largest under the treatment of control irrigation Ⅱ,arriving at 1.10 kg·m-3.Total water use efficiency was the largest under the treatment of control irrigation Ⅰ,arriving at 0.75 kg· m-3.The results concluded that,under the condition of straw returning to field and ensuring yield,the best irrigation regimes were intermittent irrigation and control irrigation Ⅰ.The results could provide theoretical basis for water management under straw returning to field in Northeast China,increase water use efficiency and improve rice production sustainable development.

为改良和培育水稻氮高效品种,提高黑龙江省水稻氮肥利用率,以62份黑龙江省水稻种质资源为材料,采用田间试验的方法,研究了低氮胁迫对水稻成熟期株高、有效穗数、穗长及其它产量因素的影响.结果表明:低氮胁迫对供试材料生长均发育均有不同程度的影响,除结实率、千粒重外,施氮处理的各性状观测平均值均高于不施氮处理,其中以株高、有效穗数、单株产量受到影响最大;根据供试材料主要农艺性状的相对指标差异及其相关性分析,认为株高、有效穗数、每穗粒数、生物产量、单株产量可作为供试材料耐低氮能力的筛选指标;利用耐低氮指数初步筛选获得氮敏感材料7014和耐低氮材料Q01、Q10、Q25、7003、7005、7009、7011、7021、7032.

In order to further increase rice yield ,taking rice variety Longjing 2 as experimental material ,effect of different transplanting density and nitrogen amount on growth and yield of cold land Japonica rice were stud‐ied .The results showed that with increasing of nitrogen amount ,tillering stage ,heading stage ,mature stage de‐layed 1~2 d ,the growth stage of the treatment with low planting density delayed 2~4 d than treatment with high planting density .Highest number of effective tillers was found in treatment with 160 kg·hm‐2 nitrogen a‐mount under low transplanting density .Effects of transplanting density and nitrogen amount on rice yield pri‐marily by affecting the number of effective tillers and grain number .The regime for highest yield was density of 166 700 hole per hectare and suitable nitrogen application amount (160 kg·hm‐2 ) .Under this condition ,trans‐planting density and nitrogen amount interaction had significant positive effect on yield .

通过对黑龙江省农业科学院引种驯化的2个荻品种(系)07-2和07-3进行栽培试验,初步明确了2个品种(系)具有较高的生物产量,在不同的采收时期荻的养分含量有着明显的变化,7月中旬收获可以获得较高的鲜饲产量,在9月下旬则收获更高产量的能源或加工材料。