延津县地处豫北平原,是国家现代农业优质小麦产业园示范基地、国家优质小麦生产基地和国家农产品质量安全县,小麦生产在河南省具有示范引领作用.2019年有关部门组织专家对设置在塔铺乡通郭村百亩示范方进行机收实打验收,平均每667 m2产量为809.1 kg,2020年对设置在该点的千亩方机收实打验收,平均每667 m2产量为855.2 kg,刷新了黄淮麦区冬小麦单产记录.2022年对该点千亩方再次实打验收,平均每667 m2产量为907.12 kg,创造了全国千亩方高产记录.

氮素供应直接影响小麦的产量和品质,阐述了氮素施用不当对小麦生长的影响、影响小麦氮肥吸收利用的因素以及氮素代谢对小麦产量、品质等方面的影响,为科学施氮、提高氮肥利用效率提供科学依据.

新乡市地处中原,一直以来以优质专用小麦生产和优质小麦种子生产闻名遐迩,是河南省农产品生产、加工、销售大市,也是一个农作物种业大市.为更好地适应现代种业发展,新乡市委、市政府于2019年在全市开展生物育种专项工作.对新乡市生物育种专项进行延伸思考,希望能对本市生物育种专项工作顺利实施提供借鉴.

利用50对SSR引物对收集到的18个玉米杂交种及其亲本进行SSR标记分析,以期筛选一套适于玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的核心SSR引物.试验结果表明,50对SSR引物在18个杂交种及其亲本中,有20对引物扩增出多态性特异条带,进一步对20对引物进行重复试验和PCR反应条件的优化,筛选出了8对SSR标记引物,分别在18个玉米杂交种及其亲本中扩增到了条带清晰、多态性好的条带,可用于其玉米杂交种子纯度鉴定和检验.这为玉米杂交种种子真实性和纯度检验、解决玉米种子质量纠纷提供了更为准确可靠的参考依据.

根箱种植条件下,探讨不同水氮施用量对冬小麦根系生长及产量的影响.结果表明,根质量密度在拔节期表现为N2最高,较N0、N1处理分别提高37.95％、5.74％;在抽穗期表现为N1>N0>N2;灌浆期根质量密度表现为充分灌水处理(W1)大于水分亏缺处理(W0),其中充分灌水处理下,N1处理根质量密度显著高于N0、N2.根质量密度主要分布在0～10 cm的土壤中.随着土壤深度的增加,根质量密度逐渐降低,根箱条件下,部分处理在30～40 cm有小幅回升.随着生育时期的推进,根冠比逐渐下降,并在灌浆期达到最低.根冠比随着施氮量的增加而降低.灌浆期N1、N2处理下,充分灌水(W1)根冠比较水分亏缺(W0)分别增加1.62％、13.87％.在同一水分处理下,随着施氮量的增加,产量呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且充分灌水(W1)高于水分亏缺(W0),以N1W1处理的产量最高.因此,适量的增施氮肥以及充分的灌水能够增加冬小麦的根质量密度,增加地上部的光合产物,从而提高产量.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen top-dressing at jointing stage on kernel traits at different spikelets and grain positions in winter wheat,we applied 6 levels of nitrogen fertilizer at jointing stage with base nitrogen 120 kg · hm-2 during 2011 to 2012 in Xun county.Zhoumai-18 which was the main cultivar in Henan province was chosen as the experimental material.We investigated the grain number and grain weight at different spikelets and grain position of main axis and tiller.The results showed that nitrogen top-dressing affected both sterile spikelet number at bottom and fertile and sterile spikelets rate significantly in main axis,while had none significant effects on tiller spike characteristics.Compared to none nitrogen topdressing,fertile spikelets per spike and fertile spikelets rate tended to be higher under nitrogen applying at joint stage.And with the nitrogen top-dressing level adding,sterile spikelet number at bottom of tiller increased,and sterile spikelet number at bottom of main axis showed lower.Quadratic curve equation could be used to describing the grain number and grain weight for the rising of spikelet position,and the inflection point was 9th to 10th spikelet position and 6th to 9th spikelet position,respectively.Nitrogen top-dressing at jointing stage increased the grain number per spikelet,but there was no positive correlation relationship.Grain number at different grain position of main axis and tiller tended to be quite different in lower spikelet position,and especially under higher nitrogen applying.Nitrogen top-dressing affected the 1st and 2nd grain in top and bottom spikelet position and the 3rd grain in spike.The 1st and 2nd grain weight showed higher than the 3rd significantly,but the difference between the 1st and 2nd was not significant.Appropriate nitrogen top-dressing improved the 3rd grain weight in tiller spikelet.In this study,under the treatment of 100 kg ·hm-2 nitrogen top-dressing based with 120 kg · hm-2,the grain number per spike and grain weight,spikelet weight were all higher both in spikes of rmain axis and tiller.

To determine reasonable nitrogen (N) application amount and seedling density of wheat for improving N utilization efficiency and yield, N contents in organs in different parts of wheat plant were measured, and wheat response to N application (in terms of N accumulation and translocation) and planting density was studied. In the field experiment, ‘Zhoumai 22’ wheat cultivar was used in a split-plot design with N fertilization amount as the main plot and seedling density as the secondary plot. Nitrogen fertilization amounts during the whole growth period were 0 kg?hm-2 (N0), 120 kg?hm-2 (N1), 240 kg?hm-2 (N2) and 360 kg?hm-2 (N3), respectively, while seedling densities were 225×104 seedlings?hm-2 (M1), 375×104 seedlings?hm-2 (M2) and 525×104 seedlings?hm-2 (M3), respectively. The results showed that N application amounts, seedling densities and the interactions of the two factors had significant effects on N contents in organs in different positions of aboveground wheat at anthesis and maturity stages. N content and accumulation in the vegetative organs of wheat at maturity declined compared with those at anthesis. Total N accumulation in individual plant was changed within range of 7.27-59.65 mg?stem-1 at anthesis and 8.48-60.83 mg?stem-1 at maturity, and the maximum data was observed in N3M2 treatment, while the minimum level was observed in N0M3 treatment. N content and accumulation in vegetative organs of wheat apparently decreased with decreasing of spatial position at anthesis stage. Also N transport and contribution rate of vegetative parts to grain had the same spatial distribution trend. It suggested that flag-leaf and the first upper internode were higher while the fourth upper leaf and the fourth upper internode as well as the other bottom parts near the ground were apparently lower. N content, accumulation and transport capacity of vegetative organs increased with increasing N application rate. N transport rate in the organs of upper and middle spatial position exceeded 50%, and total N contribution rate of vegetative organs to grain exceeded 67%. Increased N fertilizer amount combined with suitable planting density improved the capacity of N accumulation and translocation in aboveground system. Among all the vegetative organs, the ones nearest the ground (such as the fourth upper leaf and internode) were more obviously affected by N application and seedling density while N content and accumulation in those parts were significantly higher under higher N application and medium-level density, narrowing the differences with upper parts of the plant. Also N transport of plant population (28.56-549.49 kg?hm-2) increased with increasing N application amount, especially for plant spike and internode. Grain yield, grain protein content and protein yield were significantly influenced by N application rate. While grain protein content and protein yield were significantly driven by applied N amount and N amount/seedling density interactions, protein yield was driven by seedling density. Considering N transport and grain yield, N application at 240 kg?hm-2 and seedling density at 225 × 104 plant?hm-2 were suitable for ‘Zhoumai 22’ in wheat/corn double cropping in Huanghuai region.

为给小麦高产栽培中氮肥和密度科学管理提供参考,以矮抗58和周麦22号为材料,研究了施氮量和播种密度对小麦植株光合生理、物质积累及产量性状的影响.结果表明,适量增施氮肥和增加密度能显著提高小麦叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和群体干物质积累量,使植株在灌浆期仍能保持较高的光合能力,促进花后干物质的积累,有利于产量的提高.不同品种的籽粒产量对氮肥和密度的响应存在差异,周麦22号的平均籽粒产量高于矮抗58.在本研究条件下,矮抗58籽粒产量在375万基本苗·hm-2和360 kg·hm-2施氮量处理组合下最高;周麦22号籽粒产量在225万基本苗·hm-2扣240 kg·hm 2施氮量处理组合下最高.