[目的]探索顶坛花椒优质高产的适宜树形,为贵州花椒产业高质量发展提供理论依据.[方法]以顶坛花椒为研究对象,对比分析3种树体结构(开心形、圆头形和丛状形)对花椒产量和品质的影响,并采用主成分分析进行综合评价.[结果]开心形的冠幅(4.34 m×3.79 m)、中枝数(39条)、总枝数(66条)、产量(9.32 kg/株)及鲜椒果穗性状(果穗长8.35 cm,宽4.13 cm,重18.71 g,果穗粒数93粒)均最大;圆头形的主干高(63.58 cm)、长枝数(37条)及树冠投影面积平均产量(1.45 kg/m2)均最大;丛状形的树高(3.00 m)和基径(8.13 cm)最大.3种树形花椒的色泽为-7.45～5.57,挥发油含量为8.1～8.9 mL/100g,麻味物质为6.12％～6.62％,3个指标均无显著差异.开心形树形利于花椒产量和花椒果穗增加,各树形的综合排名为开心形(2.962)＞丛状形(-0.295)＞圆头形(-1.212).[结论]栽培顶坛花椒的适宜树形为开心形.

In this study, the effect of different planting combinations on the amino acid concentration in the pericarp of Zanthoxylum planispinum 'dintanensis' (hereafter referred to as Z. planispinum) was studied, and the response of amino acid concentration to soil factors was clarified. The aim of this study was to screen optimal planting combinations and provide a theoretical basis for improving pericarp quality. Five planting combinations of Z. planispinum in a karst rocky desertification area were selected as the research objects, and the concentration and accumulation of free amino acids in the pericarp of Z. planispinum were analyzed. Then, combined with existing soil quality data, the pericarp quality of Z. planispinum was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis, and the effect of soil factors on amino acid concentrations was clarified by redundancy analysis. The results are as follows: (1) except for arginine, serine, proline, alanine, tyrosine and cystine, the concentrations of other free amino acids significantly differed among the five planting combinations. In general, the planting combination has a great influence on the concentration of free amino acids in the pericarp of Z. planispinum, especially essential amino acids; (2) free amino acid concentration in the pericarp of Z. planispinum mostly increased in combination with Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. (hereafter referred to as S. tonkinensis) and decreased in combination with Prunus salicina Lindl; (3) principal component analysis showed that the concentration of free amino acid in the pericarp of Z. planispinum was generally at a high level when combined with S. tonkinensis or Lonicera japonica Thunb. (hereafter referred to as L. japonica). Among them, the amino acids in the pericarp of Z. planispinum with S. tonkinensis were closer to the ideal protein standard of FAO/WHO; (4) soil-available potassium, available phosphorus, microbial biomass nitrogen, available calcium and microbial biomass phosphorus in soil factors had significant effects on amino acid concentration after a redundancy analysis. It can be seen that the available nutrients and soil microbial biomass contribute greatly to the amino acid concentration of the pericarp. According to the soil quality and the amino acid quality of the pericarp, planting with L. japonica can improve the amino acid quality of the pericarp of Z. planispinum, as well as selecting Z. planispinum + L. japonica as the optimal planting combination.

为探明不同经营措施对顶坛花椒叶片形态性状、叶片养分含量和光合生理特征的影响,筛选喀斯特石漠化地区顶坛花椒种植最优的经营措施,以贵州省关岭县不同经营措施种植的顶坛花椒(Zanthoxylum planispinum var.dintanensis)人工林为研究对象,测定其叶片形态性状、生态化学计量和光合生理参数,研究其叶片功能性状对经营措施的响应.结果表明:与自然生长的顶坛花椒林相比,矮化密植和喷灌处理后,顶坛花椒的叶鲜重、叶饱和鲜重、叶面积、叶干重分别增加26％～31％、19％～29％、18％～23％、19％～33％;而叶组织密度、叶干物质含量在矮化密植+喷灌中均降低了7％,在矮化密植中分别升高4％和11％;矮化密植的比叶面积较自然生长减小12％,矮化密植+喷灌与自然生长无显著性差异,表明矮化密植与喷灌一定程度引起了顶坛花椒叶片形态性状的变化.矮化密植与喷灌显著降低了顶坛花椒叶片有机碳含量,但是对全氮和全磷含量的影响不明显.经营措施促使顶坛花椒净光合速率提高了77％～136％,矮化密植+喷灌对花椒光合速率的提升最明显.顶坛花椒叶片功能性状之间存在显著或极显著相关关系,其中形态性状与光合生理性状的相关性最强.经营措施能够引起顶坛花椒生长和防御相关叶片功能性状的响应,花椒通过权衡策略进行了资源的优化配置.较自然生长而言,矮化密植+喷灌处理的顶坛花椒在叶经济谱中更靠近"快速投资-收益"型的一端,表明喀斯特地区顶坛花椒种植应适当修枝整形与喷灌,提其高生长速率.

[目的]探讨顶坛花椒(Zanthoxylum planispinum var.dingtanensis)枝条萌发季节对果皮氨基酸含量及组成的影响规律,为通过树体管理改善果实品质提供理论依据.[方法]测定并分析不同季节萌发骨干枝条的花椒果皮氨基酸种类及含量特征,同时以FAO/WHO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,进行营养价值评价,并以主成分分析法综合评价营养状况.[结果]顶坛花椒果皮至少包含17种氨基酸,其中谷氨酸(Glu)、天冬氨酸(Asp)和亮氨酸(Leu)含量较丰富,氨基酸含量随枝条萌发季节而变化,春梢、夏梢和秋梢的总氨基酸含量分别为7.45、6.98和5.52 mg/g;氨基酸含量表现为春梢更加丰富,夏梢次之,秋梢最低.异亮氨酸(Ile)和赖氨酸(Lys)含量在秋梢与春梢、夏梢间差异显著(P?0.05),秋梢的Ile和Lys含量较春梢分别降低89.21％和27.71％,较夏梢分别降低89.27％和18.76％;3个处理的味觉氨基酸、药用氨基酸和支链氨基酸积累量大小均表现为春梢>夏梢>秋梢.春梢和夏梢的必需氨基酸(EAA)最接近FAO/WHO模式谱,春梢的氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)最大,为66.08,夏梢次之,秋梢最差,表明春梢和夏梢果实的营养更加均衡、价值更高.不同萌发季节花椒果皮氨基酸间相关性较强,表明各氨基酸间紧密相关,具有显著的耦合关系.[结论]综合营养与药用价值及主成分分析结果,并兼顾管理的便利性可得,夏季萌发枝条适宜培育为骨干枝,可提高顶坛花椒果实的氨基酸品质.

[目的]探明董箐大坝对北盘江水域面积的时空动态的影响,为保护北盘江水域的生态系统结构和功能提供科学依据.[方法]利用1988-2018年Landsat遥感影像,采用ArcMap 10.2目视解译北盘江董箐大坝河段的水域边界并计算水域面积,分析建坝前后水域面积的时空动态变化.[结果]北盘江董箐大坝建坝前水域面积的变化幅度较小,上游和下游的水域面积分别为4.5和1.7 km2,建坝后上游水域面积为21.7 km2,较建坝前增加3.8倍,下游水域面积为1.7 km2,较建坝前基本未发生变化;建坝后上游水域面积随着大坝距离的增大而减小且与大坝距离的相关性显著,下游水域面积相对处于稳定状态且与大坝的距离无显著相关性;建坝前水域面积与前期降水量呈显著正相关,建坝后下游水域面积与前期降水量呈显著正相关;建坝前水域存在明显的枯水期和丰水期,水域面积分别为5.2和6.6 km2,建坝后上游不再存在明显的枯水期和丰水期,其水域面积均为21.8 km2;建坝后上游水域覆盖率为80％～ 100％的稳定覆盖栅格从35.3％增至74.8％,水域覆盖率为0～20％的不稳定覆盖栅格从29.5％降至11.1％;在缓冲距离500、1000和1500 m时,近段(距大坝0～6 km)和中段(6～ 15 km)各缓冲距离建坝前和建坝后植物生长季的NDVI均呈下降趋势,远段(15 ～28 km)各缓冲距离建坝前和建坝后植物生长季的NDVI几乎无变化.[结论]建坝前水域面积主要受降水控制,建坝后水体主要受人为调控,当水量过大时开闸放水,而水量较小时则关闸蓄水,使水域面积维持在相对稳定的水平,河流水体己由自然变化转为人为调控为主.

近年来,随着林业不断发展,顶坛花椒成为贵州省贞丰县林业发展的主要支柱产业,并且已取得显著成效,但随着纯林的长期发展,花椒人工纯林在生产种植过程中出现了很多问题,导致贞丰县花椒产业发展缓慢.基于此,针对当前花椒产业发展的有利条件,结合种植过程中存在的问题,通过进行技术改造,为花椒产业长期可持续发展提供参考.

本文结合近年来相关报道,阐述了贵州省顶坛花椒锈病的发生规律、流行时间动态与综合防治,旨在降低花椒锈病的发生率、提高花椒品质,促进花椒产业健康发展,同时为花椒锈病的防治提供参考.

病虫灾害的繁殖与气温有着很大的关系,气温越高,繁殖的速度越快.近些年来,随着社会的不断发展气候也在不断变暖,气温也呈上升的趋势,因此现在的病菌繁殖加快,病虫灾害也是日益增多了.当然花椒树也没能逃脱遭受病虫灾害的厄运.面对严峻的病虫灾害应该想方设法进行及时的预防和治疗,只有这样才能保护花椒树,才能降低经济损失.本文主要介绍几种花椒树常见的病虫灾害,并提出了一些防治措施.

本文以顶坛花椒发展历程为例,重点从自然、社会经济变化的角度分析了其产业衰退原因,并针对导致产业衰退的原因,提出了相应的改进对策,为石漠化地区林业产业的选择和发展提供了可借鉴的经验.

毛红椿为北盘江流域贞丰的干热河谷区原生树种，具有很好的经济价值，长久以来一直得不到很好的发展，为解决当前北盘江流域毛红椿产业发展的困境，本文从毛红椿特性出发，结合北盘江干热河谷区的气候、土壤等环境条件，提出并解决干热河谷区毛红椿种植应该注意的关键问题，为该地区毛红椿产业发展提供参考。

Taking the forestry development practice in Karst areas of Zhenfeng county as the example,this pa-per analyzed the direction and the process of forestry industry selection,elaborated the method for system construc-tion,and finally,proposed a sturcture -optimized and function -integrated forestry industry development model for karst areas.

本文对分布于贵州省贞丰县兴北镇北盘江河谷的花椒进行了分类学研究.初步研究表明,其与竹叶椒(Zanthoxylum planispinum)比较接近,可视为竹叶椒的1个新变种,定名为顶坛花椒(Zanthoxylum planispinum var.dintanensis).由于顶坛花椒已在当地广为栽培,并已成为重要经济林木,因此有必要对其进行品种分类.根据其种群个体相对稳定的形态特征、生长发育期及经济性状,本文将对顶坛花椒划分3个品种.