OBJECTIVE To determine the risk factors of occurrence and treatment failure of peritoneal dialysis associatedperitonitis (PDAP) due to polymicrobial infections. METHODS We retrospectively collected the clinical data of patients with PDAP from the peritoneal dialysis (PD) centers in 4 general hospitals in Jilin Province from 2013 to 2019. The patients were divided, according to the results of peritoneal dialysate culture, into polymicrobial PDAP group and control group for comparison of the clinical data, treatment outcomes, and long-term prognosis. The independent risk factors of the occurrence and treatment failure of polymicrobial PDAP were explored using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS We recruited a total of 625 patients from the 4 PD centers, among whom 1085 episodes of PDAP were recorded. Polymicrobial PDAP accounted for 7.6% of the total PDAP episodes, and this proportion increased from 5.3% in 2013-2016 to 9.4% in 2017-2019 (P= 0.012). Compared with the control group, polymicrobial PDAP group had higher proportions of elderly patients and patients with refractory PDAP, with greater white blood cell counts in the first-day dialysate and longer course of antibiotic treatment (P < 0.05). The risk of catheter removal and treatment failure (catheter removal or PDAP-related death) in polymicrobial PDAP group was 2.972 times (OR=2.972, 95% CI: 1.634-5.407, P < 0.001) and 2.692 times (OR=2.692, 95% CI: 1.578-4.591, P < 0.001) that in the control group, respectively. The risk of withdrawal from PD (technical failure + all-cause death) was 1.5- fold higher in polymicrobial PDAP group than that in the control group (OR=1.500, 95% CI: 1.085-2.074, P=0.014). Elderly patients (>65 years) had a 1.937-fold higher risk of experiencing polymicrobial PDAP than younger patients (OR=1.937, 95% CI: 1.207-3.109, P= 0.006). Diabetes mellitus (OR=5.554, 95% CI: 1.021-30.201, P=0.047), mixed fungal infeciton (OR=343.687, 95% CI: 21.554- 5480.144, P < 0.001), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (OR=11.518, 95% CI: 1.632 to 81.310, P=0.014) were associated with increased risks of treatment failure by 4.554, 342.687 and 10.518 times, respectively. CONCLUSION The proportion of polymicrobial PDAP in the total PDAP cases tends to increase in recent years. Polymicrobial infection is an independent risk factor of both treatment failure and poor prognosis in patients with PDAP. An old age is an independent risk factor for polymicrobial PDAP, while diabetes mellitus and infections with mixed fungi or Pseudomonas aeruginosa are independent risk factors for treatment failure.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of E. coli peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) and the risk factors for its occurrence and treatment failure.Methods:The clinical data of patients with episodes of PDAP in four general hospitals in Jilin Province from 2013 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. According to the pathogenic bacteria, the patients were divided into E. coli and non- E. coli groups. The incidence of E. coli PDAP in the last seven years was calculated and the clinical characteristics were compared between two PDAP groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for the occurrence and treatment failure of E. coli PDAP. Results:A total of 693 PDAP episodes/cases were enrolled in this study, including 100 episodes/cases in the E. coli group and 593 episodes/cases in the non- E. coli group. The incidence rate of E. coli PDAP in the four hospitals showed a decreasing trend during 2013 to 2019. Compared with the non-E.coli group, the proportion of diabetic patients and the average blood albumin levels in the E. coli group were lower ( χ2=5.006, Z=-2.992, P<0.05), while the proportion of refractory peritonitis was higher, and the duration of antibiotic therapy was longer ( χ2=6.350, Z=-2.779, P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that history of PDAP ( OR=1.577, 95% CI: 1.015-2.448) and low baseline serum albumin level ( OR=0.958, 95% CI: 0.923-0.995) were independent risk factors for the development of E. coli PDAP, while concomitant diabetes was an independent protective factor for E. coli PDAP ( OR=0.538, 95% CI: 0.330-0.876). Moreover, long-term dialysis was an independent risk factor for treatment failure of E. coli PDAP ( OR=1.047, 95% CI: 1.018-1.076). Conclusion:The incidence rate of E. coli PDAP in study institutions has declined in the past 7 years, but the rate of refractory PDAP is still high. The history of PDAP and low blood albumin level are independent risk factors for the occurrence of E. coli PDAP, while concomitant diabetes is an independent protective factor for the occurrence of E. coli PDAP. Long-term dialysis is an independent risk factor for treatment failure of E. coli PDAP.

IgA肾病（IgAN）是我国常见的原发性肾小球疾病（PGD）,约占PGD的45.26%,成人IgAN在10年内进展为终末期肾脏病（ESRD）比例为15%-20% [1] 。诸多因素参与IgAN进展,如高血压、大量蛋白尿等。文献报道伴高血压IgAN（IgAN-HBP）进展为ESRD的风险是不伴高血压IgAN（IgAN-NHBP）的2.5倍 [2] 。

IgA肾病(IgAN)是导致终末期肾脏病的常见原发性肾小球疾病之一,其病理特点是肾小球系膜区以免疫球蛋白 IgA 沉积为主[1,2].IgAN 临床表现多样,如血尿、蛋白尿、高血压等,以上临床表现与IgAN预后密切相关[3].在临床工作中发现原发性IgAN患者临床表现、病理特点与性别差异具有相关性,但是此观点仍存在一定的争议[4].本研究回顾232 例原发性 IgAN 患者的相关资料,旨在探索原发性IgAN临床表现、病理特点与性别关系,为临床诊疗提供依据.

目的 探讨老年维持性血液透析(MHD)患者死亡的相关因素.方法 采用回顾性病例对照法,分析吉林省2012年1月至2016年1月269例 MHD死亡患者一般资料、生化指标及透析相关参数等,与同期300例MHD生存患者(对照组)资料相比较.结果 (1)导致两组终末期肾脏病(ESRD)病因依次为慢性肾小球肾炎、糖尿病肾病、高血压肾病、多囊肾、狼疮性肾炎、慢性间质性肾炎、马兜铃酸肾病、梗阻性肾病、痛风性肾病、肾结核、其他6例,但MHD死亡组与存活组各项病因无统计学差异(P>0.05);(2)MHD患者死亡病因依次为心血管事件、脑意外事件、感染、消化道出血、尿毒性脑病、肿瘤、多脏器衰竭、自杀;(3)一般资料比较:死亡组≥60岁患者多于对照组,而45~59岁者少于对照组,体质量指数(BMI)低于对照组,透龄低于对照组(均P<0.05).(4)生化指标及透析充分性比较:死亡组透析前收缩压(SBP)、透析前舒张压(DBP)、血磷(P)、鳞磷乘积(Ca×P)均高于对照组,血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(Alb)、尿素清除指数(KT/V)均显著低于对照组(均P<0.05).结论 ESRD病因中糖尿病肾病、高血压肾病比例呈现增长趋势,而慢性肾小球肾炎比例呈下降趋势,MHD患者主要死于心脑血管事件、感染、消化道出血,年龄、血压、透析时间、营养状况、低透析充分性等均是威胁MHD患者生命的主要因素.早期充分透析、积极纠正贫血、营养不良、严格控制血压及防治并发症可降低血液透析患者的病死率.