火灾救生窗是一个新产品开发设计,旨在提高火灾救援的成功率,针对家庭住宅和公共建筑外墙窗体而设计开发的新产品.设计概念强调为不方便快速移动人员(如老人、儿童、残障人士)提供救生隔离空间,从而通过简单操作将被困人员与火场隔离,增加救援的安全性和便捷性.该设计经过模拟试验证实是目前火灾救援中一种有效的和创新型救援方式.

Wetland plant communities in the plateau lakes of Yunnan Province, China, have decreased significantly over the past decades. To better understand this degradation, we analyzed the processes and characteristics of changes in wetland plant communities in two of the largest lakes in Yunnan Province, Dianchi and Erhai lakes. We collected records of native and alien plant communities in the two lakes from literature published from the 1950s to current period. We calculated plant community types and their area in some historical periods when related data were reported, and analyzed the relationship between changes in plant communities and water pollution. In Dianchi Lake, 12 community types of native plant communities, covering over 80% of the surface in the 1950s and 1960s, were reduced to four types covering 2.4% by the late 2000s. Alien plant communities started to appear in the lake in the late 1970s, and have since come to cover 4.9% of the lake surface, thereby becoming dominant. In Erhai Lake, 16 community types of native plant communities, covering 47.1% of the lake surface in the late 1970s, declined to 10 community types, covering 9.3% of the surface, by the late 2000s. Alien plant communities appeared in the middle 1980s, and at present cover 0.7% of the surface area. It was indicated that changes in plant communities were significant related to water eutrophication. The area occupied by native and alien plant communities was, respectively, negatively and positively related to the content of nutrients in water. This showed lacustrine pollution played an important role in native plant loss and alien plant invasion in the two plateau lakes.

Malania oleifera,an endemic plant species,is naturally distributed in karst region of southeast Yunnan and west Guangxi,China. This plant is a potential species with high economic value as its seed oil contains rich nervonic acid,and is also an excellent tree for the restoration and reconstruction of vegetation in karst region.Much attention has been paid to exploitation and utilization of this species in recent years. In order to understand fruiting characters of wild trees,we analyzed the fruit yield of wild trees,fruit and pit characteristics from six sites. The results were as follows:(1)Fruit yield was significantly different among wild trees. The coefficient of variation(CV)was 136.38%. There was positive correlation between fruit yield and tree crown.(2)The mean size of fruit was 37.10-40.36 mm in longitudinal diameter,and 41.15-45.03 mm in transverse diameter of CV ranged from 7.28% to 9.31%. The mean fruit weight was 35.77-47.29 g with a range in CV from 18.99% to 21.44%.(3)The mean size of pit was 27.50-31.69 mm and 30.94-34.16 mm respectively in longitudinal and transverse diameter.CV was from 6.47%to 10.99%.The mean pit weight was 14.03-18.77 g,and CV was from 17.37% to 22.68%.(4)The mean longitudinal thickness of pericarp was 4.33-4.80 mm,and transverse thickness was 5.10-5.44 mm. Their CV was 12.92%-26.91%. The mean weight of pericarp was 21.62-28.51 g,and CV was 20.01%-24.12%. These results indicate that the yield, size and weight of fruits of wild Malania oleifera have abundant phenotypic diversity, which can provide various source of excellent character selection for oriented cultivation and exploitation.

一项旅游活动的发展与流行需要多种内部和外部条件的支撑.中国的露营活动还处于发展的初期,目前还没有成体系的露营地建设,也没有相应的发展和管理措施.自发的露营活动很不规范,容易带来一系列社会问题.为了促进我国露营活动的健康发展,露营地的成体系和规范建设,论文从多个方面分析了美国露营活动流行的原因,及其对我国露营活动开展的启示.首先分析美国的早期移民从东海岸向西海岸探险过程中,对露营活动的形成和促进作用;在露营活动过程中,参与者如何从活动中获得休闲娱乐、磨炼意志、知识学习、生存经验积累等多方面的收益,特别是对青少年的教育和锻炼作用.其次分析美国露营地建设种类和各种基础设施建设,以及露营者行为管理、露营地管理等各种管理措施对有序开展露营活动的支撑作用.再次从多种外部因素分析露营活动流行的原因,主要包括:地理气候等自然因素,高速公路系统、信息发布、生活品供应等各种基础设施因素,假期制度、生活与传统习惯和公共道德等各种社会文化因素等.最后在综合分析美国露营活动流行原因的基础上,提出我国如何结合自身国情开展露营活动.