Tremella sanguinea is a morphologically distinctive gelatinous mycoparasite of Stereum within Tremellales whose generic placement has remained unresolved for lack of high-quality genomic resources. We combined Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing, short-read whole-genome sequencing and Hi-C chromatin conformation capture to assemble the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome of this species: 21.44 Mb in nine gap-free chromosomes, with telomeric repeats recovered at all 18 chromosome ends. Phylogenomic analysis of nine Tremellales genomes, including the type species of Phaeotremella, placed T. sanguinea within Phaeotremella as sister to P. skinneri (divergence 24.50 Ma; 95% HPD 22.14–26.89) rather than within Tremella sensu stricto, corroborating at genome scale a placement previously indicated by multi-locus data, providing the first divergence-time estimates for the lineage, and reconciling its position with its dark, foliose basidiocarp morphology. Gene family evolution was contraction-biased, most strongly at the Phaeotremella crown node (92 expansions vs. 855 contractions). The carbohydrate-active enzyme repertoire of T. sanguinea (185 genes) fell within the range reported for Tremellales, whereas families that expanded on its branch were significantly enriched for transport functions, including dipeptide and allantoate transport. These results indicate that T. sanguinea acquires host-derived nutrients through uptake of small molecules rather than through an expanded hydrolytic repertoire, and provide genomic evidence for revising its generic placement within the segregate genera of Tremella sensu lato.

Telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genomes provide a framework for resolving fungal chromosome architecture and lineage-specific evolution. We generated chromosome-complete assemblies of Coprinellus xanthothrix and C. saccharinus by integrating Oxford Nanopore, DNBSEQ, Hi-C, and RNA-seq data. Each genome comprised 13 gapless chromosomes with all 26 telomeres recovered; assembly sizes were 46.92 and 54.81 Mb, with BUSCO completeness of 99.20% and 99.10%, respectively. The larger C. saccharinus genome was primarily associated with greater retroelement content, whereas functional annotation profiles and CAZyme repertoires were broadly comparable between species. Phylogenomic analyses grouped C. xanthothrix with C. radians and C. saccharinus with C. micaceus, with estimated divergence times of 54.4 and 32.8 Ma, respectively. Both divergence events occurred within the Paleogene. Gene-family analyses identified lineage-specific expansions enriched in nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication and repair, glutathione metabolism, redox regulation, endocytosis, cytoskeletal organization, and cell-cycle processes. Synteny and Ks analyses further revealed chromosome-level rearrangements and lineage-specific small-scale duplication but no strong evidence of recent whole-genome duplication. Together, the temporal placement of these divergences and the associated genomic patterns raise a testable hypothesis that long-term climatic and vegetation reorganization, together with changes in plant-derived substrates and microhabitats, may have contributed to lineage establishment and ecological differentiation. However, because direct paleoecological evidence and functional validation are currently lacking, this proposed relationship should not be interpreted as causal. These chromosome-complete assemblies provide important resources for comparative genomics in Coprinellus and future experimental studies of saprotrophic adaptation.

Cremastra appendiculata is a medicinally important orchid whose seed germination depends on fungal symbionts. Here, we present the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome assembly of the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Coprinellus disseminatus, comprising 15 gapless chromosomes (54.41 Mb) with 98.80% BUSCO completeness. Symbiotic germination assays demonstrated that C. disseminatus significantly outperformed its congeners C. domesticus and C. radians in protocorm biomass. Comparative genomic analyses revealed highly conserved carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) repertoires among the three species, ruling out CAZyme divergence as the primary driver of differential symbiotic performance. CAFE analysis showed that since its divergence approximately 117.8 million years ago, C. disseminatus underwent substantial gene family expansions enriched in proteasome, endocytosis, adherens junction, and tight junction pathways, suggesting that lineage-specific expansion of these functional modules may have contributed to its superior symbiotic capacity for orchid seed germination. These findings require further experimental validation through transcriptomic and functional genomic approaches.

This study investigated Morchella importuna strain degeneration during repeated subculturing and employed metabolomics, transcriptomics, and other techniques to explore its molecular mechanisms. Significant metabolic and transcriptional differences were observed between normal mycelia (NM) and degenerated mycelia (DG). Metabolomic analysis revealed 699 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) that were predominantly enriched in secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways, particularly flavonoids and indole alkaloids. Total flavonoid content was markedly higher in NM than in DG, with most flavonoid compounds showing reduced levels in degenerated strains. Transcriptomic profiling revealed 2691 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), primarily associated with metabolic pathways and genetic information processing. Integrated analysis showed that metabolic dynamics were regulated by DEGs, with pyruvate metabolism being significantly enriched. The FunBGCeX tool identified biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in the M. importuna genome, highlighting the critical role of the non-reducing polyketide synthase (NR-PKS) gene in flavonoid biosynthesis. This gene exhibited significantly downregulated expression in DG strains. These findings indicate that M. importuna degeneration resulted from systemic dysregulation of gene expression networks and metabolic pathway reorganization. The results presented herein also provide theoretical insights into degeneration mechanisms and potential prevention strategies for this edible fungus.

Sporocarps of macrofungi support other diverse fungal species that are termed fungicolous fungi. However, a pipeline for the simultaneous processing and analysis of macrofungi and their fungicolous fungi, in addition to the external environmental factors that affect the diversity and composition of fungicolous fungal communities, remains largely unknown. In this study, a novel specialized pipeline was constructed to automatically analyze the sequence diversity of host macrofungi along with their associated fungicolous fungi. Moreover, the alpha and beta diversities of fungicolous fungal communities residing in host macrofungi from diverse habitats in the Qinling Mountains were analyzed, revealing that the diversity and composition of fungicolous fungal communities varied with host growth month and habitats. Furthermore, saprophytic fungi had greater abundances of cell wall degrading enzymes than parasitic and symbiotic fungi, potentially explaining why saprophytic fungi grew more abundant on wood, and revealing the formation mechanism of “small islands” growing on wood.

Sporocarps of macrofungi support other diverse fungal species that are termed fungicolous fungi. However, the external environmental factors that affect the diversity and composition of fungicolous fungal communities remains largely unknown. In this study, the diversities, composition, and trophic modes of fungicolous fungal communities residing in host macrofungi from diverse habitats in the Qinling Mountains were analyzed. Additionally, the number of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) encoded by saprophytic, pathogenic, and symbiotic fungi was also quantified and compared. The results revealed that the diversity and composition of fungicolous fungal communities varied with months of collection and the habitats of host fungi, and saprophytic fungi were more abundant on wood than on the ground. Meanwhile, it was also found that saprophytic fungi possessed higher abundances of cell-wall-degrading enzymes than pathogenic or symbiotic fungi. Based on the above findings, it was hypothesized that the greater abundance of saprophytic fungi on wood compared to the ground may be due to their possession of a more diverse array of enzymes capable of degrading wood cell walls, thereby allowing for more efficient nutrient acquisition from decaying wood.

本研究通过传统的形态学及分子系统学鉴定方法,在对陕西省境内秦岭地区的大型真菌生物多样性进行调查时,发现两个碱紫漏斗伞菌(Infundibulicybe alkaliviolascens)样品(样品编号:20210153和20210511).本研究是首次在陕西省境内发现碱紫漏斗杯伞,因此确定其为陕西省新分布种.另外,本研究还对以上2个碱紫漏斗伞菌的形态及显微结构进行了详尽的描述.该物种的子实体小型至中型.菌盖直径4.5～11cm,幼时扁平状,中间浅凹,成熟时漏斗状,边缘波状.菌柄长3～5cm,直径0.5～1.5cm,中生,棒状,有细纵条纹,基部有白色菌丝体.担孢子4.2×7.4μm,担子28.9～56.6×6.6～11.8μm.

结合形态学和分子生物学技术手段,对采自秦岭的 1 份大型真菌样本进行了鉴定,结果显示该样本与1959 年报道的Dacrymyces dictyosporus(中文名未定)属同一种,为中国新记录种.其担子果小型至中型,呈无柄枕状、角状,有时具柄,新鲜时多呈亮橙色至橙色,软胶质,表面脑状;担孢子宽且呈钝梭形、蚕蛹形、梨形,顶端具小突起,大小为(15.2)19～22(26.5)μm×(6)8～10(11)μm;内部菌丝均匀,无锁状联合.

通过对连续传代培养的羊肚菌菌株稳定性与生产稳定性的相关性研究发现,初筛试验中出菇性能良好的菌株在连续传代培养过程中都具有较好的稳定性,即菌株连续传代培养6～7代(50～60 d)后,其菌丝的生长速度及菌落形态与初始菌株相比,未发生明显的变化.基于以上发现,研究以16株羊肚菌菌株为试验菌株,经初筛、复筛、中试等,获得能够适应秦巴山区气候环境特点的稳产羊肚菌菌株SMM-06、SMM-07.

通过对秦岭南麓黄柏塬自然保护区中大型真菌的本底资源进行调查,以传统形态学及分子系统学相结合的方法对样品进行了鉴定,确定采集到的吉林拟鬼伞(Coprinopsis jilinensis)为陕西省新记录种.该物种的子实体小型至中型.菌盖直径 3～7 cm,幼时钟型,成熟扁半球型,顶部稍脐凸,浅灰褐色;表面具丰富的菌幕,菌盖被白色纤毛,边缘具丝膜状菌幕.菌柄长 3～6 cm,直径 1.0～1.5 cm,中生,棒状,被白色从毛鳞片,基部有白色索状菌丝体.担孢子 4.3 μm×8.7 μm;担子[(3.6～8.9)×(21.4～33.9)]μm,具 2～4小梗.

The Qinling mountains are one of the richest diversity hotspots in the world. This area is remote, and new species remain to be discovered, including macrofungi. In this study, Qinling Mountain of the Shaanxi province was surveyed for macrofungus, and one new species of macrofungi Microstoma ningshanica (Sarcoscyphaceae) was discovered and analyzed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy as well as DNA sequence analysis. The description, photographs, and comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are provided. Conclusions of its phylogenetic relationships with similar species are also drawn based on the sequence of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region, as well as the large subunit rRNA.

The Qinling Mountains are the geographic boundary between northern and southern China. In our current study, we investigated the biodiversity of macrofungi in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi and discovered a new species, Psilocybe ningshanensis. The phylogenetic tree shows its position in a group composed by P. hopii and P. mescaleroensis. They differ in some macro- and microscopic features, such as the presence or absence of an annulus or veil, the surface characteristics of the pileus, and the sizes and shapes of basidiospores and cheilocystidia. In addition, they are geographically distanced. P. ningshanensis was first discovered in Ningshan, China, whereas P. hopii and P. mescaleroensis were both found in the United States. In this article, we introduce the new species with illustrated description, ITS sequences, and comparisons with similar species.

以秦岭地区表现较好的2个平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)菌株作为对照,对引进的9个菌株进行栽培性状的比较试验,以菌丝的生长速度和各菌株生物转化率的单因素差异性分析作为参考依据,结合市场接受度,筛选出栽培性状优良的菌株.试验结果显示SW06、SW02两个菌株的菌丝生长速度快,菌丝活力好,出菇菇型好,出菇周期适中,出菇间歇期较短,产量高,比较适合在秦岭地区进行栽培.

本文报道了陕西省鬼笔科大型真菌一新记录种—红星头鬼笔.该菌发现于陕西省宁陕县新场镇同心村小河地区.

Polysaccharides isolated from mushrooms have been identified as potential prebiotics that could impact gut microbiota. In this study, a water-soluble polysaccharide (MP) extracted from wild morels was evaluated for its effects on the gut microbiota of non-treated and cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated mice. The results showed that MP restored the spleen weight and increased the counts of white blood cells and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and spleen of the CP-treated mice. Mice treated with MP exhibited increased levels of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, compared to normal mice, and increased levels of Bacteroidetes and SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Ruminococcaceae, compared to the CP-treated mice. Moreover, MP treatment increased the production of valeric acid and decreased the production of acetic acid in the non-treated mice and increased the production of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid in the CP-treated mice. These results show that MP is potentially good for health.

为秦巴山区毒蘑菇中毒预防及抗癌活性物质的资源开发利用提供科学参考,对秦巴山区毒蘑菇资源开展了系统的野外调查和采集,对其毒性进行考证,并列举已报道的毒素成分及中毒类型.结果 表明:秦巴山区毒蘑菇共124种,分别隶属于2门3纲6亚纲9目32科60属,其中担子菌门115种,子囊菌门9种;毒蘑菇毒素成分包括鹅膏毒肽、鬼笔毒肽、毒伞肽、毒蝇碱、异噁唑衍生物、色胺类化合物、胃肠道反应毒素、鬼伞素、鹿花菌素和卟啉类毒素等;中毒类型分别为肝肾损伤型、胃肠炎型、神经精神型、呼吸循环衰竭型、溶血型、多脏器损伤型和光过敏性皮炎型.

Polysaccharides from morels possess many characteristics beneficial to health, such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of immune function. However, the impact of morel polysaccharides on the gut microbiota has not yet been explored. In this study, a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the effects of MP, a new heteropolysaccharide extracted from wild morels, on the diversity and composition of microbiota along the intestine in mice, as well as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The results showed that MP treatment increased the number of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and diversity along the intestine, especially in the small intestine. MP treatment induced a significant decrease in the number of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the small intestine microbiota. It was also observed that the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, especially Lachnospiraceae, was increased in both the cecum and colon of MP-treated mice. Moreover, MP promoted the production of SCFAs in mice. These results provide a foundation for further understanding the health benefits conferred by morel polysaccharides.

以香菇菌株238与808为亲本,采用单孢杂交技术,配成异核体菌株,经初筛、复筛及生产鉴定试验,选育而成的香菇新菌株森立17具有菌龄短,出菇温度范围广,适宜陕南秦巴山区秋栽冬出菇等优良性状.

The accumulation of DHA oil produced by Schizochytrium sp. was real-timely monitored by phosphoric acid vanillin method, and the fermentation process for production of DHA oil by Schizochytri-um sp. was optimized. The results showed that the optimal formular of culture medium for growth and oil accumulation of Schizochytrium sp. were obtained as follows:glucose 30 g/L, corn steep powder 6 g/L, peptone 4 g/L, sodium nitrate 3. 6-3. 9 g/L, sea crystal 15 g/L. A certain dosage of glucose was fed to increase carbon-nitrogen ratio to improve oil accumulation and a fed batch of 3 . 0 g/L soybean oil could stimulate cell growth in 50 L fermentor. After fed batch fermentation for 72 h, wet weight of cell reached 200 g/L,total oil content was more than 60% and DHA content in the fatty acid composition of the oil ac-counted for about 22%.

虾青素是目前世界上公认的一种抗氧化性能最强的抗氧化剂,研究表明:天然虾青素具有抗癌症、抗衰老、增强免疫力等重要的生理功能,而且对人体绝对安全无害,因此,在水产养殖、饲料、食品和医药工业中得到广阔的应用.本文通过两轮紫外诱变和光复活交替处理的方法,诱变选育虾青素的高产菌株,最终获得3株高产菌株;诱变菌株产虾青素的能力相对于原始菌株提高了46％.在筛选高产菌株的基础上,进一步又对其发酵工艺进行了优化,红法夫酵母的最佳培养条件为葡萄糖15g/L,酵母浸粉7.5g/L,磷酸二氢钾2.5 g/L,氯化钙3g/L,硫酸镁0.5 g/L;在50L发酵罐中培养72h,最终虾青素的产量基本稳定在70mg/L左右.