Objective:To recognize the spatial and temporal characteristics of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), China national IDD surveillance data for the years of 1995-2018 were analyzed.Methods:Time series analysis was used to describe and predict the IDD related indicators, and spatial analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of salt iodine levels.Results:In China, the median urinary iodine concentration increased in 1995-1997, then decreased to adequate levels, and are expected to remain appropriate in 2019-2022. The goiter rate continually decreased and is expected to be maintained at a low level. Since 2002, the coverage rates of iodized salt and the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt (the percentage of qualified iodized salt in all tested salt) increased and began to decline in 2012; they are expected to continue to decrease. Spatial epidemiological analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation in 2016-2018 and revealed feature regarding the spatial distribution of salt related indicators in coastal areas and areas near iodine-excess areas.Conclusions:Iodine nutrition in China showed gradual improvements. However, a recent decline has been observed in some areas following changes in the iodized salt supply in China. In the future, more regulations regarding salt management should be issued to strengthen IDD control and prevention measures, and avoid the recurrence of IDD.

目的 研究经皮涂抹外源性雌三醇(E3)对裸鼠甲状腺功能及甲状腺移植瘤的影响.方法 使用123只4周龄裸鼠,按体质量采用随机数字表法分为9组:①对照组、②低E3组、③高E3组、④乳头状甲状腺癌组(PTC组)、⑤乳头状甲状腺癌+高E3组(PTC+高E3组)、⑥滤泡状甲状腺癌组(FTC组)、⑦滤泡状甲状腺癌+高E3组(FTC+高E3组)、⑧未分化型甲状腺癌组(ATC组)和⑨未分化型甲状腺癌+高E3组(ATC+高E3组),均正常饮食饮水.除对照组、PTC组、FTC组和ATC组外,其余5组每日给予皮肤涂抹雌三醇乳膏,低E3浓度为市售化妆品人均每日使用量中雌三醇含量的25倍、高剂量为100倍.40天后,收集各组裸鼠的24h尿样;尿碘采用砷铈催化分光光度法测定,尿E3、血清E3、血清甲状腺激素[游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺素(TSH)]和甲状腺抗体[甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TpoAb)],采用酶联免疫吸附实验[ELISA]测定.在接种肿瘤后的第4日起,每3d测量肿瘤大小.结果 ①各组裸鼠血清E3和尿E3水平比较差异有统计学意义;其中FTC+高E3组和ATC+高E3组的血清E3(10.22、14.18 pmol/L)和尿E3(6.40、8.18 pmol/L)水平均分别显著低于FTC组和ATC组的血清E3(26.52、22.80 pmol/L)和尿E3(8.91、11.49 pmol/L)水平;而PTC+高E3组仅血清E3水平(12.17 pmol/L)显著低于PTC组(23.05 pmol/L);高E3组的尿E3水平显著低于低E3组(6.92、8.94 pmol/L);低E3组的尿E3水平显著高于对照组(8.94、7.17 pmol/L),PTC组、FTC组和ATC组的血清E3水平显著高于对照组和高E3组(23.05、26.52、22.80比13.23、14.46 pmol/L).②各组血清FT3水平比较差异没有统计学意义.各组血清FT4和TSH水平与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义,其中各实验组的FT4水平均显著低于对照组,TSH水平均显著高于对照组,但PTC组与PTC组+高E3组、FTC组与FTC+高E3组、ATC组与ATC+高E3组分别进行两两比较,FT4和TSH水平并差异无统计学意义.③各组裸鼠血清TgAb和TpoAb水平比较差异均有统计学意义.其中低E3组、高E3组、PTC+高E3组、FTC组、ATC组和ATC+高E3组的TgAb水平均显著高于对照组;各实验组的TpoAb水平均显著高于对照组.④各组裸鼠尿碘水平比较差异没有统计学意义.⑤各组裸鼠肿瘤体积大小比较差异均有统计学意义,PTC+高E3组与PTC组比较,在接种肿瘤后的第7d、16d、25 d、28 d和37d,肿瘤体积发生显著性差异(71.54、226.05、730.26、893.34、1242.12比49.87、325.50、551.28、664.38、967.78 mm3);FTC+高E3组与FTC组比较,在接种肿瘤后的第25 d、28 d、37d和40 d,肿瘤体积发生显著性差异(392.60、475.70、794.68、943.51比214.82、238.32、422.19、490.00 mm3);ATC+高E3组与ATC组比较,在接种肿瘤后的第37d和40 d,肿瘤体积发生显著性差异(217.53、432.10比577.19、1146.66 mm3).结论 外源性雌三醇能够诱导裸鼠发生甲状腺功能减退和抗体水平增高,同时对乳头状甲状腺癌和滤泡状甲状腺癌的生长有着促进作用,对未分化甲状腺癌的生长有抑制作用.

Epidemiological studies have focused on the effects of iodine intake on the risk of thyroid cancer. However, their relationship is still obscure. The objective of the present study was to examine the association in the Chinese population. A new ecological study which combined the Data of Annual Report of Cancer, the Survey of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) surveillance and the Water Iodine Survey was conducted to analyse the relationship between iodine intake and the thyroid cancer incidence in China. In total, 281 counties were included. Thyroid cancer incidence was negatively correlated with the consumption rate of qualified iodised salt (CRQIS) and positively correlated with goiter prevalence (GP) of children aged 8-10 years, residents' annual income and coastal status. Areas with a low CRQIS and areas with a high GP had a relatively high incidence of thyroid cancer. Regression models showed that a low CRQIS and a high GP in children aged 8-10 years (both reflecting iodine deficiency status) play a substantial role in thyroid cancer incidence in both males and females. Additionally, living in coastal areas and having a high annual income may also increase the risk of thyroid cancer. These findings suggest that mild iodine deficiency may contribute to the exceptionally high incidence of thyroid cancer in some areas in China. Maintaining appropriate iodine nutrition not only helps to eliminate IDD but also may help to reduce the occurrence of thyroid cancer.

目的 了解女性妇科疾病的患病特点及影响因素,为女性妇科疾病的流行病学研究提供参考.方法 依据2018年山东省经济水平中等的菏泽市、济宁市进行典型抽样,对6个村成年女性进行普查,共调查1651名女性,采用问卷调查研究对象的基本情况、月经史及生育史、妇科疾病史.应用SPSS 22.0软件进行描述性统计分析,单因素采用x2检验,多因素采用Logistic回归分析.结果 女性妇科疾病的总患病率为34.8％,其中生殖道感染性疾病的患病率为29.0％,妇科肿瘤的患病率为5.8％;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄在30～39岁女性患妇科疾病的风险最高(P＜0.05);已婚女性患妇科疾病的风险高于未婚者(P＜0.05);月经周期不规律的女性患妇科疾病的风险高于月经规律的女性(P＜0.05);无怀孕史的女性患妇科疾病的风险高于有怀孕史女性(P＜0.05);流产次数越多的女性患妇科疾病的风险越高(P＜0.05).结论 该人群妇科疾病的影响因素有年龄、婚姻、月经、怀孕史、流产史;应加强对女性妇科疾病的宣教和普查普治,从而降低女性妇科疾病的发病率.

The aim of the research is to explore the relationship between hyperthyroidism, iodine, antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil) and vascular endothelial injury. In total, 136 SD rats were randomly allocated into the control group, the hyperthyroidism group, the hyperthyroidism propylthiouracil group, the hyperthyroidism low iodine group, the high iodine group, and the endothelial injury group. Rats were raised for 60 days. Afterward, indicators concerning endothelial damage were determined, including the von Willebrand Factor (vWF), thrombomodulin (TM), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin 1 (ET-1), and P-selectin, as well as the plant hemagglutinin sample type oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) from the aorta and the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in whole blood. The hyperthyroidism group had significantly higher values for vWF, TM, NO, ET-1, and P-selectin in serum and a higher number of EPCs in whole blood compared with the control group, similar to the LOX-1 expression in abdominal aorta. The hyperthyroidism low iodine group had significantly higher values for vWF, ET-1, and P-selectin in serum and a higher number of EPCs in whole blood compared with those of the control group, as was the case for LOX-1 expression in the abdominal aorta. The hyperthyroidism propylthiouracil group had significantly higher values for FT 4 in the serum compared with those in the control group. The electron microscope showed that hyperthyroidism caused a certain degree of endothelial injury to the abdominal aorta in rats. Hyperthyroidism can damage the vascular endothelium and is a high-risk factor for cardio-cerebrovascular disease. Propylthiouracil could be used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, thus protecting endothelial cells from damage.

Objective:To investigate the effects of thyroxine (T 4) and propylthiouracil (PTU) on nitric oxide synthase expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC cells). Methods:HUVEC cells were cultured in vitro, the experiment was divided into 6 groups: control (without T 4 and PTU), 10 -9, 10 -7, 10 -4 mol/L T 4, PTU (5 μg/ml PTU), and 10 -4 mol/L T 4 + PTU, the action time was 24 h. CCK-8 method was used to detect cell activity; nitrate reductase method was used to detect nitric oxide (NO), total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) contents; Western blotting was used to detect eNOS protein expression level. Results:The differences of cell survival rates [(100.00 ± 0.00)%, (96.73 ± 1.17)%, (86.20 ± 7.54)%, (47.37 ± 9.10)%, (53.37 ± 5.47)%, (53.40 ± 8.84)%] among the 6 groups were statistically significant ( F = 29.42, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the cell survival rates of 10 -7, 10 -4 mol/L T 4, PTU, and 10 -4 mol/L T 4 + PTU groups were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the contents of NO and TNOS among the 6 groups ( F = 3.93, 3.46, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the TNOS content in PTU group was significantly reduced ( P < 0.05); compared with the 10 -4 mol/L T 4 group, the NO contents in PTU and 10 -4 mol/L T 4 + PTU groups were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in eNOS content and protein expression level among the 6 groups ( F = 0.24, 0.17, P > 0.05). Conclusions:High concentration of T 4 can cause damage to the activity of HUVEC cells cultured in vitro, and PTU can alleviate it by regulating NO and TNOS. The specific mechanism of action still needs to be further studied in molecular biological experiments.

Objective To observe the relationship between hyperthyroidism and vascular endothelial injury.Methods From 2016 to 2017,data of 60 patients with simple hyperthyroidism,autoimmune thyroid disease,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University.And 60 healthy subjects were enrolled in the same period as a healthycontrol group.The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the content of vascular endothelial injury markers (vWF),thrombomodulin (TM),endothelin-1 (ET-1),P-selectin in serum of all subjects,as well as the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4),anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb),and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases levels.The correlation analysis of vascular endothelial injury in the simple hyperthyroidism group,autoimmune thyroid disease group,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group and healthy control group was conducted.Results There were statistically significant differences between the he althy control group,the simple hyperthyroidism group,the autoimmune thyroid disease group and the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group in the serum levels of vWF,TM,ET-1 and P-selectin,respectively (F =6.56,9.19,7.88,12.45,P ＜ 0.05),and the simple hyperthyroidism group,autoimmune thyroid disease group,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group were significantly higher than the healthy control group (P ＜ 0.05).Correlation analysis showed that the vascular endothelial injury in the patients with simple hyperthyroidism,autoimmune thyroid disease,and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases groups was statistically significantly different compared with the healthy control group,respectively (x2 =5.08,5.08,8.16,P ＜ 0.05);the risk of vascular endothelial injury in each diseased group was 2.37,2.37,and 3.07 times higher than that of the healthy control group,respectively.The abnormal rates of TSH,FT3,FT4,TgAb and TPOAb in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were 18.33％ (11/60),15.00％ (9/60),15.00％ (9/60),10.00％ (6/60) and 11.7％ (7/60),respectively.Conclusion Simple hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease are risk factors of vascular endothelial injury.