通过梳理历代本草、医籍、方书、方志和近现代文献资料,笔者拟对经典名方中所用黄芩药材的名称、基原、商品规格、产地、采收加工及炮制等方面按照历史发展脉络进行系统的本草考证,以期为经典名方的开发与利用提供参考依据.黄芩最早有"黔""菳"等名,历代本草皆以黄芩为正名,还有"腐肠""黄文""妒妇"等别名;历代所用黄芩的主流基原为Scutellaria baicalensis,同属其他种植物在不同时期亦有作为黄芩使用的情况;历代药用部位均为根,自南北朝以来,根据其不同生长发育阶段结合性状特征分成子芩和枯芩2个功效不同的规格,并延续至今,但受栽培成本、指标性成分含量要求等因素的影响,目前市场上多为子芩;历代本草记载的黄芩产区较广且逐渐从长江流域向北扩展,近代以来一度推崇河北承德所产,奉为道地,现黄芩栽培产地较广,遍及华北、东北.黄芩早期多用生品,明代出现多种炮制品,发展延续至今主要为生品、酒制品2种.根据考证结论,建议经典名方中黄芩以S.baicalensis入药,其商品规格及炮制品的选择可依据原方要求、临床作用综合确定.

By consulting ancient materia medica, medical books, prescription books and modern literature, this paper systematically combed and reviewed the name, origin, scientific name evolution, producting area, quality evaluation, medicinal parts, harvesting and processing and traditional efficacy of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. The results show that Mabo was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu. Since then, all dynasties have taken Mabo as a legitimate name. Before the Song dynasty, only Calvatia lilacina was used as the original plant of Lasiosphaera Calvatia, which was expanded after the Song dynasty with the appearance of C. gigantea, Lasiosphaera fenzlii, Bovistella radicata and other varieties. Until modern times, there was an addition of Lycoperdon perlatum, L. pyriforme and other original plants of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. Since 1975, the original plant of Lasiosphaera Calvatia in various regulations and academic monographs has been basically uniform for C. lilacina, Lasiosphaera fenzlii and C. gigantea. Resource of the medicinal fungus was widely distributed in China and was mainly wild. From ancient times to the present, the medicinal parts of Lasiosphaera Calvatia are all fruiting body, which is harvested in summer and autumn, and its processing method was to take powder in ancient times, but to cut blocks in modern times. In recent times, its quality has been summarized as large, thinskinned, intact, full, loose-bubbled and elastic. The medicinal efficacy has been developed from very good for all scores, and after the Ming and Qing dynasties, it is consistent with the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, with the efficacy of clearing the lung, promoting pharynx, relieving fever and hemostasis, mainly treating cough aphonia, throat obstruction and pharyngeal pain, vomiting blood, epistaxis, hemoptysis, and external treating sores and bleeding from cuts and wounds. Based on the results of herbal textual research, it is suggested that C. lilacina is the first choice for the origin of Lasiosphaera Calvatia involved in famous classical formulas, and it is processed into block or powder for medicine.

以历代本草、医籍、方书为基础，笔者拟对经典名方中所用厚朴药材的名称、基原、产地、品质、采收、加工及炮制等进行系统考证，厘清该药材不同历史时期的基原、炮制等各环节信息，为经典名方的开发与利用提供参考与依据。考证结果表明，厚朴历代主流品种为厚朴Magnolia officinalis或凹叶厚朴M. officinalis var. biloba；主产区为湖北、四川、重庆等地，形成“川厚朴”知名道地药材；历代炮制方法主要为净制和姜制，经典名方中有注明姜制的建议选用姜厚朴；没有明确标注的可根据需要采用生品或姜制品。

笔者通过查阅历代本草、医籍、方书、经史等文献,对古代经典名方中所用大枣药材的名称、基原、产地、采收加工、炮制历史沿革及变迁情况进行了系统的本草考证,为经典名方开发中涉及该药材的取样及研究提供依据.经考证可知,大枣名称众多,多以性状特征或产地命名,入药统称为大枣.历代本草中大枣的主流品种一直为枣Ziziphus jujuba,无刺枣(变种)Z.jujuba var.inemmis也有使用,考虑到两者差异不明显,现代可将大枣的基原定为枣Z.jujuba及无刺枣(变种)Z.jujuba var.inemmis.我国大枣的种质资源丰富,全国各地多有分布,历代本草中记载青州(今山东)、晋州(今山西)、绛州(今山西)、蒲州(今山西)的大枣质优,尤其以山东大枣为优.21世纪初,新疆种植大枣逐渐发展起来,目前市场认可度较高,成为优质大枣的新兴产区.大枣采收期多为8月,与现今基本一致.古今炮制方法均以简单净制后干燥为主.通过考证,建议经典名方使用的大枣药材以山东、山西等传统优质大枣产区为主,加工炮制方法遵循2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》进行简单净制干燥即可.

以历代本草、医籍、方书为基础,笔者拟对经典名方中所用厚朴药材的名称、基原、产地、品质、采收、加工及炮制等进行系统考证,厘清该药材不同历史时期的基原、炮制等各环节信息,为经典名方的开发与利用提供参考与依据.考证结果表明,厚朴历代主流品种为厚朴Magnolia officinalis或凹叶厚朴M.officinalis var.biloba;主产区为湖北、四川、重庆等地,形成"川厚朴"知名道地药材;历代炮制方法主要为净制和姜制,经典名方中有注明姜制的建议选用姜厚朴;没有明确标注的可根据需要采用生品或姜制品.

目的:为白前的深入研究以及开发利用提供本草学依据.方法:实地走访湖北新洲、团风和江西庐山白鹿镇梅溪村等当前白前主产地以及中药材市场进行调查,结合文献资料,对白前进行本草考证,梳理总结白前的名称、基原、产地、品质评价、加工及炮制方法、性味功效等方面的沿革.结果 与结论:白前始载于《名医别录》,为常用中药.该药材别名石蓝,又名嗽药等,但历代本草中均以"白前"为正名.古代医家常将白前与白薇混淆使用,缘于宋《本草图经》所附图示之误;后北宋《重修政和经史证类备用本草》完全沿用《本草图经》中对白前和白薇的描述和图示,故从宋代开始,各白薇产地以"叶如柳"的白前误为白薇;至明《救荒本草》开始,医家对前人的错误进行了修正,从叶形态上将"白薇"和"柳叶白前"区分开.至民国,鹅绒藤属及其基原植物分类有较大争议,《植物学大辞典》与《中国药学大辞典》都将白前归类到夹竹桃科白前属下.现代本草书籍对于白前基原记载趋于一致.白前资源从江苏、浙江一带的长江流域沿岸逐步往长江流域中部、南部转移,其与白前生境特点的生长环境发生地理位置变化有关,并与今白前主要栽培产区湖北新洲、团风一带环境一致.白前以根茎粗壮、须根长、无杂质泥土者为佳,但其内在质量还需有效成分分析和药理学证据来佐证.性味功效方面,元代以前,白前皆"味甘",但"微温"还是"微寒"的记载不同,现多记载为"辛、苦,微温".可见,有必要在厘清白前古今基原植物、产地、加工炮制的基础之上,开展化学成分、品质、药效及分子鉴定方面的研究,制定白前商品规格等级标准,以满足其药材交易和流通中按质论价的需求,从而保证临床用药安全.

Rubi Fructus is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. The origin of Rubi Fructus is the dried fruit of Rubus chingii, a plant of the family Rosaceae, according to the 2015 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia. There are some differences in the plant origin of Rubi Fructus in ancient herbal literature, to trace back its sources, we conducted a textual research on its origin, producing areas, quality evaluation, processing and concocting, properties, tastes and efficacy etc. based on the records of ancient herbal literatures and combined with plant morphology and related investigation. RESULTS:: showed that the variety of Rubi Fructus was more complex among ancient herbal literature, including R. coreanus, R. hirsutus, R. corchorifolius, R. foliolosus and other mixed varieties. Most scholars believe that the R. chingii has not been recorded in ancient herbal literature, while R. chingii was recorded as early as the Ming Dynasty in Compendium of materia medica through our textual research. Ancient Chinese herbs recorded that Rubi Fructus was mostly produced in Hubei, Shandong, Shanxi and Jiangsu provinces, while R. chingii mainly produced in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and other provinces nowadays. Also, it was recorded that Rubi Fructus harvested in wheat field during May were the best. Besides, R. chingii with big, full, grain integrate, firm, yellow and green color, sour taste and impurity free possess the best quality in the contemporary. The ancient records of processing and concocting, properties, tastes and efficacy were basically the same as modern ones.These results provide the basis for the correct utilization and further development of Rubi Fructus.

There are many records about the plant origin of Cortex Erythrinae in the past dynasties, but the descriptions were simple and there are many varieties used in different places, which leads to the confusion of Cortex Erythrinae commodities.It is necessary to make a thorough textual research on this herb to get the accurate origin and standardize the use of Cortex Erythrinae. In this paper, according to the plant morphological characteristics, producing areas, habitat, attached drawings of medicinal materials and efficacy, we have made a detailed research on Cortex Erythrinae recorded in the past dynasties. It is concluded that the authentic Cortex Erythrinae contained in the past dynasties should be the dry bark of Bombax malabaricum, which also named as Guanghaitongpi collected in the current local standards of Guangdong province and it is still in use today.The dry bark of Erythrina varlegata var. orientalis and E. arborescens recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 1977 should be "Citong" in ancient times. In this paper, based on the systematic and detailed summary of the origin changes, producing area changes and quality evaluation of Cortex Erythrinae, the basis for the correct use of Cortex Erythrinae and the further development and utilization of resources was provided.