Improving the flame retardancy of Lyocell fibers without compromising their mechanical properties is the key to expanding their high-end applications. To achieve this goal, an innovative phosphorus-free flame-retardant modification strategy of "crosslinking protection first and then directional oxidation" was proposed. Melamine-crosslinked Lyocell fibers (MC@Lyocell) were constructed through the treatment of hydroxymethylated melamine, which were then directionally oxidized by a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) mediated NaClO oxidation system to in-situ generate sodium carboxylate (-COONa+) groups of cellulose fibers to obtain high flame-retardant oxidized MC@Lyocell fibers (OMC@Lyocell). The modified fibers exhibited significantly enhanced flame retardancy: Limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 17.0% to 30.5%, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by 79.6% and 50%, respectively. Meanwhile, the structural integrity and mechanical properties were well maintained. Compared with the original fibers, the crystallinity only slightly decreased by 8%similar to 15%, with slower mass loss and a decline of polymerization degree. The melamine crosslinked network confines oxidation to cellulose crystal surfaces and amorphous regions, resolving the contradiction between carboxyl generation and mechanical property decrease. This environmentally friendly and efficient phosphorus-free strategy provides a new direction for preparing high-performance, structurally stable flame-retardant cellulose fibers.

Photothermal (PT) technology is a simple, but effective method to directly use light energy. The core of PT technology is photothermal materials. However, the PT performance of photothermal materials for practical applications poses significant challenges due to the finite light absorption and the variety of light sources, such as LED, mobile phone lights, or other cold light sources without heat. The limitation of their inherent light absorption can be broken through by constructing complex rough surfaces of photothermal materials to improve their light absorption under cold light sources, especially in the visible light band. Here, a carbon-based ultrablack photothermal membrane (CUB-PTM) with porous structure and bitter gourd-like surface is developed by electrospinning technology for cold light source. The average absorbance can reach more than 97% in the band of 200-2500 nm, and 99% in the visible light band. The PT temperature can reach 53.3 degrees C under 1 sun (1 kW/ m2), and 50.2 degrees C even under the cold light source with 0.04 sun. Under the light of the mobile phone (0.015 sun), it can increase the human microenvironment temperature by 1 degrees C. In addition, its porous structure gives it thermal insulation. Under 1 sun, the surface and interior temperature of the car model covered by CUB-PTM can be reduced by 2.5 degrees C. The CUB-PTM demonstrates great potential for the development of photothermal materials for cold light, as it encompasses various advantageous features such as surface light trapping structure, high visible light absorption, and all-weather suitability.

Solar-driven photothermal conversion technology has received extensive attention in numerous fields, including seawater desalination, thermoelectric generation, and personal thermal management by virtue of its clean and sustainable advantages. A critical challenge in this field involves enhancing broadband light absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency by developing multifunctional composite structures. Herein, the multilayered graphene oxide (GO)/silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) composite coatings were fabricated on fabrics via a hierarchical self-assembly strategy, and the synergistic effect of the composite coatings significantly improved broadband solar absorption and efficient photothermal conversion. Under 1 kWm-2 solar irradiation, the GO/Ag composite-coated fabric exhibited outstanding solar heating ability, achieving a high surface temperature of 80.5 degrees C, making it highly feasible as a wearable flexible heater for personal thermotherapy in a practical environment. Moreover, the composite fabric demonstrated exceptional solar-driven interfacial water evaporation performance, realizing a high water evaporation rate of 1.87 kgm-2h-1 and photothermal conversion efficiency of 87.5%. Additionally, combined with the thermoelectric module featuring a unique Seebeck effect, the excessive heat converted by the composite fabric was utilized for thermoelectric generation with a voltage of 55.8 mV and a power density of 15.0 mu Wcm-2. The hierarchical GO/Ag composite-coated fabric provided an effective alternative strategy for solar-driven multifunctional thermal management applications.

To tackle dyeing wastewater pollution, polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified magnetic chitosan microspheres (PEI/Fe3O4/CS) were synthesized via reverse phase emulsion and impregnation methods for efficient removal of Direct Pink 12B and Direct Lake Blue 5B dyes from aqueous solutions. The composite exhibited a rough surface with saturation magnetization of 33.1 emu g(-1), and successful integration of amino groups with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, as confirmed by SEM, VSM, and FTIR. PEI modification significantly enhanced adsorption performance, achieving maximum capacities of 87.83 mg g(-1) for Direct Pink 12B and 186.15 mg g(-1) for Direct Lake Blue 5B. Kinetic analysis revealed distinct adsorption mechanisms: pseudo-first-order for Direct Pink 12B ( R-1(2)>0.9959) and pseudo-second-order for Direct Lake Blue 5B ( R-2(2)>0.9958). Both dyes aligned with the Freundlich isotherm ( R-2(2)>0.9900), indicating multilayer adsorption. It is revealed that the adsorption process is synergistically driven by electrostatic interactions (via protonated amino groups, -NH3+), hydrogen bonding, and pi-pi stacking. Notably, the composite microspheres retained > 75% removal efficiency after five cycles and enabled rapid magnetic recovery. This study provides a cost-effective, recyclable adsorbent with high potential for industrial dye wastewater treatment.

To achieve the reuse of polymer material waste, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based flame-retardant aerogels (PAN@HA-aer, PAN@HA@PCA-aer) were prepared using waste PAN fiber as raw materials. The cyano groups of PAN were modified via amidoximation with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and functionalized by 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The test results indicated that the self-crosslinking effect of amidoxime groups, the aromatic carbonization promotion of catechol, combined with the physical barrier effect of the porous skeleton, synergistically improved the flame retardancy and thermal insulation performance of PAN@HA-aer and PAN@HA@PCA-aer. Combustion tests showed that compared with PAN-aer, the total heat release (THR), peak heat release rate (PHRR), smoke production rate (SPR), and the generation of toxic gas HCN of PAN@HA-aer and PAN@HA@PCA-aer were all significantly reduced. Moreover, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was increased to over 46%, demonstrating excellent flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant properties. This work not only developed eco-friendly flame-retardant porous materials, but also provided a promising strategy for high-value recycling and resource utilization of waste PAN fiber.

Zein is a natural plant protein with abundant sources, renewability, and biodegradability. Owing to its unique molecular composition, self-assembly behavior, and processability, zein has shown considerable application potential as an adsorptive material for wastewater treatment. This review systematically summarizes the molecular structural characteristics of zein and the regulatory mechanisms of its secondary structure. The effects of solvents, pH, heat, and physical fields, including ultrasound, electric fields, and pressure fields, on conformational transitions, self-assembly behavior, and macroscopic morphology are analyzed in depth. The preparation methods of zein-based adsorptive materials with different morphologies, including particles, microspheres, fibrous membranes, and films, are further summarized, and the scalability of different fabrication routes is evaluated. Particular attention is given to the application progress of zein-based materials in typical scenarios, including the adsorption of heavy metal ions, dyes, oils/organic solvents, and solid-phase extraction of trace pollutants. This review aims to provide a theoretical framework and reference for the precise structural design and application transformation of zein-based environmental functional materials.

The development of flame retardant technologies are essential for regenerated cellulose fibers, while the resource recycling of waste fibers remains a challenging issue. Herein, a novel and sustainable strategy was proposed to simultaneously realize Lyocell fiber flame-retardant modification and waste polyacrylonitrile (PAN) resource reuse. Two phosphorus-free flame retardants (A-PAN and A-PAN-Y) were successfully synthesized from recycled waste PAN filaments through hydrolysis, amidoximation and Schiff base reaction, and then applied for the modification of Lyocell fibers. Under similar weight gain rate, the prepared Lyocell@A-PAN (10.8 wt%) and Lyocell@A-PAN-Y (11.3 wt%) presented outstanding fire resistance with limiting oxygen index values (LOI) up to 32.3 % and 34.7 %, respectively. In comparison with pristine Lyocell fiber, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was reduced by 38.9 % and 45 %, while the total heat release (THR) decreased by 55.8 % and 60 %, respectively. No obvious flame spread was observed during vertical burning tests. Mechanism analysis confirmed a typical gas-condensed phase synergistic flame-retardant effect: amidoxime groups released inert nitrogen-containing gases to dilute combustible volatiles, and the introduced catechol structure further promoted the formation of highly graphitized compact char layer. Distinct from common single modified systems, this work realized the high-value recycling of waste PAN fibers and phosphorus free flame retardation of Lyocell fibers, providing a feasible and sustainable strategy for the circular recycling of PAN waste and high-performance functional cellulose materials.

A biomimetic piezoresistive material based on a Setaria viridis-inspired interlocking structure was fabricated from air interlayer fabric and polypyrrole (PPy) for application in flexible pressure sensors featuring high-sensitivity and low-detection-limit. A high-resilience air interlayer fabric was selected for the design. One side of the fabric substrate was removed. The middle support layer creates a high-specific-surface-area fiber layer with a biomimetic Setaria viridis-like structure. Two biomimetic Setaria viridis fabrics are stacked support-layer-to-support-layer. The formed interlocking structure is sandwiched between two copper foil electrodes to build a sandwich architecture. External pressure concentrates stress on the fibers of the support layer. This flexible sensor achieves a wide detection range of 40 kPa and an ultrahigh sensitivity of 33.45 kPa−1 below 2.3 kPa. Piezoresistive sensors based on the biomimetic Setaria viridis interlocking structure have achieved promising applications in human motion monitoring, sound discrimination, spatial pressure distribution, and Morse code-related information transmission.

Facing the global energy crisis and environmental challenges, developing efficient and multifunctional solar energy conversion materials is crucial for achieving sustainable energy utilization. This paper aimed at the limitations of narrow spectral absorption, low photothermal conversion efficiency and single functionality of traditional single-type photothermal materials, and proposed a bi-component zirconium carbide (ZrC)/polypyrrole (PPy) composite-coated fabric based on stepwise self-assembly strategy. The broadband plasma resonance effect of ZrC and strong near-infrared absorption characteristics of PPy complemented each other. Combined with hierarchical structure design, this approach significantly improved photothermal conversion efficiency through material synergy and structural optimization, enabling multifunctional integration of solar-driven interfacial vapor evaporation, thermoelectric generation and personal thermotherapy. The results demonstrated that under 1 kW/m2 solar irradiation, the water evaporation rate and photothermal conversion efficiency of composite-coated fabric reached 1.38 kg/m2/h and 90.9

By employing hexamethylenediamine and melamine as skeletal structures and through the Schiff base reaction, dual linear topology structures (LTS) and star topology structures (STS) were synthesized. Based on the chelation of Fe3+ by LTS and STS, flame-retardant Lyocell fibers (Lyocell@LTS@Fe, Lyocell@STS@Fe) with different topology structures were further prepared. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the modified fibers were significantly reduced, with Lyocell@STS@Fe exhibiting higher flame retardant efficiency. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations explained the main reason for the differences of flame retardant efficiency, and indicated that compared with LTS, STS exhibited more excellent interfacial bonding ability with cellulose. Owing to the dynamic and reversible structure of iron-catechol coordination bonds, the mechanical properties of the modified Lyocell fibers were enhanced. What's more, within the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range of 200-400 nm, the transmittance of the modified Lyocell were approach to 0, thus the UV resistance was significantly improved. The UPF increased from 8.0 to 68.2 for Lyocell@LTS@Fe. Under the irradiation of 1 sun simulated sunlight, the surface temperature of the Lyocell@STS@Fe raised to 42.3 degrees C within 5 min, demonstrating photothermal conversion characteristics. The dual topology structures also extended to multiple materials such as silk and nylon fibers, endowing the materials with flame retardant properties as well.

Solar energy, as a clean and sustainable energy source, has garnered significant attention across various fields, including personal thermal management, interfacial water evaporation, and thermoelectric generation, due to its efficient photothermal conversion effect. This work presents sandwich-structured photothermal graphene oxide (GO)/plasmonic Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) composite coatings on fabrics via a convenient and scalable mixed-dimensional self-assembly strategy. By precisely adjusting the multilayered interfaces between two-dimensional (2D) GO sheets and zero-dimensional (0D) plasmonic Au NPs during the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly process, broadband light absorption and an efficient solar heating effect in the UV-vis-NIR range were realized. Such designed sandwich-structured GO/Au-coated fabrics exhibited an enhanced synergistic photothermal effect and outstanding multifunctional performances in solar-driven personal thermotherapy, interfacial water evaporation, and thermoelectricity generation. Under 1 kW·m-2 solar irradiation, the photothermal-coated fabric achieved a favorable temperature increase to approximately 85.9 °C, making it highly suitable for wearable heaters in personal thermotherapy applications in outdoor environments. Furthermore, the sandwich-structured coated fabric displayed a high-efficiency interfacial water evaporation rate of 1.97 kg·m-2·h-1 and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 96.7%, benefiting from its abundant porous structure and multilayered interfaces serving as water transport channels. Additionally, when integrated with a semiconductor thermoelectric module, the sandwich-structured coated fabric generated a prominent open-circuit voltage of 54.7 mV and a power density of 144 mW·m-2, attributed to the temperature gradient and Seebeck effect. Consequently, the sandwich-structured photothermal coated fabrics hold great promise for advancing solar heating textiles and promoting their wide application in the fields of energy, environment, and wearable devices.

Enhancing the flame retardancy and durability of cellulose fibers, particularly environmentally friendly regenerated cellulose fibers types like Lyocell fibers, is essential for advancing their broader application. This study introduced a novel approach to address this challenge. Cationic-modified Lyocell fibers (Lyocell@CAT) were prepared by introducing quaternary ammonium structures into the molecular chain of Lyocell fibers. Simultaneously, a flame retardant, APA, containing -COO-NH4+ and -P=O(O-NH4 +)2 groups was synthesized. APA was then covalently bonded to Lyocell@CAT to prepare Lyocell@CAT@APA. Even after undergoing 30 laundering cycles (LCs), Lyocell@CAT@APA maintained a LOI value of 37.2 %, exhibiting outstanding flame retardant durability. The quaternary ammonium structure within Lyocell@CAT@APA formed asymmetric ionic bonds with the phosphate and carboxylate groups in APA, effectively shielding the binding of Na+ ions with phosphate groups during laundering, thereby enhancing the durability. Additionally, the consumption of Na+ ions by carboxylate groups further prevented their binding to phosphate groups, which contributed to enhance the durability properties. Flame retardant mechanism analysis revealed that both gas and condensed phase synergistically endowed excellent flame retardancy to Lyocell fibers. Overall, this innovative strategy presented a promising prospect for developing bio-safe, durable, and flame retardant cellulose textiles.

With the popularity of smart terminals, wearable electronic devices have shown great market prospects, especially high-sensitivity pressure sensors, which can monitor micro-stimuli and high-precision dynamic external stimuli, and will have an important impact on future functional development. Compressible flexible sensors have attracted wide attention due to their simple sensing mechanism and the advantages of light weight and convenience. Sensors with high sensitivity are very sensitive to pressure and can detect resistance/current changes under pressure, which has been widely studied. On this basis, this review focuses on analyzing the performance impact of device structure design strategies on high sensitivity pressure sensors. The design of structures can be divided into interface microstructures and three-dimensional framework structures. The preparation methods of various structures are introduced in detail, and the current research status and future development challenges are summarized.

Textile sensors represent a promising branch of wearable electronics with exciting potential applications. However, detecting and distinguishing multiple mechanical stimuli using a single device remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a stretchable sensor based on a carbon black/Polydimethylsiloxane/MXene (CB/PDMS/ MXene) yarn (CPMY) that is capable of responding to and distinguishing three different mechanical stimuli: pressure, strain, and bending. The stretchable yarn features a core-sheath coaxial structure, with a Ti3C2Tx MXene-coated elastic yarn serving as the core layer and a CB/PDMS conductive elastomer as the sheath layer for piezoresistive sensing material. The unique hierarchical architecture of CPMY extends from the one-dimensional macro yarn to sub-micron MXene conductive fibers and nano-scale CB percolation network. Thanks to its abundant micro-nano multi-level sensing structure and excellent coaxial stretchability, the CPMY-based sensor can be used for multi-modal sensing of mechanical stimuli. It exhibits a pressure sensitivity of up to 16.21 N-1, a wide sensing range of 5 N, and a high gauge factor (GF = 12.09) over a 100 % strain sensing range, with good cyclic stability. Importantly, by combining multiple-electrode signal acquisition modes and analyzing the positive and negative response of the current signal to different mechanical stimuli, the CPMY-based flexible mechanical sensor can differentiate multiple stimuli and precisely identify various human joint movements. Furthermore, through non-overlapping readout, the sensor can effectively enhance the output efficiency of Morse code. Additionally, a large-scale smart textile sensing array (182 pixels) integrated with CPMY using embroidery technique can effectively detect spatial pressure distribution and gesture recognition. This study provides a novel perspective for the further development of multi-modal sensors capable of distinguishing between various stimuli.

To prepare functional cotton fabric with good electrical conductive property, tin oxide antimony (ATO) and polymer was alternately assembled on the cotton fabric for fabricating functional coating by dipping-assisted layer-by-layer assembly technique. The microstructure of ATO/polymer coated fabric was characterized by scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, the electrical conductivity and air permeability were measured by multimeter, four-point resistance tester and air permeability tester. The results showed that the addition of ATO imparted electrical conductive property to the ordinary cotton fabric, and the polyanionic waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was beneficial to the deposition of ATO and polycationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) and thus improving the conductive property of the fabric. With the increase of the number of assembly layers, the quality, thickness and electrical conductive property increased, but the air permeability decreased. When the number of assembly layers increased from 3 to 6 and 9, the resistivity of the fabric decreased from 41.8 omega center dot m to 6.1 and 4.7 omega center dot m. Meanwhile, the addition of ATO and PEI improved the fire resistance property of cotton fabric. The exploration of the conductive fabric provides a feasible strategy for multi-functional wearable textiles.

研究纳米氧化锡锑导电涂层棉织物的制备方法及性能.利用层层组装技术在棉织物表面交替组装纳米氧化锡锑和聚合物,构筑导电涂层.测试了不同导电涂层棉织物的微观形貌、质量、厚度、透气量、导电性、稳定性和阻燃性.结果表明:随着组装层数的增加,织物质量、厚度及导电性提高,透气性降低;组装3层的织物表面电阻为54.7 kΩ/cm,比2层的电阻降低了 1个数量级;氧化锡锑/聚乙烯亚胺阻燃剂改善了棉织物的阻燃性能.认为:制备的氧化锡锑导电涂层棉织物性能优良,可应用于智能可穿戴纺织品中.

在"山东手造"工程推动下,鲁绣手工艺迎来了新的发展机遇,文章从当前鲁绣发展现状入手,阐述鲁绣手工艺传承发展中面临的品牌影响力低、传承危机、创新不足以及开发落后等问题,针对以上问题提出鲁绣手工艺创新发展中的品牌树立、传承人体系、标准化体系以及"鲁绣+"开发路径,以期为鲁绣手工艺的创造性转化和创新性发展提供可行性的建议.

To prepare wearable heated fabric with effective photothermal conversion property for human thermotherapy, silver (Ag) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with thermoplasmonic effect were hierarchically deposited on the cellulose fabric through spray-assisted self-assembly technique, and thus fabricated Ag/Au NPs composite-coated fabric with compactly arranged nanostructures. The surface morphology of Ag/Au NPs-coated fabric was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the light absorption ability was characterized through ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectra and the correspondingly calculated optical absorbed power, and the photothermal effect was monitored by photothermal conversion test under simulated and natural solar irradiation, respectively. The results showed that the different-sized Ag and Au NPs were distributed randomly on the surface of cellulose fibers, and the small Au NPs were deposited densely in the gaps between large-sized Ag NPs. The composite-coated fabric exhibited the characteristic plasmonic peaks from Ag and Au NPs and enhanced the spectral absorption ability in the UV–Vis–NIR wavelength range, and the surface temperature of the composite-coated fabric reached ~ 48 °C under solar irradiation of 1 kW m −2 , and thus improved photothermal conversion performance with Δ T ~ 20 °C compared with pristine fabric. Furthermore, the composite coatings deposited on fabric displayed favorable photothermal stability under cyclic utilization and washing treatment, as wells as the good thermochromic performance for temperature indication. The exploration of the composite-coated fabric with photothermal effect provides a feasible strategy for wearable thermotherapy application.

Poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has been widely implemented in fabricating membranes, but pure PVDF membrane need to be modified by blending or copolymerization to cope with its weak alkali resistance. In this work, the function of chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) chain segment was studied, PVDF/ECTFE blending membranes and poly (vinylidene difluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF-CTFE) membranes were prepared via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The effect of modification methods and solvents on the membrane morphology, micropore and physicochemical structure, permeability, ultrafiltration performance, anti-fouling property and alkali resistance were investigated systematically. More than that, the surface charge and roughness of membrane prepared by different solvents were determined in the varying environment to better understand the anti-fouling property. The result presented that the comprehensive properties of PVDF-CTFE copolymerization membrane were better than that of PVDF/ECTFE blending membrane. The microporous structure of PVDF-CTFE membrane surface and sublayer was optimized by adjusting the solvent. The effect of solvent on the rate of L-L de-mixing during phase inversion was investigated from thermodynamic and kinetic factors. The prepared PVDF-CTFE membrane using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent broke the trade-off between the permeability and selectivity, so it was simultaneously possessed superior pure water flux (306.5 L.m- 2.h- 1) and higher BSA rejection rate (98.4%). The combination of NMP and PVP significantly decreased the rate of phase inversion without changing the polymer content, and provided a simple and feasible improvement idea for non-solvent-induced phase separation. In addition, the PVDF-CTFE membranes possessed better alkali resistance compared to PVDF membranes, demonstrating its promising potential in harsh environment.

Poly( p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber, well-known for its super high strength, is a novel fiber with excellent heat resistance and flame retardancy. However, chemical stability appears to be one of its few weaknesses. In this study, PBO fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) solutions under various conditions. Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, tensile testing, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to characterize the variations of its structure and properties. The results show that many longitudinal corrosion grooves appeared on the surface of PBO fibers treated with KMnO 4 , while only subtle microcracks occurred after treatment with NaOH. The breaking tenacity of the fiber decreased from 38.13 cN dtex −1 to 2.76 cN dtex −1 after treatment with KMnO 4 for 6 h, while it remained at a higher level (27.67cN dtex −1 ) when treated with NaOH. After treatment with KMnO 4 solution, a more obvious absorption peak appeared in the vicinity of 1448.3 cm −1 , inferring an occurrence of chemical changes for oxazole ring. Moreover, the remaining mass and initial degradation temperature are significantly improved, also indicating that the cyclic or cross-linked structure is rebuilt. Furthermore, the cyclization or cross-linking of macromolecules destroyed the highly ordered structure of PBO fibers, demonstrated by acromion melting peaks at low temperature in the DSC curves. However, the aggregation and chemical structures of PBO fibers have no obvious changes after treatment with NaOH.