In the original publication [...].

The alarm calls of non-human primates help us to understand the evolution of animal vocal communication and the origin of human language. However, as there is a lack of research on alarm calls in primates living in multilevel societies, we studied these calls in wild Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys. By means of playback experiments, we analyzed whether call receivers understood the meaning of the alarm calls, making appropriate behavioral responses. Results showed that receivers made appropriate and specific anti-predator responses to two types of alarm calls. After hearing the aerial predator alarm call (“GEGEGE”), receivers’ first gaze direction was usually upward (towards the sky), and upward gaze duration was longer than the last gaze before playback. After hearing the terrestrial predator alarm call (“O-GA”), the first gaze direction was usually downward (towards the ground), and this downward gaze duration was longer than the gaze before playback. These reactions provide evidence for external referentiality of alarm calls in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys, that is, information about the type of predator or the appropriate response is encoded acoustically in the calls.

To better understand the motivation underlying harassment of adult matings by infants, we studied infant harassment behaviors in a multilevel social primate, wild (provisioned) Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Two harassment patterns were identified: care-seeking and sociable. Infants showed more frequent harassment in response to sexual activities of their mothers than non-mothers, with more care-seeking harassment directed to their mothers. The responses of mothers and non-mothers to infant harassment were different, with the former showing increased caretaking of their infants. Infants harassing non-mothers were more likely to receive aggression from the latter than infants harassing their own mothers. Overall, the more frequently infants harassed matings, the more care they received and the more attacks they received. We conclude that in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys, infant harassment of their mother’s sexual activity is an effective behavioral tactic to receive more maternal care. It can therefore be interpreted as indirect support for the parent–offspring conflict hypothesis.

Effects of dietary dextrin at inclusion levels of 14.7%, 20.7%, 26.7%, 32.7% and 38.7% on growth performance, feed utilization, biochemical composition, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and tissue structure of Onychostoma macrolepis (1.78±0.10g) was evaluated, the trial was conducted for 56-day. The results revealed that final body mass, weight gain and protein efficiency ratio were the highest in the 26.7% group, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was the opposite. The optimal values of FCR and specific growth rate (SGR) were 25.27% and 25.67% respectively based on the quadratic regression analysis. The hepatopancreas trypsin activity was the lowest in the 32.7% group (P<0.05), while the lipase activity in the 14.7%, 20.7%, and 26.7% groups were higher than remaining groups (P<0.05), however, the amylase activity was not affected (P>0.05). Only the crude protein of whole fish was affected, its content was the highest in the 32.7% group. Hepatopancreas and muscle glycogen were the highest in the 26.7% group (P<0.05). Combined with the systematic clustering average method was found that MUFA and SFA in hepatopancreas increased, and n-6 PUFA and MUFA in muscle and MUFA in abdominal fat decreased with dextrin levels. The hepatopancreas glutathione peroxidase activity in the 32.7% group was the lowest and catalase activity in the 20.7% group was the highest (P<0.05), total superoxide dismutase activities in the 14.7%, 20.7% and 26.7% groups were significantly higher than remaining groups (P<0.05), and malonaldehyde content in 38.7% group reached the highest (P<0.05). Hepatopancreas exhibited severe vacuolation in the 32.7% group, and intestinal villi were the longest in the 26.7% group (P<0.05). In summary, based on FCR and SGR, the optimal dextrin levels in Onychostoma macrolepis feed were 25.27% and 25.67% respectively. When having good growth and not negatively affecting health status, the recommended addition levels of dextrin in feed were 20.7% to 26.7%.

Abstract Short‐chain fatty acids are regarded as promising feed additives, acetate is one of them. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sodium acetate (SA) on Onychostoma macrolepis fed a high‐fat diet. O. macrolepis (2.1 ± 0.1 g) were reared in 12 aquariums (three aquarium/group, 15 fish/aquarium), fed a high‐fat diet (control), and a high‐fat diet supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% SA for 56 days. Diet supplemented with 1.0% SA significantly increased the weight gain of O. macrolepis fed the high‐fat diet. Dietary SA reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and triglyceride (TG) concentrations. The addition of 1.0% and 2.0% SA significantly decreased non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and TG concentrations in liver. Dietary SA (1.0% and 2.0%) significantly improved total antioxidant capacity and total superoxide dismutase activities in the liver. In comparison to the control group, the addition of 1.0% and 2.0% SA significantly up‐regulated lipolysis gene expression levels in the liver. These findings suggest that high fat diets supplemented with 1%–2.0% SA can improve growth, liver health, and antioxidant capacity in O. macrolepis.

The use of insect products in aquatic feed is the focus of the aquaculture industry. Black soldier fly larvae oil (BSFLO) has been examined as a potential lipid source for diets for some fish species, but its utilization on Onychostoma macrolepis has not been explored. The influences of substituting fish oil (FO) with BSFLO in the diet on growth, biological indicators, approximate composition, serum biochemistry, antioxidant capacity and expression of lipid metabolism genes in juvenile O. macrolepis were investigated in an eight-week feeding experiment. Four experimental diets were prepared by replacing 0 (control), 25% (BSFLO-25), 50% (BSFLO-50) and 100% (BSFLO-100) FO with BSFLO, and then randomly assigned to twelve aquariums with ten fish (1.75 ± 0.05 g) in each aquarium. The findings showed that the growth indicators, body composition and serum biochemistry in the BSFLO-25 and BSFLO-50 groups had no statistical differences from those of the control group. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (91.22-94.96 U/mgprot) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) (1.12-1.16 nmol/mgprot) in the liver appeared to be significantly the highest and the lowest in the BSFLO-25, BSFLO-50 and BSFLO-100 groups (p < 0.05). The adipocyte size and intraperitoneal fat index value of fish fed on the BSFLO-100 diet were significantly decreased compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The expression levels of lipid catabolism genes pparα, (peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha) and cpt1a (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 isoform a) in the BSFLO-100 group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The above results indicated that it was feasible to replace 25-50% dietary FO with BSFLO in juvenile O. macrolepis. Dietary BSFLO supplementation could enhance the antioxidant capacity of the liver and suppress intraperitoneal fat accumulation in O. macrolepis. The use of other insect oils in the diets of this species will be evaluated in future research.

Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid with growth and immune regulatory effects. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on Onychostoma macrolepis fed high-fat diet. O.macrolepis (2.5 ± 0.1 g) were kept in twelve aquariums (three aquarium /treatment, fifteen fish / aquarium), fed a high-fat diet (control), and high-fat diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% or 0.4% SB for fifty-six days. The results showed that the supplementation of 0.2% SB in high-fat diet significantly promoted the growth of O.macrolepis. Simultaneously, dietary SB supplementation improved lipase and trypsin activities and intestinal histological morphology of O.macrolepis consuming with high-fat diets. Furthermore, the supplementation of 0.2% or 0.4% SB in the diet enhanced serum immunity and intestinal antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the addition of 0.2–0.4% SB up-regulated the transcriptional level of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (pparα) gene, thereby activating pparα-mediated β-oxidation and mitigating liver lipid accumulation of O.macrolepis. In summary, the addition of 0.2–0.4% SB in high-fat diet was beneficial to growth, digestion, immunity and health of O.macrolepis. This study provides a reference for SB as a functional additive of aquatic feed.

Predation is widely recognized as a powerful selective pressure on primate behavior and ecology, although knowledge of predator–prey relationships remains limited partly due to the rarity of directly observed attacks on primates. Here, we describe four confirmed or suspected instances of leopard (Panthera pardus) predation on free-ranging Sichuan (golden) snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), a highly endangered colobine species endemic to China. We recorded predation events and the reactions of monkey group members. We suggest that the evolution of a multilevel society may be an adaptive response by Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys to the risk from leopards as well as other potential predators, one that balances the pressures of predation and intra-species competition and conflict.

你是否注意过鸟类的舌头?由于生活环境和捕食方式不同,自然界中鸟类的舌头不仅形态各异,功能也各不相同.现在,让我们随作者一起探探舌头的秘密! 啄木鸟:"盘"在脑袋里的舌头 啄木鸟有着超薄的舌骨,舌头的长度能达到喙(huì,鸟兽的嘴)的2～3倍.因为喙放不下那么长的舌头,所以不用舌头时,啄木鸟的舌头会"盘"在脑袋里.

大家是否留意过猫咪的爪子?猫爪的肉垫小小的,软而饱满,爪尖晶莹透亮,细嗅之下有一股特殊的气味.今天,知力君就来给大家分享关于它的小秘密. 毛茸茸的猫爪虽然可爱,但它也是猫咪用来保护自己的利器——猫咪感到害怕时,会用爪子抓伤身边的生物.所以,我们不要随便摸猫、抓猫哟!

AbstractTo investigate the metabolic adaptation and lipid utilization to overwintering in Onychostoma macrolepis (27.05 ± 1.79 g), fish were sampled at 0, 75, and 150 days, respectively. Fish were randomly reared into three outdoor tanks (water temperature range:0–10°C). After overwintering, body weight, viscera index, hepatopancreas index, and intraperitoneal fat index were significantly lower than before (p < 0.05). In liver, the contents of monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were observed to be the lowest and the highest after 150 days of overwintering, respectively (p < 0.05). In serum, the concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol significantly decreased while the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase significantly increased at Day 75 (p < 0.05). Hepatic antioxidant activities were significantly lower whereas malondialdehyde content was significantly higher at Day 150 (p < 0.05). Serum antioxidant indexes were similar to those in liver. During overwintering, the decrease of TG contents in tissues was influenced by the upregulation of lipidolysis genes. These results indicate that lipids were continuously mobilized as physiological fuels throughout overwintering. Overwintering could result in poor antioxidant status and higher lipid peroxidation level in O. macrolepis.

aShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China, bShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China, cBio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an 710043, China, dDepartment of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, eResearch Center of Qinling Giant Panda, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi’an 710402, China, fDepartment of Management and Marketing, School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400UPM, Malaysia *Address correspondence to Min Mao. E-mail: 18821700069@163.com and Bao-Guo Li. E-mail: baoguoli@nwu.edu.cn.

2022年6月18日,在陕西省青木川国家级自然保护区核心区——坟林坝(105.548 286°E,32.876 916°N,海拔803 m)科学考察时发现1号蛇类,小生境为河床岩石丛,周边植被以亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林为主.

In order to explore the optimal carbohydrate addition types in the dietary of juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis, five diets were prepared with glucose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and cellulose as carbohydrate sources and the fish was cultured for 56 days. The results showed that,（1） The terminal weight, specific growth rate, feed coefficient rate and protein efficiency rate were the best in the maltose group（P＜0.05）, while those in the cellulose group were the worst（P＜0.05）.（2） The crude fat of whole fish in the cellulose group was the lowest（P＜0.05）, the crude ash content was significantly higher than that in the maltose group（P＜0.05）, the muscle glycogen content in the maltose and cellulose groups was the lowest（P＜0.05）, and liver glycogen in the dextrin group was the lowest（P＜0.05）.（3） Principal component analysis showed that the ratios of C16:0, SFA, MUFA and PUFA had a major effect on the overall fatty acid ratio of the liver. Among them, the ratios of C16:0 and SFA were significantly increased in the maltose group（P＜0.05）, while the ratio of MUFA in the dextrin group（P＜0.05）, and the ratio of PUFA in the cellulose group were also significantly increased（P＜0.05）. The proportions of C18:1n-9 and MUFA had the main effect on the overall fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissues, and the proportions of the two were significantly increased in the maltose group（P＜0.05）.（4） Glutamic pyruvic transaminase in serum of maltose and cellulose groups is the highest（P＜0.05）, while that of aspartate aminotransferase was the highest in maltose group（P＜0.05）. Alkaline phosphatase activity and globulin content of glucose and cellulose group were the highest, while that of blood glucose was the reverse（P＜0.05）.（5） The contents of catalase, total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase in the liver of the maltose group were the highest（P＜0.05）, while the malondialdehyde content in the cellulose group was the highest（P＜0.05）. In conclusion, maltose was the most suitable carbohydrate source for juvenile O. macrolepis, followed by dextrin and corn starch, and cellulose and glucose were not the suitable carbohydrate source for the fish; corn starch is recommended as a carbohydrate source in practical production, which will provide an important reference for research and development of its specific compound feed.

The present research was conducted to assess the influences of starvation and refeeding on growth, nonspecific immunity and lipid metabolic adaptation in Onychostoma macrolepis. To date, there have been no similar reports in O. macrolepis. The fish were randomly assigned into two groups: control group (continuous feeding for six weeks) and starved–refed group (starvation for three weeks and then refeeding for three weeks). After three weeks of starvation, the results showed that the body weight (BW, 1.44 g), condition factor (CF, 1.17%), visceral index (VSI, 3.96%), hepatopancreas index (HSI, 0.93%) and intraperitoneal fat index (IPFI, 0.70%) of fish were significantly lower compared to the control group (BW, 5.72 g; CF, 1.85%; VSI, 6.35%; HSI, 2.04%; IPFI, 1.92%) (p < 0.05). After starvation, the serum triglyceride (TG, 0.83 mmol/L), total cholesterol (T-GHOL, 1.15 mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein (HDL, 1.13 mmol/L) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, 0.46 mmol/L) concentrations were significantly lower than those in the control group (TG, 1.69 mmol/L; T-GHOL, 1.86 mmol/L; HDL, 1.62 mmol/L; LDL, 0.63 mmol/L) (p < 0.05). The activities of intestinal digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and protease) in the starved-refed group were significantly lower than those in the control group after three weeks of starvation (p < 0.05). The highest activities of immune enzymes such as lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphate (ACP), alkaline phosphate (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and catalase (CAT) in the hepatopancreas were presented in the starved–refed group at second week, and significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, starvation significantly improved intestinal immune enzymes activities (p < 0.05). the lowest TG contents and the highest expression levels of lipolysis genes including hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 isoform A (CPT-1A) appeared in the hepatopancreas, muscle and intraperitoneal fat after starvation, indicating the mobilization of fat reserves in these tissues (p < 0.05). After refeeding, the recovery of TG content might be mediated by the upregulation of the expression levels of lipogenesis genes such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Understanding the duration of physiological and metabolic changes in O. macrolepis and their reversibility or irreversibility to supplementary feeding response could provide valuable reference for the adaptability of O. macrolepis in large-scale culturing, proliferation and release.

秦岭黑河是西安市主要水源地,其水生生态环境直接影响西安市乃至周边地区的社会稳定与可持续性发展.为分析秦岭黑河鱼类群落结构特征及其历史变化,揭示生态环境改变对鱼类群落的影响,本研究结合历史资料和实地调查,于2018年和2019年的1月、5月、7月和11月对黑河流域进行调查.研究共采集鱼类7020尾,隶属3目5科16属17种,其中鲤形目(Cypriniformes)最多,占种类总数的82.35％.在生态类型方面,产黏性卵、杂食性和底栖性鱼类在黑河鱼类中占多数,分别为总种类数的76.47％、64.71％和64.71％.流域中鱼类优势种为拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva).鱼类多样性指数范围分别为物种数(S)(12～17)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')(1.55～1.88)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)(0.56～0.66)和Margalef丰富度指数(D)(1.54～2.15),同时通常夏季鱼类多样性指数最高.通过聚类分析和NMDS分析可得,黑河鱼类可划分为Ⅰ～Ⅲ共3个群落,其中群落Ⅰ由水库生境鱼类组成,群落Ⅱ和Ⅲ由峡谷生境鱼类组成.ABC曲线分析显示,不同季节中数量优势度曲线都高于生物量优势度曲线,W统计值范围为-0.146～-0.181,秋季最高,其次为冬季和春季,夏季最低.与历史资料相比,2010年代和20世纪80年代的鱼类调查结果相似性指数为中等不相似(0.46).研究结果表明,秦岭黑河流域鱼类群落结构发生了显著变化,推测水库建设和生境破坏是导致其变化的主要原因.

Members of the alpha/beta-hydrolase domain (ABHD) protein family have emerged as novel potential regulators of lipid metabolism and signal transduction. In this study, two ABHD genes (ABHD4 and ABHD5, named CiABHD4 and CiABHD5) were identified and characterized in Ctenopharyngodon idella. The ORF of CiABHD4 cDNA was 1101 bp (MK645600), and encode 366 amino acids. The ORF of CiABHD5 cDNA was 1035 bp (KP325482), and encode 344 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CiABHD4 and CiABHD5 were all closely clustered with the fish ABHD4 and ABHD5 subcluster. Both CiABHD4 and CiABHD5 in Ctenopharyngodon idella were highly expressed in liver. Moreover, we compared the effect of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid, PA), monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, OA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) on CiABHD4 and CiABHD5 expression, and found that PA significantly induce expression of CiABHD4 and CiABHD5, but OA and DHA significantly increased lipid droplet (LD) formation in L8824 and CIK cells. Furthermore, inhibition of ER stress or IRE1 alpha significantly alleviated CiABHD4 and CiABHD5 expression induced by PA, indicating that ER stress or IRE1 alpha pathway was involved in PA-induced CiABHD4 and CiABHD5 expression. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that CiABHD4 and CiABHD5 proteins were differentially distributed in COS7 cells. In addition, the overexpression of CiABHD4 or CiABHD5 increased the significant expression of ATGL genes, and decrease lipid accumulation induced by the OA/PA combination in COS7 cells. We also demonstrated that CiABHD5 does not directly interact with ATGL by Co-IP assay. Taken together, our results suggested that CiABHD4 and CiABHD5 were induced by PA through ER stress, and play essential roles in lipid accumulation by regulating ATGL expression in Ctenopharyngodon idella.

为研究多鳞白甲鱼肠道微生物菌群组成及其多样性,采用16S rRNA高通量测序对野生多鳞白甲鱼以及养殖成年健康多鳞白甲鱼肠道内容物进行微生物测序及信息分析.结果表明:不同环境多鳞白甲鱼肠道内容物样品间OTU个数具有一定差别.多鳞白甲鱼肠道菌群主要包括:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、软壁菌门(Tenericutes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes).野生样品中优势菌群主要是鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium),养殖样品中优势菌群主要是乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus).主成分分析则发现,野生多鳞白甲鱼的肠道微生物群落与人工养殖多鳞白甲鱼具有差异.以上结果说明:不同环境间多鳞白甲鱼肠道微生物群落组成及多样性存在差异.

分析不同时期秦岭黑河流域鱼类生物完整性的特点及变化情况,为该流域水生生态系统健康评价和西安市重要水源地的保护提供参考.以鱼类为研究对象,通过现场调查和历史资料收集,应用鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)对流域生态系统健康状况进行评价.秦岭黑河流域鱼类记录1980年代34种、1990年代18种,2018年调查到鱼类17种.根据研究区域的鱼类生态特点,筛选鱼类总种类数、鳅科鱼类占总种类数百分比、鲤科鱼类占总种类数百分比、高耐污鱼类占总种类数百分比、低耐污鱼类占总种类数百分比、浮游生物食性鱼类占总种类数百分比、肉食性鱼类占总种类数百分比、杂食性鱼类占总种类数百分比等8个指标用于建立评价体系.1980年代秦岭黑河流域F-IBI得分为57,生物完整性"极好";1990年代F-1BI得分为18,生物完整性"极差";2018年F-IBI得分为30,生物完整性"差".秦岭黑河流域鱼类资源减少,种类组成趋向单一化,鱼类生物完整性呈下降趋势,流域生态系统健康状况下降,相关部门应对厚畛子镇、陈河镇等关键源区加强管理.