X-ray diagnosis technology based on crystal diffraction is an important method to obtain key parameters in the research fields of X-ray spectroscopy diagnosis, material analysis and structural characterization on high-energy laser devices and synchrotron radiation devices. A Broadband high-resolution X-ray crystal spectrometer is proposed and built based on the principle of Rowland-Circle. This spectrometer is designed for measuring X-ray spectra across a wide spectral range(7.6keV-8.5 keV). The structure includes incorporating a curved quartz crystal as the diffraction and focusing element, along with an CMOS photon detector for spectrum detection from a Cu target X-ray tube. Experimental findings indicate that the X-ray crystal spectrometer can achieve spectral energy detection of 8027.8 eV(K alpha 2) and 8047.8eV (K alpha 1), the spectrometer's actual spectral resolution can exceed 2718@ Cu K alpha 1.

In inertial confinement fusion experiments, hot spot mix caused by hydrodynamic instabilities is a critical performance limitation. Currently, multi-channel Ross filter pair imaging is used to quantitatively diagnose the mix mass of cryogenic hot spots driven by 100 kJ energy, but this method brings significant uncertainty. To measure the level of mix more accurately, we have developed a two-temperature model to modify the fitted bremsstrahlung spectra based on the characteristics of cryogenic implosion hot spots. In experiments with good symmetry of hot spots, fitting analysis of the radial distribution of electron temperature was conducted. Compared with traditional single-temperature models, the two-temperature modeling method is more sensitive to the radial distribution of electron temperature and provides new diagnostic insights into the spatial distribution of cryogenic hot spot mix.

A new method for measuring the time-dependent drive flux at the hohlraum center is proposed as a better alternative to conventional wall-based techniques. The drive flux here is obtained by simultaneous measurement of the reemitted flux and shock velocity from a three-layered "cakelike" sample. With these two independent observables, the influence induced by the uncertainty of the material parameters of the sample can be effectively decreased. The influence from the closure of the laser entrance hole, which was the main challenge in conventional wall-based techniques, was avoided through localized reemitted flux measurement, facilitating drive flux measurement throughout the entire time history. These studies pave a new way for probing the time-dependent drive flux, for both cylindrical hohlraums and novel hohlraums with six laser entrance holes.

AbstractIn this study, a toroidal quartz ($20\overline{2}3$) crystal is designed for monochromatic X-ray imaging at 72.3°. The designed crystal produces excellent images of a laser-produced plasma emitting He-like Ti X-rays at 4.75 keV. Based on the simulations, the imaging resolutions of the spherical and toroidal crystals in the sagittal direction are found to be 15 and 5 μm, respectively. Moreover, the simulation results show that a higher resolution image of the source can be obtained by using a toroidal crystal. An X-ray backlight imaging experiment is conducted using 4.75 keV He-like Ti X-rays, a 3 × 3 metal grid, an imaging plate and a toroidal quartz crystal with a lattice constant of 2d= 0.2749 nm. The meridional and sagittal radii of the toroidal α-quartz crystal are 295.6 and 268.5 mm, respectively. A highly resolved image of the microgrid, with a spatial resolution of 10 μm, is obtained in the experiment. By using similar toroidal crystal designs, the application of a spatially resolved spectrometer with high-resolution X-ray imaging ability is capable of providing imaging data with the same magnification ratio in the sagittal and meridional planes.

以实验室中的 X 射线管作为光源，配合 CMOS 探测器涂层闪烁体纤维面板实时在线记录设备，建立了柱面弯晶检测平台。通过高精度的同轴转台设计，将整个柱面弯晶曲面转换为多个线段区间来分别进行检测，并对光路排布以及谱线的位置移动进行了解析计算。选用铁靶材 X 射线管 （K α 特征谱线波长为 0.193 6 nm） 作为实验光源，曲率半径 120 mm 的石英柱面弯晶作为样品，实验获得了清晰的铁特征谱线 （Fe-K α 和 Fe-K β ）。通过分析柱面弯晶上 9 个采样位置的图像，发现 Fe-K α 谱线位置移动了 96 μm，对应的半径偏差为 40 μm，?R/R为 0.033%。经过检测的石英柱面弯晶已经在大型激光装置上应用，并获得高质量的光谱图像，证明了该实验方法对柱面弯晶品质检测的有效性。

X-ray diagnosis technology based on crystal diffraction is an important method to obtain key state parameters in the research fields of X-ray spectroscopy diagnosis, material analysis and structural characterization on high energy laser devices and synchrotron radiation devices. The calculation of crystal diffraction efficiency based on the dynamical diffraction theory and the design of spectrometer structure based on different focusing schemes are the two main interests in the research of the X-ray crystal spectrometer. In this paper, the evolution and latest progresses of classical crystal diffraction theory such as X-ray dynamical diffraction theory and diffraction calculation method for different crystal objects are summarized and discussed. The diffraction focusing characteristics, development, and application of X-ray crystal spectrometers with different geometries are discussed, and the X-ray crystal diffraction theory involved in the X-ray crystal spectrometer and the innovation and progresses of the focusing characteristics of various spectrometers, as well as the overall development trend, are comprehensively expounded.

Objective Fusion energy based on inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is both efficient and environment friendly. It is necessary for ICF research to diagnose weak X-ray signals by focusing on imaging. Because the crystal has a periodic and regular arrangement of internal atoms and the lattice spacing is close to the order of X-ray wavelength, the X-ray diffraction spectrometer can obtain relevant information about the X-ray source using the crystal as the spectroscopic element; thus, the crystal spectrometer is an important part of the spectrum diagnostic instrument. Several types of crystals that are currently being developed have some issues. Planar crystals, for example, do not have the ability to focus rays. Likewise, the cylindrically bend crystal spectrometers are not suitable for diagnostic experiments using coupled fringe cameras. The application of spherically bend crystals for self-luminous imaging requires Bragg angle close to 90 degrees , limiting the imaging energy spectrum selection range. As a result, the development of a crystal spectrometer for diagnosing X-rays with both strong-focus performance and high-resolution is an urgent need for plasma X-ray diagnosing technology for the current ICF devices with ever-increasing performance. This paper proposes a toroidal quartz crystal that can perform focused imaging on Ti-target X-ray at 4. 75 keV. The results of simulations and experiments show that after the Ti-target X-rays are diffracted by the toroidal quartz crystal, they have good imaging focusing performance on the sagittal and meridional planes and can achieve high spatial resolution imaging results. Methods A quartz crystal with a toroidal structure was proposed in this paper. First, the imaging principles and properties of spherical and toroidal crystals were investigated and analysed. Then, to demonstrate that the toroidal crystal had high-resolution properties, the X-ray diffraction of spherical and toroidal crystals was simulated in this paper using the X-ray diffraction tracing principle. The diffraction results of various crystal structures were compared and analysed while the radiation source and imaging object remained constant. Then, the imaging spatial resolution of spherical and toroidal crystals in the sagittal plane was calculated. In addition, a Ti-target laser device, an IP plate, and a toroidal quartz crystal were used to complete the X-ray backlight imaging experiment. The imaging results of the toroidal crystal were obtained through actual experiments and the actual resolution was calculated. Finally, the differences between the actual and simulated results were analysed. The related influencing factors were discussed in this paper. Results and Discussions The toroidal crystal' s X-rays have good imaging spatial resolution in the meridional and sagittal planes. The imaging grid' s length in both directions is 500 mu m, which meets the imaging magnification relationship, and the shape of the imaging grid has almost no deformation [Fig. 4( b) ] . The toroidal crystal has a spatial resolution of aproximately 5 mu m in the meridional and sagittal planes [ Fig. 5 ( b) and Fig. 5 ( d) . The simulation of focusing imaging on spherical and toroidal crystals indicates that the circular spot can be better focused and imaged after being diffracted from the toroidal crystal. The size of the imaging spot is roughly equal to the size of the original source. In addition, the sizes of the imaging spots on the meridional and sagittal planes are nearly equal (Fig. 6) . From the simulation of the focused imaging of the source, it can be concluded that the toroidal quartz crystal proposed in this paper has strong-focus characteristics and can effectively focus the source, thereby improving the intensity of rays, which is useful for subsequent data processing and analysis. The actual experiment of diffraction focusing imaging on a Ti-target laser device with a pulse width of 920 ps and energy of 1137.34 J can achieve the resolution of 10 mu m. Conclusions We propose a toroidal quartz crystal and conduct a simulation study based on X-ray diffraction tracing using a toroidal crystal and a spherical crystal of the same material under the same conditions. The focused imaging image of X-rays diffracted by toroidal crystals has a high spatial resolution in the meridional and sagittal planes, as determined by comparing and analysing the imaging results of X-rays diffracted by two crystals of different structures. Metal grids in both planes can be clearly distinguished, and the imaged metal grids show almost no deformation. The imaging result data is used to calculate the simulated imaging spatial resolution, which is approximately 5 mu m. The Ti-target laser device is used as the source in the experiment to test the effect of diffraction imaging of the quartz crystal' s toroidal structure. The backlight imaging experiment yields a focused imaging image with a magnification of five on both the meridional and sagittal planes. The spatial resolution of X-ray diffraction imaging of toroidal quartz crystal is estimated to be 10 mu m. The imaging spatial resolution obtained by the simulation and imaging spatial resolution measured by the experiment differs slightly. The difference depends on the actual source's size, geometric aberrations, and crystal defects. In future, we intend to discuss the aforementioned factors that influence resolution. In conclusion, the quartz crystal with the toroidal structure proposed in this paper has the ability of strong-focus and high-resolution, which can meet the requirements for the spectral diagnosis of high energy density plasma.

Plasma density and temperature can be diagnosed by x-ray line emission measurement with crystal, and bent crystals such as von Hamos and Hall structures are proposed to improve the diffraction brightness. In this study, a straightforward solution for the focusing schemes of flat and bent crystals is provided. Simulations ith XOP code are performed to validate the analytical model, and good agreements are achieved. The von Hamos or multi-cone crystal can lead to several hundred times intensity enhancements for a 200 upmu mplasma source. This model benefits the applications of the bent crystals.

Flat response X-ray diodes have been widely used in large-scale laser devices at home and abroad for the measurement of angularly distributed X-ray radiation flux. In practical experiments, flat-response X-ray diodes measure radiation flux images that have a step change in a shaped pulse-driven radiation source. In order to ensure a good signal-to-noise ratio, a single signal will be connected to multiple channels of the oscilloscope, and then the signals of different channels will be processed, and the final image with good signal-to-noise ratio will be stitched. The research in this paper mainly introduced this data processing method and gave theoretical calculations. At the same time, a theoretical approximation and numerical simulation of a deviation in the calculation of the low temperature radiation flow reduction were made, and the relative uncertainty of the deviation was obtained. Coupled with the uncertainty of all factors, the curve of the overall uncertainty of the flatresponse X-ray diode as a function of the radiation temperature was obtained, which realized precise diagnosis and completed the experimental needs for diagnosis.

This paper introduces the relationship between X-ray line emission diagnosis and various physical quantities in the study of inertial confinement fusion, and briefly explains the diagnosis method and principle of X-ray crystal spectrometer. For different types of diagnosis, it introduces the functions and principles of different commonly used types of diffraction crystals. In addition, it introduces a new type of X-ray diagnostic method of multi-cone curved crystals, which has high light collection efficiency and at the same time ensures the delicate coupling of the back-end receiving device and reduces aberrations. Based on the study of the diffraction characteristics of the multi-cone curved crystal, X-Chase, an X-ray arbitrary surface crystal diffraction tracking simulation software, was developed. At the same time, the multi-cone crystal of H and He line emissions on the SG laser facility is utilized to demonstrate the code functions. The numerical simulation results show that the variable cone crystal has a good focusing ability.

惯性约束聚变实验对数据测量精度有着很高的要求,诊断设备需要向绝对测量的方向发展,对标定提出了很高的要求。北京同步辐射装置（BSRF）提供了良好的标定光源,其光源特性,如高次谐波份额的数值研究,对标定工作和ICF精密诊断十分重要。通过测量BSRF上4B7B光束线的软X射线源上带有或不带有滤片的标准探测器的电流,研究了不同滤片对单色X射线的透射率曲线,并建立了拟合的理论透射率曲线。根据数据分析,计算出单色光源中二次谐波的比例。实验结果显示,二次谐波在软X射线能段主要集中在180～300 eV以及450～800 eV,所占份额大部分在15%以下,最大可达到25%左右。利用测量的高次谐波份额,开展了对平响应滤片透过率以及X射线二极管灵敏度的修正工作,修正后的结果和理论相符,极大地提高了诊断设备精密诊断能力。完整的理论模型和实验相互验证,说明基于滤片的高次谐波份额测量技术目前已经成熟并且具有广阔的应用前景。

A hot-electron driven scheme can be more effective than a laser-driven scheme within suitable hot-electron energy and target density. In our one-dimensional (1D) radiation hydrodynamic simulations, 20× pressure enhancement was achieved when the ignitor laser spike was replaced with a 60-keV hot-electron spike in a shock ignition target designed for the National Ignition Facility (NIF), which can lead to greater shell velocity. Higher hot-spot pressure at the deceleration phase was obtained owing to the greater shell velocity. More cold shell material is ablated into the hot spot, and it benefits the increases of the hot-spot pressure. Higher gain and a wider ignition window can be observed in the hot-electron-driven shock ignition.

六通黑腔是我国独立自主设计的新型激光惯性约束聚变驱动腔型.在大型激光装置上采用全束组注入方式,首次获得了新型六通黑腔10～20倍收缩比综合内爆完整配套实验数据,实现最高YOC2D(实验产额/二维模拟产额)达80.4％的综合内爆性能.