Аннотация: В кратком обзоре рассматриваются основные тенденции применения эвтектических расплавов на основе индия и галлия (EGaIn) в настоящее время.Приведены примеры использования EGаIn в транзисторах, конденсаторах, электродах, зондовых установках (в том числе с применением четырехзондовых методик).Рассмотрены основные свойства EGaIn, особенности растекания капли жидких расплавов EGaIn, приведена подробная схема точечно-контактного четырехзондового метода.Выявлены основные вопросы, обсуждаемые при применении EGаIn в области получения жидких электродов, включая возникновение оксидов галлия, возможность влияния пространственного окружения на каплю EGaIn и манипулирования микрокаплями

In a brief review, the main trends in the use at the present time of eutectic melts based on indium and gallium (EGaIn) are considered. Examples of the use of EGaIn in transistors, capacitors, electrodes, and probe systems (including those in four-probe techniques) are given. The main properties of EGaIn and the spreading of a drop of EGaIn melts are considered, and a detailed scheme of the point-contact four-probe method is given. The main issues discussed in the application of EGaIn in the field of obtaining liquid electrodes, including the formation of gallium oxides, the possibility is revealed of the influence of the spatial environment on the EGaIn droplet and manipulation of microdroplets,. It has been established that among the works of 2022-2023, a large segment is occupied by publications in the field of flexible electronics, intelligent robots, as well as wearable devices (for example, the creation of a metatissue with an antibacterial effect and the ability to be heated with a low energy consumption) and biomedical applications (the development of smart gloves for manipulating gestures, measuring the heart rate of insects).

The use of liquid probes based on indium–gallium eutectic (EGaIn) with the possibility of positioning is an important problem for the study of thin films. This work is centered on the creation of a setup for measuring the current–voltage characteristics with the use of a liquid eutectic electrode. A technique for obtaining a cone-shaped liquid EGaIn electrode, a 3D assembly model and an algorithm for the operation of a probe setup for obtaining the current–voltage characteristics using liquid contacts are presented.

Работа посвящена поиску научно-технического решения по созданию филаментов на основе гидроксиапатита и поликапролактона для экструзионной трехмерной печати. Порошки гидроксиапатита получены методом химического осаждения с использованием микроволнового излучения, определен средний размер частиц в порошке. Предлагаются варианты создания филамента методом экструзии на основе композиции гидроксиапатита и поликапролоктона для последующей печати скаффолдов - временных каркасов, необходимых для формирования новых функциональных тканей. Получены изображения поверхности гидроксиапатита кальция с помощью сканирующего зондового микроскопа для оценки параметров шероховатости поверхности, являющейся одним из важнейшим факторов для успешной адгезии клеток к поверхности скаффолда при процессах остеоинтеграции. The work is devoted to the search for a scientific and technical solution for the creation of filaments based on hydroxyapatite and polycaprolactone for extrusion three-dimensional printing. Hydroxyapatite powders were obtained by chemical precipitation using microwave radiation, and the average particle size in the powder was determined. Options for creating a filament by extrusion based on a composition of hydroxyapatite and polycaproloctone for subsequent printing of scaffolds (temporary scaffolds necessary for the formation of new functional tissues) are proposed. Images of the surface of calcium hydroxyapatite were obtained using a scanning probe microscope to assess the parameters of surface roughness, which is one of the most important factors for successful cell adhesion to the scaffold surface during osseointegration processes.

Heat treatment in an oxygen-containing medium is a necessary procedure in the technology of forming photodetectors and emitters based on lead chalcogenides. Lead chalcogenide layers (PbS, PbSe) were prepared via a chemical bath deposition method. Surface oxidation of lead chalcogenide layers was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy methods, and thermodynamic analysis of the oxidation of PbSe and PbS layers was also performed. The calculated phase diagrams from 20 °C to 500 °C showed good agreement with the experimental results. According to the thermodynamic analysis, the oxidation products depend on the initial composition of the layers and temperature of the annealing. In some cases, the formation of a separate metallic phase Pb is possible along with the formation of lead oxide PbO and other oxides. The performed thermodynamic analysis makes it possible to substantiate the two-stage annealing temperature regimes which ensure an increase in the speed of photodetectors.

Modified structures based on zinc oxide are of special interest in catalysis and medicine. The work discusses the composite structures based on zinc oxide and hydroxyapatite, as well as silver-modified zinc oxide nanostructures obtained by chemical deposition. The obtained materials were studied using a Rigaku SmartLab diffractometric complex and a Sorbi MS sorption analyzer. The specific surface area was studied and the average size of nanoparticles in the samples is determined. The application scope of the considered materials was catalysis and medicine, including the use in bone engineering as bioactive coatings deposited on the surface of a metal bioimplant.

Работа посвящена разработке модульной четрырехзондовой установки с использованием жидкого контакта на основе индий-галлиевого эвтектического раствора (EGaIn), с помощью которого можно создать прижимные жидкие контакты, не вносящие механические деформации в измеряемые структуры. Предлагается использовать данную установку для измерения вольт-амперных характеристик тонкопленочных образцов. Предполагается модульная схема измерений. Каждый зонд управляется четырьмя моторами для позиционирования и выдавливания капли из шприца для формирования нужного размера пятна контакта. Используется оптический контроль для подготовки зондов и измерения диаметра сформированных контактных областей. Подобраны параметры изготовления жидких зондов, а именно скорости выдавливания и перемещения зонда вдоль вертикальной оси для формирования капли конической формы . Управление установкой осуществляется в среде LabView. The work is devoted to development of a modular four-probe setup using a liquid contact based on an indium-gallium eutectic solution (EGaIn), which can be used to create clamping liquid contacts that do not introduce mechanical deformation into the measured structures. It is proposed to use this setup for measuring the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film samples. A modular measurement scheme is assumed. Each probe is driven by four motors to position and expel a drop from the syringe to form the desired contact area size. Optical control is used to prepare the probes and measure the diameter of the formed contact areas. The parameters for the manufacture of liquid probes are selected, namely, the speed of extrusion and movement of the probe along the vertical axis to form a conical droplet. The installation is controlled in the LabView environment.

The work is devoted to the creation of a virtual device (computer program) for processing the results of sorption analysis of nanomaterials, including for estimating the size of nanoparticles based on the specific surface area. The obtained evaluation results were compared with the scanning electron microscopy data. Photocatalytically active zinc oxide samples were chosen as the object of the study.

The work is aimed to the study of materials based on lead selenide PbSe obtained by chemical bath deposition from aqueous solutions. The layers are studied with atomic force microscopy (topography and local current-voltage characteristics) and Raman spectroscopy.

The work is devoted to the development of a combined method of analyzing the porous structure of metal oxide materials. The method is based on a combination of fractal analysis from data obtained by the sorption method using a thermodynamic approach and fractal analysis of atomic force microscopy images. The objects under research are optically transparent materials of the SiO2 – SnO2 – ZnO system, obtained by the sol-gel technology.

The work is aimed to the study of materials based on indium sulphide In 2 S 3 obtained by chemical bath deposition from aqueous solutions. The layers are studied by optical, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen thermal desorption. The thermostability of the obtained structures is shown in the temperature range from room temperature to 350 ° C.

The original idea is to deposit metal layers from concentrated solutions of colloidal inks of metal nanoparticles (silver) in a programmable pattern using methods of modified 3D extrusion with syringe dispenser, followed by thermal and electrodiffusion bonding of the nanostructured metal layer in the presence of a strong electric field. Porous semiconductor structures based on monocrystalline silicon of n- and p-type electrical conductivity with different resistivity were obtained by the method of electrochemical etching of the initial plate in electrolytes based on hydrofluoric acid. For the analysis of the hydrophobicity - hydrophilicity condition and, accordingly, the wettability of porous semiconductor structure, a specially developed apparatus was used, based on measuring the contact angle of wetting by the spreading drop method. To study the morphology of the surface of the obtained samples, the methods of scanning electron (Mira TESCAN II) and scanning-probe (Integra Terma) microscopy were used.

NSG01 industrial atomic force microscope probes were functionalized by the electrically conductive polymer, polyaniline, during in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline at the probe point, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The quality of the deposited polymer can be controlled by measuring the resonance frequency of the gauge during functionalization. The comparative test of the probes prior to and after functionalization was performed using a TGT01 calibration grate, as well as on a special polyaniline test layer with a complex nanosized morphology in the semicontact mode of surface relief study and the phase contrast mode. Local current spectroscopy showed that the functionalized probe can be converted repeatedly from the conducting to nonconducting state owing to a reversible change in the conductivity of the polymer coating.

The article presents the options combination of etching and atomic force microscopy for research work and the failed high electron mobility transistors, as well as in the conduct of the capacitance-voltage profiling.

A technique for synthesizing gas-sensing copper-oxide layers by layer-by-layer deposition onto glass and plastic substrates is considered. Deposition is based on the oxidation of a copper–ammonia complex by hydrogen peroxide. Layers synthesized at various numbers of deposition cycles are studied by atomicforce microscopy and transmission spectroscopy methods (300–1000 nm). The spectral shape indicates the mixed nature of the oxide with predominant copper oxide (I) Cu 2 O with a corresponding band gap of 2.1 eV. The layers have a continuous granular structure. The surface concentration of Brönsted acid adsorption sites with pK a ≈ 2.5 (OH acid groups), determined by the indicator method, is 560 μmol/m 2 for the initial films, and threefold increases after heat treatment at 80°C for 30 min. The results obtained are interesting for the use of the described technology for fabricating copper-oxide active layers in gas-sensing sensors operating at room temperature.

Рассмотрена методика синтеза газочувствительных слоев оксидов меди, полученных путем послойного осаждения на стеклянные и полимерные подложки по реакции окисления молекул аммиачного комплекса меди перекисью водорода. Слои, синтезированные при различном количестве циклов наслаивания, исследованы методами атомно-силовой микроскопии и спектроскопии пропускания (300-1000 нм). Форма спектров указывает на смешанный характер оксида с преобладанием оксида меди (I) Cu2O с соответствующей шириной запрещенной зоны 2.1 эВ. Слои обладают сплошной зернистой структурой. Определенная химическим индикаторным методом поверхностная концентрация бренстедовских кислотных центров адсорбции с pKa~ 2.5 (ОН-групп кислотного характера) составляет для исходных пленок 560 мкмоль/м2 и возрастает в три раза при термическом воздействии 80oC в течение 30 мин. Полученные результаты представляют интерес в использовании описанной технологии для создания активных слоев оксида меди в газочувствительных сенсорах, работающих при комнатной температуре. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.05.44417.8452

Recent advances in information technology require higher-speed and higher-density memory devices. Testing and development of the technology of these devices is a complex task. The paper presents the option of using an electron microscope and setup for measuring electrical parameters.

The features of the current–voltage (I–V) measurements in local regions of semiconductor nanostructures by conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) are discussed. The standard procedure of I–V measurements in conductive AFM leads not infrequently to the thermomechanical stresses in the sample and, as a consequence, nonreproducibility and unreliability of measurements. The technique of obtaining reproducible current–voltage characteristics is proposed. According to the technique, a series of measurements of the selected scanning area in the mode of conducting AFM should be taken, each at the certain value of the potential. According to a series of scans I–V curve at a particular point (for any point of the scan) was plotted. The program is realized in the LabVIEW software. The proposed method extends the capabilities of scanning probe microscopy in the diagnosis of nanostructured semiconductor materials.