以解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2和不同育苗基质以及西瓜幼苗为试材,采用稀释涂布平板法和盆栽试验法,研究了 9种不同配方基质对解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2的定殖量随时间变化的影响,以及盆栽条件下复配TR2对西瓜幼苗各项生长指标的影响,以期筛选出草炭使用量低、TR2稳定定殖以及西瓜幼苗健康生长的基质配方.结果表明:解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2在供试基质中均能定殖,并且30 d内的平均定殖量在5×106 CFU·cm-3左右,其中B6基质中定殖量最高,为8.1×106 CFU·cm-3.西瓜幼苗在含有蚯蚓粪的基质(B2、B6、B7、B8)中在株高和鲜质量方面的生长均明显优于不含蚯蚓粪的基质,含有椰糠的基质B8在根长方面表现最好.基质复配解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2后,西瓜幼苗的株高和鲜质量相较于不加生防菌有明显增加,其中基质B2复配菌株TR2对西瓜促进作用最明显,比未添加生防菌高出44.2％.基质中添加生防菌对西瓜幼苗的根长和根鲜质量的促进作用不明显.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TR2, one of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), is capable of colonizing plant roots in a large population size. However, the interaction of watermelon root exudates and colonization of the strain TR2 has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this investigation, we demonstrated that B. amyloliquefaciens TR2 promoted watermelon plants growth and exhibited biocontrol efficacy against watermelon Fusarium wilt under greenhouse conditions. Collected watermelon root exudates significantly induced chemotaxis, swarming motility, and biofilm formation of the strain TR2. We also tested the components of root exudates (organic acids: malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, and fumaric acid; amino acids: methionine, glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid; phenolic acid: benzoic acid) and the results showed that a majority of these compounds could promote chemotactic response, swarming motility, and biofilm formation in a different degree. Benzoic acid induced the strongest chemotactic response; however, the swarming motility and biofilm formation of the strain TR2 were maximumly enhanced by supplement of fumaric acid and glutamic acid, respectively. In addition, the root colonization examination indicated that the population of B. amyloliquefaciens TR2 colonized on watermelon root surfaces was dramatically increased by adding concentrated watermelon root exudates. In summary, our studies provide evidence suggesting that root exudates are important for colonization of B. amyloliquefaciens TR2 on plant roots and help us to understand the interaction between plants and beneficial bacteria.

[目的]为了明确解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2菌株在不同pH值土壤中的定殖能力及运动性、生物膜形成等相关的影响.[方法]采用平板计数法、结晶紫染色法、运动性平板法等研究不同pH条件对菌株的生长速度、趋化性、生物膜形成、涌动性及在土壤中的定殖能力.[结果]解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2菌株适合生长和定殖的pH值范围为pH5～10,其中最适pH为7～8,且在pH为7～8的环境中,菌株有较好的涌动性运动能力.解淀粉芽孢杆菌TR2在pH7的中性环境中向不同pH环境的趋向中,向pH 8的趋向最为明显.解淀粉芽狗杆菌TR2在pH8～9形成良好复杂的生物膜,在pH8的土壤中的定殖能力好于其他处理.[结论]中性或弱碱性土壤更利于解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2菌株的生长与定殖,为解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2菌株的开发和利用提供了试验依据.

[目的]从不同植物根际土壤中的细菌种类差异人手,筛选具有防治植物病害和促进植物生长的菌株,构建植物有益细菌菌库,为植物病害的生物防治提供基础.[方法]采用土壤稀释平板法从园林植物、果树、蔬菜、中草药等植物根际土壤中分离细菌,利用16SrDNA序列分析法鉴定菌株,并通过平板对峙培养法和透明圈法进行抑菌活性和生防相关物质的检测.[结果]从中国不同省市地区采集的44份植物根际土壤中分离得到531个细菌菌株,其中蔬菜根际来源的菌株最多,占61.21％,果树根际来源的菌株占20.15％、园林植物根际来源的菌株占17.33％、中药材根际来源的菌株占1.32％.分离出的细菌中芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属,占41.62％;其次为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces),分别占14.50％和6.21％;泛菌属(Pantoea)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)较少,分别占2.64％和2.45％;其他属占33.15％.对其中的292个细菌菌株进行抑菌活性和生防相关物质的测定,结果表明具有抑制真菌活性的菌株占17.50％,抑制细菌活性的菌株占18.84％;79.79％的菌株具有解钾能力,20.20％的菌株具有溶磷能力,22.26％的菌株具有产嗜铁素活性;60.62％的菌株具有产蛋白酶活性,36.30％的菌株具有产淀粉酶活性,4.79％的菌株具有产几丁质酶能力.[结论]不同植物根际土壤中含有种类繁多的植物有益细菌,且具有较好的抑菌和促生功能.本研究建立的有益细菌菌库可为植物病害生物防治提供较好的菌株来源.

专业课程是高等学校大学生思政教育的重要平台,与思政课程相辅相成,互相促进.为了探索如何在专业课程中有效地开展课程思政,以植物保护专业的一门专业课程植物病原物生物学为例,探讨了开展课程思政的目标和意义、思政元素的挖掘与应用等,并对专业课思想政治教育提出了一些思考,以期为高校教师开展专业课的课程思政改革研究提供参考.

为探究生防菌防病促生的土壤微生态作用机制,本试验以生防解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2对草莓进行灌根处理,利用比色法和滴定法对不同时间段的土壤酶活性进行测定和比较,并调查了草莓生长相关数据和草莓根腐病的发生率.结果表明:解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2处理后,草莓根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性明显高于对照,且持续时间长,到第60 d仍有明显促进作用.TR2处理对草莓根际土壤脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性的促进作用较好,分别从第7 d和第15 d开始表现明显促进作用,第30 d时最好,脲酶活性比对照高出215％,蔗糖酶活性比对照高出124％.TR2处理从第15 d和第30 d开始分别表现对磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性的明显促进作用;对过氧化氢酶活性的促进作用在第60 d时最好,比对照高出43％;对磷酸酶活性的促进作用在第15 d时最好,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性比对照分别增加69％和45％.解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2处理后草莓的根长、根重、叶面积和最大单果重等各项生长指标都优于对照组,对根长的促进作用在20％左右,根重在第60 d时比对照组高出92％,15 d时平均最大叶面积比对照大10 cm2,第30 d时平均每株比对照多长出1.2个新叶.解淀粉芽胞杆菌TR2处理有利于降低根腐病的发病率,防效在25.0％左右.

植物检疫学是植物保护专业重要的选修课之一，将课程思政与植物检疫学教学实践有机结合，对培养创新型应用型植物保护专业人才具有重要意义。教学是学校实现培养人才的最主要最直接的途径，也是落实课程思政建设的重要途径。探讨植物检疫学教学实践中的课程思政建设，将思政元素与植物检疫学理论知识相融合，可在一定程度上拓宽学生的知识体系，有效推动植物保护专业人才培养质量的提升。

[目的]建立枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)菌株ZT4-2的高效电击转化体系.[方法]带有荧光蛋白标记的穿梭质粒pGFP78,通过电击转化法将其转入枯草芽孢杆菌菌株ZT4-2.[结果]菌株培养阶段、感受态细胞浓度、感受态细胞量、质粒体积量、转化电压等条件的不同,会对电击转化效率造成影响.其中试验条件:制备感受态细胞的菌株培养阶段的OD600nm值=1.0,重悬菌体时每100 mL起始菌液加入600 μL的40％PEG6000;电击转化体系中,感受态细胞量200 μL,质粒体积10 μL,转化电压2.5 kV.最高转化效率可达6 823.67 CFU/μg.[结论]建立了枯草芽孢杆菌菌株ZT4-2的电击转化体系,电击转化效率较高.

Beneficial rhizobacteria promote plant growth and protect plants against phytopathogens. Effective colonization on plant roots is critical for the rhizobacteria to exert beneficial activities. How bacteria migrate swiftly in the soil of semisolid or solid nature remains unclear. Here we report that sucrose, a disaccharide ubiquitously deployed by photosynthetic plants for fixed carbon transport and storage, and abundantly secreted from plant roots, promotes solid surface motility (SSM) and root colonization by Bacillus subtilis through a previously uncharacterized mechanism. Sucrose induces robust SSM by triggering a signaling cascade, first through extracellular synthesis of polymeric levan, which in turn stimulates strong production of surfactin and hyper-flagellation of the cells. B. subtilis poorly colonizes the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants deficient in root-exudation of sucrose, while exogenously added sucrose selectively shapes the rhizomicrobiome associated with the tomato plant roots, promoting specifically bacilli and pseudomonad. We propose that sucrose activates a signaling cascade to trigger SSM and promote rhizosphere colonization by B. subtilis . Our findings also suggest a practicable approach to boost prevalence of beneficial Bacillus species in plant protection.

Bacillus has been extensively studied for agricultural application as a biocontrol agent. B. altitudinis GLB197, an endophytic bacterium isolated from grape leaves, exhibits distinctive inhibition to grape downy mildew based on unknown mechanisms. To determine the genetic traits involved in the mechanism of biocontrol and host-interaction traits, the genome sequence of GLB197 was obtained and further analyzed. The genome of B. altitudinis GLB197 consisted of one plasmid and a 3,733,835-bp circular chromosome with 41.56% G + C content, containing 3,770 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 17 Bacillus strains using the concatenated 1,226 single-copy core genes divided into different clusters was conducted. In addition, average nucleotide identity (ANI) values indicate that the current taxonomy of some B. pumilus group strains is incorrect. Comparative analysis of B. altitudinis GLB197 proteins with other B. altitudinis strains identified 3,157 core genes. Furthermore, we found that the pan-genome of B. altitudinis is open. The genome of B. altitudinis GLB197 contains one nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene cluster which was annotated as lichenysin. Interestingly, the cluster in B. altitudinis has two more genes than other Bacillus strains (lgrD and lgrB). The two genes were probably obtained via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) during the evolutionary process from Brevibacillus. Taken together, these observations enable the future application of B. altitudinis GLB197 as a biocontrol agent for control of grape downy mildew and promote our understanding of the beneficial interactions between B. altitudinis GLB197 and plants.

sodA2-encoding manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD2) in Bacillus cereus 905 plays an essential role in antioxidative stress, nutrition utilization, rhizosphere and phyllosphere colonization. However, the genes involved in regulating the sodA2 expression have not been clearly elucidated in B. cereus. In this study, a genome-wide random insertion mutagenesis was constructed by using transposon TnYLB-1 to identify novel genes regulating the sodA2 expression. Seven mutants that changed the sodA2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels were finally obtained. Sequence analysis and BLAST data showed that the genes disrupted by TnYLB-1 in B. cereus 905 shared high conservations with those in the B. cereus type strain, ATCC 14579. These genes encode heat-inducible transcription repressor, chloride channel protein, recombinase A, ferrous iron transport protein, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and histidine ammonia-lyase. Besides, we also provided the evidence that the genes regulating the sodA2 expression could influence colonization ability of B. cereus 905 on wheat roots. Specifically, those genes downregulating the sodA2 expression significantly reduced bacterial colonization on wheat roots, and mutants with increased MnSOD2 activities could enhance bacterial population densities on wheat roots to a certain degree. Our work provided information that multiple genes are involved in MnSOD2 production and wheat root colonization. The molecular regulatory pathways through which these genes modulate the sodA2 expression and root colonization need to be investigated extensively in the future.

[目的]解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus am yloliquefaciens)是目前植物病害生物防治研究的热点之一.为了探索解淀粉芽胞杆菌BJ-6的生防机制,对该菌株的全基因组进行测序分析.[方法]利用二代测序技术对解淀粉芽胞杆菌BJ-6进行全基因组测序,使用Prodigal等软件进行基因预测与功能注释,并搜寻主要的抗菌次级代谢产物合成基因簇,转录分析这些抗菌代谢产物合成基因的表达.[结果]解淀粉芽胞杆菌BJ-6基因组大小为4 175 709 bp,有4 261个基因,GC含量为46.12％,搜寻到7种抗菌次级代谢产物合成基因簇,其中表面活性素合成基因簇与模式菌株FZB42相比出现较大差异,这7种抗菌物质合成基因在12～60 h培养条件下均能正常表达.[结论]获得解淀粉芽胞杆菌BJ-6的全基因组序列信息,挖掘抗菌物质合成基因簇,为今后深入研究解淀粉芽胞杆菌BJ-6产生的抗菌物质及其抑菌机制提供保障.

Many bacteria belonging to Paenibacillus polymyxa are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with the potential to promote plant growth and suppress phytopathogens and have been used as biological control agents (BCAs). However, the growth promotion and biocontrol mechanisms of P. polymyxa have not been thoroughly elucidated thus far. In this investigation, the genome sequences of two P. polymyxa strains, ZF129 and ZF197, with broad anti-pathogen activities and potential for growth promotion were comparatively studied. Comparative and functional analyses of the two sequenced P. polymyxa genomes showed that the ZF129 genome consists of one 5,703,931 bp circular chromosome and two 79,020 bp and 37,602 bp plasmids, designated pAP1 and pAP2, respectively. The complete genome sequence of ZF197 consists of one 5,507,169 bp circular chromosome and one 32,065 bp plasmid, designated pAP197. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ZF129 is highly similar to two P. polymyxa strains, HY96-2 and SQR-21, while ZF197 is highly similar to P. polymyxa strain J. The genes responsible for secondary metabolite synthesis, plant growth-promoting traits, and systemic resistance inducer production were compared between strains ZF129 and ZF197 as well as other P. polymyxa strains. The results indicated that the variation of the corresponding genes or gene clusters between strains ZF129 and ZF197 may lead to different antagonistic activities of their volatiles or cell-free supernatants against Fusarium oxysporum. This work indicates that plant growth promotion by P. polymyxa is largely mediated by phytohormone production, increased nutrient availability and biocontrol mechanisms. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the genome architecture of P. polymyxa, revealing great potential for the application of this bacterium in the fields of agriculture and horticulture as a PGPR.

[目的]为了明确芽胞杆菌(Bacillus sp.)BJ-10的分类地位、抗菌物质特性和生防能力.[方法]利用PCR扩增并测序获得了芽胞杆菌BJ-10的gyrB基因序列,通过序列比对和聚类分析初步确定其分类地位;采用平板对峙的方法检测了BJ-10的抑菌谱;通过不同温度和pH处理测试了BJ-10发酵液中抗菌物质的稳定性;室内盆栽试验检测了BJ-10对甜瓜白粉病和细菌性果斑病的防治效果.[结论]初步鉴定菌株BJ-10为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens);BJ-10对测定的9株植物病原真菌和1株病原细菌均具有不同程度的抑制作用;BJ-10发酵液中的抗菌物质具有较好的热稳定性和抗酸碱能力;室内盆栽试验结果显示芽胞杆菌BJ-10稀释发酵液对甜瓜白粉病和甜瓜细菌性果斑病均具有较高的防效.

The methylerythritol phosphate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenoids, the largest class of secondary metabolites. Although the structures and functions of the proteins involved in this pathway have been well studied in Bacillus subtilis, only a few studies have reported the transcriptional profile of the genes involved. Therefore, we analyzed methylerythritol phosphate pathway genes in the genome of B. subtilis 916, which has been developed as a biological control agent against some rice diseases in China. Our results showed that methylerythritol phosphate pathway genes were distributed throughout the genome of this strain. These genes were transcribed during both the exponential and stationary phases. We further confirmed the transcription units of dxs, dxr, ispD, ispF, ipK, ispG, ispH, idi, and ispA in B. subtilis 916 through reverse transcription-PCR analyses; the results showed that these nine genes were located in seven different operons. The transcript start sites of the seven different operons were determined by 5’-rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR. Thus, our study provides a molecular basis at the transcriptional level for investigating homoterpene synthesis in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway of B. subtilis 916.

SpoIIID is a small, sequence-specific DNA-binding protein which can direct many genes’ transcription and has an effect on spore formation in Bacillus subtilis. We investigated the role of SpoIIID in mother cell lysis in Bacillus thuringiensis. A β-galactosidase assay based on the promoter fusions with lacZ indicated that the sigK gene was positively regulated by SpoIIID and σK negatively regulated the expression of sigE. The spoIIID mutant strain exhibited no mother cell lysis in Schaeffer’s sporulation medium (SSM) but did in ½ Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. cwlC is an essential hydrolase gene for mother cell lysis. Moreover, the expression of a PcwlC-lacZ fusion in spoIIID mutant was proved to be higher in ½ LB medium than in SSM. HD (ΔspoIIID)(ΔcwlC) mutant was obtained by knocking out the cwlC gene in HD(ΔspoIIID) and displayed no mother cell lysis in both SSM and ½ LB mediums. The deletion of spoIIID decreased the crystal protein production in HD73. The expression of Porf1cry8E and P5014 promoter fusions with lacZ gene in the acrystalliferous HD−(ΔspoIIID) mutant showed similar activity to that in the acrystalliferous HD73− strain before T7 and slightly higher than that in the acrystalliferous HD73− after T7. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that Cry1Ac production in HD−(ΔspoIIID) directed by the Porf1cry8E and P5014 promoters was at a similar level as that in HD73 wild strain. Altogether, these results suggested that the spoIIID mutant with Porf1cry8E or P5014 promoters could be an alternative delivery system for cry gene expression with no mature spore formation and medium-dependent mother cell lysis.

The rhizosphere bacterium Bacillus cereus 905 is capable of promoting plant growth through effective colonization on plant roots. The sodA2-encoding manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD2) is important for survival of B. cereus 905 in the wheat rhizosphere. However, the genes involved in regulating sodA2 expression and the mechanisms of rhizosphere colonization of B. cereus 905 are not well elucidated. In this study, we found that the deletion of the ptsH gene, which encodes the histidine-phosphorylatable protein (HPr), a component of the phosphotransferase system (PTS), causes a decrease of about 60% in the MnSOD2 expression. Evidences indicate that the ptsH dramatically influences resistance to oxidative stress, glucose uptake, as well as biofilm formation and swarming motility of B. cereus 905. Root colonization assay demonstrated that ΔptsH is defective in colonizing wheat roots, while complementation of the sodA2 gene could partially restore the ability in utilization of arabinose, a non-PTS sugar, and root colonization caused by the loss of the ptsH gene. In toto, based on the current findings, we propose that PtsH contributes to root colonization of B. cereus 905 through multiple indistinct mechanisms, involving PTS and uptake of PTS-sugars, up-regulation of MnSOD2 production, and promotion of biofilm formation and swarming motility.

[目的]检测苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73中的转录调控因子Sigma H(σH)对spo0A基因转录的调控作用;异源表达纯化Sigma H蛋白,验证其对spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;检测sigH基因的缺失对苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73芽胞形成和晶体蛋白产生的影响.[方法]通过测定spo0A基因启动子指导的β-半乳糖苷酶活性评价spo0A基因在苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73野生型和sigH缺失突变体中的转录水平;通过PCR扩增苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73的sigH基因并插入到表达载体pET21b上,将质粒转入到表达菌株BL21(DE3)中,得到重组菌株BL21 (pETsigH);利用镍柱亲和纯化和阴离子交换纯化得到纯化的Sigma H蛋白;通过凝胶迁移实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)验证Sigma H蛋白与spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;通过显微镜观察、活芽胞计数的方法对突变株HD△sigH进行表型特征分析.[结果]sigH缺失后,spo0A基因转录活性降低;在大肠杆菌中正确表达并纯化出大小约为28 kDa的Sigma H-His蛋白;EMSA结果表明纯化后的Sigma H-His蛋白可与sp00A基因启动子结合;镜检和活芽胞计数结果表明突变株HD△sigH无法产生芽胞和蛋白晶体.[结论]Sigma H蛋白通过与spo0A基因启动子结合直接调控spo0A基因的表达且sigH基因的缺失阻断了苏云金芽胞杆菌中芽胞和晶体蛋白的产生.

Some Bacillus strains function as predominant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Bacillus cereus 905 is a rod-shaped Gram-positive bacterium isolated from wheat rhizosphere and is a rhizobacterium that exhibits significant plant-growth-promoting effects. Species belonging to the genus Bacillus are observed in numerous different habitats. Several papers on B. cereus are related to pathogens that causes food-borne illness and industrial applications. However, genomic analysis of plant-associated B. cereus has yet to be reported. Here, we conducted a genomic analysis comparing strain 905 with three other B. cereus strains and investigate the genomic characteristics and evolution traits of the species in different niches. The genome sizes of four B. cereus strains range from 5.38 M to 6.40 M, and the number of protein-coding genes varies in the four strains. Comparisons of the four B. cereus strains reveal 3,998 core genes. The function of strain-specific genes are related to carbohydrate, amino acid and coenzyme metabolism and transcription. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicates local diversification of the four strains. SNPs are unevenly distributed throughout the four genomes, and function interpretation of regions with high SNP density coincides with the function of strain-specific genes. Detailed analysis indicates that certain SNPs contribute to the formation of strain-specific genes. By contrast, genes related to plant-growth-promoting traits are highly conserved. This study shows the genomic differences between four strains from different niches and provides an in-depth understanding of the genome architecture of these species, thus facilitating genetic engineering and agricultural applications in the future.

ABSTRACT In this study, a sporulation-specific gene (tentatively named cwlC ) involved in mother cell lysis in Bacillus thuringiensis was characterized. The encoded CwlC protein consists of an N-terminal N -acetylmuramoyl- l -alanine amidase (Mur N Ac-LAA) domain and a C-terminal amidase02 domain. The recombinant histidine-tagged CwlC proteins purified from Escherichia coli were able to directly bind to and digest the B. thuringiensis cell wall. The CwlC point mutations at the two conserved glutamic acid residues (Glu-24 and Glu-140) shown to be critical for the catalytic activity in homologous amidases resulted in a complete loss of cell wall lytic activity, suggesting that CwlC is an N -acetylmuramoyl- l -alanine amidase. Results of transcriptional analyses indicated that cwlC is transcribed as a monocistronic unit and that its expression is dependent on sporulation sigma factor K (σ K ). Deletion of cwlC completely blocked mother cell lysis during sporulation without impacting the sporulation frequency, Cry1Ac protein production, and insecticidal activity. Taken together, our data suggest that CwlC is an essential cell wall hydrolase for B. thuringiensis mother cell lysis during sporulation. Engineered B. thuringiensis strains targeting cwlC , which allows the crystal inclusion to remain encapsulated in the mother cell at the end of sporulation, may have the potential to become more effective biological control agents in agricultural applications since the crystal inclusion remains encapsulated in the mother cell at the end of sporulation. IMPORTANCE Mother cell lysis has been well studied in Bacillus subtilis , which involves three distinct yet functionally complementary cell wall hydrolases. In this study, a novel cell wall hydrolase, CwlC, was investigated and found to be essential for mother cell lysis in Bacillus thuringiensis . CwlC of B. thuringiensis only shows 9 and 21% sequence identity with known B. subtilis mother cell hydrolases CwlB and CwlC, respectively, suggesting that mechanisms of mother cell lysis may differ between B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis . The cwlC gene deletion completely blocked the release of spores and crystals from the mother cell without affecting insecticidal activity. This may provide a new effective strategy for crystal encapsulation against UV light inactivation.