Soil acidification mobilizes aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) into phytotoxic forms, posing a severe threat to perennial medicinal crops like ginseng, often manifesting as destructive red-skin syndrome. However, the tissue-specific differential phytotoxicity mechanisms and precision mitigation strategies have not been fully elucidated. This study combined field surveys with controlled experiments to dissect the tissue-specific injury patterns and adaptive responses of ginseng to Al³ ⁺ and Fe²⁺ toxicity. Field surveys confirmed that soil acidification elevates metal bioavailability and exacerbates red-skin syndrome. Metabolomics further demonstrated that metal stress redirects plant carbon flux toward defensive metabolites. Controlled histochemical assays uncovered two divergent metal toxicity and resistance routes. For Al³ ⁺: the ion enters fibrous roots, is transported upward through xylem, and spreads radially across root tissues. This process damages lateral and fibrous roots, then triggers two protective structures—pectin-rich vacuoles within suberized layers and proliferated secretory ducts—to sequester Al. Unlike Al³ ⁺, Fe²⁺ penetrates taproots from the epidermis inward. It first triggers cortical oxidative stress, and subsequently drives the biosynthesis of a unique suberized defensive ring in the mid-cortex. We further established a ligand-specific alleviation strategy: boric acid reinforced the pectin-based barrier against Al³ ⁺, while salicylic acid primed the suberized ring formation against Fe²⁺, both surpassing mere antioxidant effects. These defense mechanisms were also observed in other medicinal plants (Platycodon grandiflorum and Polygonatum sibiricum). Our findings elucidate a metal-specific plant adaptation principle and propose a precision phytoprotection framework, leveraging plant innate architectures for sustainable agriculture, particularly for high-value medicinal crops in acidified, metal-contaminated soils.

BACKGROUND:Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) exerts immunomodulatory effects partly mediated by its polysaccharides and interactions with gut microbiota. However, due to the structural complexity of ginseng polysaccharides, knowledge of their oral fate and direct microbiota interactions remains limited. PURPOSE:This study aims to elucidate the oral fate of neutral and acidic polysaccharides in ginseng, analyze core gut microbiota genera and their immunomodulatory effects mechanisms. METHODS:Structural analysis was conducted on neutral and acidic polysaccharides from ginseng. Thereafter, in vitro digestion and fermentation were performed, with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling. The results were validated in conventional and pseudo‑germ-free immunosuppressed mouse models, and the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the core gut microbiota were investigated. RESULTS:The in vivo and in vitro findings indicated that neutral and acidic polysaccharides exhibit different digestive properties and gut microbiota degradation patterns, differ in short-chain fatty acid production tendencies, bind to GPR-41/43 receptors, upregulate MAPK-p38 phosphorylation, and promote proliferation of intestinal immune cells. CONCLUSION:This work systematically elucidated the digestive characteristics of ginseng polysaccharides and laid the groundwork for future studies on the specificity and structure-function relationships of plant-derived polysaccharides.

Objective Pancreatic cancer (PC) is highly lethal and resistant to current therapies, underscoring the need for novel strategies that target regulated cell death. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-PC efficacy of total secondary saponins (TSS) from Anemone raddeana and elucidate the mechanism by which TSS induces pyroptosis. Methods TSS components were characterized by mass spectrometry. Anti-tumor effects were assessed in vitro using human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells) and in vivo using xenograft mouse model. Integrated multi-omics analyses (network pharmacology, proteomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics) identified core components, targets, and pathways. Key findings were validated by molecular docking, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. Results Mass spectrometry identified 17 C-3 monosaccharide triterpenoid saponins in TSS. Both in vitro and in vivo models confirmed that TSS can significantly inhibit PC cell proliferation by inducing pyroptosis through the Caspase-3/gasdermin E (GSDME) pathway. Multi-omics highlighted hederacolchiside A1 as a core compound and revealed its regulation of inflammation, proliferation, and oxidative stress through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Molecular docking and Western blotting analysis confirmed activation of downstream pyroptosis mechanisms. Conclusion This study demonstrates that TSS suppresses PC progression by regulating Caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis through modulation of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways, supporting its potential as a novel therapeutic candidate for PC.

Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma (CRR) has a long history of medicinal use, yet the quality of its commercial products has increasingly deteriorated with the expansion of cultivation. Therefore, a comprehensive quality evaluation strategy was proposed to improve its quality control. In this study, 75 metabolites were identified in commercial CRR by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, with triterpenoid saponins as the major constituents. Accordingly, a simple HPLC-DAD method using acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid as the mobile phase and detection at 210 nm and 330 nm was developed to establish fingerprints of 19 batches of CRR from different origins and to quantify five characteristic components. Chemometric analysis combined with network pharmacology prediction and spectrum-effect relationship analysis identified Clematichinenoside AR, Clematomandshurica saponin B, and Clemomandshuricoside B as key anti-inflammatory constituents of CRR. The developed quality evaluation strategy was further applied to assess the optimal origin, production region, harvest time, and post-harvest processing conditions of CRR. Results showed that CRR derived from Clematis terniflora var. manshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi (CTMO) exhibited superior quality, primarily due to the higher levels of key anti-inflammatory saponins (Clematichinenoside AR, Clematomandshurica saponin B, and Clemomandshuricoside B), particularly those from northeastern China. Late August was identified as the optimal harvest time for CTMO, and three-year-old plants showed the highest quality. Among several processing methods, oven-drying was considered the most suitable method for large-scale production, with 60 °C as the optimal processing temperature. These findings provide a practical strategy for stabilizing and improving the quality of CRR.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Rhubarb, a traditional Chinese medicine with potent purgative effects, is commonly used in treating acute pancreatitis in China. Rhein is one of the main active components of total anthraquinones in Rhubarb and has been reported to exert protective effects on pancreatitis. However, there is a potential risk of liver toxicity when Rhein is not used properly. AIM OF THE STUDY:To investigate the effects of rhein on pancreatitis and related liver injury and the key roles of macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Acute pancreatitis was induced by continuous intraperitoneal injection of caerulein. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate the histopathological characteristics. The macrophages were cleared by intraperitoneal injection of clodronate liposomes (CL). The secretions of various cytokines were detected by protein microarray or ELISA. Normal mouse hepatocytes (AML12) were stimulated by macrophage conditioned medium (CM) or single cytokine such as TNFα and GM-CSF, and the cell viability of AML12 was measured by MTT method. RESULTS:Rhein (30 mg/kg, ig) attenuates acute pancreatitis via suppressing excessive inflammation. The effect of Rhein decreased with prolonged use, which was characterized by the increase/no change of amylase and pro-inflammatory factors. Meanwhile, prolonged use induced the increase of serum AST, LDH and liver TNFα, accompanied by the increased amount of liver macrophage. After the macrophages were cleared by CL, Rhein-induced liver injury of AP mice was gone. Rhein induces the activation of macrophages in vitro and increases the secretion of TNFα, which indirectly leads to hepatocyte injury. CONCLUSION:Rhein in appropriate doses has a protective effect on the pancreas, but prolonged use reduces the efficacy and risks liver injury. TNFα may be a marker of rhein-induced injury. This study provided preliminary experimental support for the clinical rational drug use and toxicity monitoring of rhubarb or anthraquinones in clinical use.

A series of C21 steroidal glycosides were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Vincetoxicum atratum (Bunge) C. Morren et Decne., including a new compound, cynatroside B2 (1), and seven known compounds (2-8). Their structures were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectral data. The isolated steroids were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Compound 1 displayed a significant inhibitory effect on NO, TNF-α and IL-1β.

Influenza vaccines, which are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), are the most effective preventive measure against influenza virus infection. Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture is an emerging technology used to produce influenza vaccines. One challenge when purifying influenza vaccines using this cell culture system is to efficiently remove impurities, especially host cell double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and host cell proteins (HCPs), for safety assurance. In this study, we optimized ion-exchange chromatography methods to harvest influenza viruses from an MDCK cell culture broth, the first step in influenza vaccine purification. Bind/elute was chosen as the mode of operation for simplicity. The anion-exchange Q chromatography method was able to efficiently remove dsDNA and HCPs, but the recovery rate for influenza viruses was low. However, the cation-exchange SP process was able to simultaneously achieve high dsDNA and HCP removal and high influenza virus recovery. For the SP process to work, the clarified cell culture broth needed to be diluted to reduce its ionic strength, and the optimal dilution rate was determined to be 1:2 with purified water. The SP process yielded a virus recovery rate exceeding 90%, as measured using a hemagglutination units (HAUs) assay, with removal efficiencies over 97% for HCPs and over 99% for dsDNA. Furthermore, the general applicability of the SP chromatography method was demonstrated with seven strains of influenza viruses recommended for seasonal influenza vaccine production, including H1N1, H3N2, B (Victoria), and B (Yamagata) strains, indicating that the SP process could be utilized as a platform process. The SP process developed in this study showed four advantages: (1) simple operation, (2) a high recovery rate for influenza viruses, (3) a high removal rate for major impurities, and (4) general applicability.

Red-skin roots are a common disease symptom in cultivation of Panax ginseng, which strongly affects its quality and production. Differences in polysaccharides between red-skin and healthy ginseng were examined for the first time to elucidate their function as resistance to disease and explore their potential as active ingredients. Fluorol Yellow 088 and ruthenium red staining revealed changes in the distribution and composition of ginseng polysaccharides during defense against red-skin disease. Acid pectin content was observed to increase significantly in cell walls of the diseased epidermal tissue. Furthermore, targeted extraction approaches were used to obtain water-solution polysaccharides (WPS) and pectic polysaccharides (PP) which marked different characteristics with the health group. WPS from red-skin roots exhibited novel pectic characteristics, consisting of 32.25% GalA which is 10 times more than the healthy sample, accompanied by a sharp decrease in starch content (approximately 50%). Another study on the adsorption and gel properties of PP indicated that it played an important role in disease resistance by reducing metal toxicity and increasing the strength of the cell wall. For further analysis of the abnormal pectic composition, DEAE-52 purification was used and various pectic fractions (WPS-1,2,3) consisting of the RG-Ⅰ pectic domain were obtained. The analysis of antioxidant and immunoactivity was performed to explore the effect of characteristic changes on biological activities. Higher radical scavenging ratios of DPPH and ABTS indicated that red-skin fractions had stronger antioxidant activities. Stronger promotion effect on Raw264.7 secretion of TNF-α and IL-1α represented the higher immunological activities. Therefore, the red-skin ginseng polysaccharides could be utilized in the pharmaceutical industry to compensate for the value loss caused by red-skin roots.

Sheng-ma is recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica and mainly originates from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim. (CD), Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom. and Cimicifuga foetida L. The alcoholic extract of Cimicifuga foetida L. (Brand name: Ximingting®) has been approved for the treatment of perimenopausal symptoms accompanying hot flash, depression and anxiety in China. However, there's no further study about the antidepressant-like effects of C. dahurica (CD). The aim of this study is to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of CD extracted by 75% ethanol and its possible mechanisms.The neuro-protective effects of CD on injured PC12 cells induced by corticosterone was measured firstly. Then, forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), reserpine-induced hypothermia, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induced head twitch response in mice and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on sucrose preference tests were executed. Moreover, the potential mechanisms were explored by measuring levels of monoamine neurotransmitter in mice frontal cortex and hippocampus, testing monoamine oxidase enzyme A (MAO-A) activities in the brains of CUMS-exposed mice. Results showed that CD (60, 120 mg/kg) can significantly decreased the immobility period in FST and TST in mice without affecting locomotor activity. CD (30 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg) could significantly counteracted reserpine-induced hypothermia and increased the number of head-twitches in 5-HTP induced head twitch response. It was also found that the monoamine neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were significantly increased in 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg CD treated mice. In addition, CD (60 and 120 mg/kg) significantly inhibited MAO-A after 6-week CUMS exposure. CD can effectively produce an antidepressant-like effect, which involved with modulation of monoamine regulatory pathways.

Continuous cropping of the important achlorophyllous medicinal orchid Gastrodia elata Blume causes an imbalance in soil microecology leading to soil-borne diseases. However, the impacts on different land covers remain largely unknown. Hence, this study aimed to investigate changes in the soil nutrient composition and the global microbial community structure in rhizospheres of G. elata cultivated on a barren slope (HPGJ) and under a forest (LXT) using integrated shotgun metagenomics and an analysis of soil chemical properties. High-throughput sequencing revealed an increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Mucoromycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota, which drive N- and C-cycling genes in HPGJ and LXT. Notably, the fungal community was significantly improved in the HPGJ (from 0.17% to 23.61%) compared to the LXT (from 0.2% to 2.04%). Consequently, mineral cycling was enhanced in the HPGJ, resulting in a more improved soil nutrient composition than in the LXT. The soil chemical properties analysis unveiled a significant increase in the contents of the total nitrogen, NO3−-N, organic matter, total carbon, organic carbon, total sulfur, and total phosphorus in the HPGJ, while no changes were recorded in the LXT. It was noteworthy that the abundance of pathogenic microorganisms increased significantly in the HPGJ compared to the LXT. Our results provide supporting data to optimize G. elata cultivation on slopes.

The functional alterations of proteins and nucleic acids mainly rely on their modifications. ADP-ribosylation is a NAD+-dependent modification of proteins and, in some cases, of nucleic acids. This modification is broadly categorized as Mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation (MARylation) or poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation). MARylation catalyzed by mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferases (MARTs) is more common in cells and the number of MARTs is much larger than poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferases. Unlike PARylation is well-characterized, research on MARylation is at the starting stage. However, growing evidence demonstrate the cellular functions of MARylation, supporting its potential roles in human health and diseases. In this review, we outlined MARylation-associated proteins including MARTs, the ADP-ribosyl hydrolyses and ADP-ribose binding domains. We summarized up-to-date findings about MARylation onto newly identified substrates including protein, DNA and RNA, and focused on the functions of these reactions in pathophysiological conditions as well as speculated the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, new strategies of MARylation detection and the current state of MARTs inhibitors were discussed. We also provided an outlook for future study, aiming to revealing the unknown biological properties of MARylation and its relevant mechanisms, and establish a novel therapeutic perspective in human diseases.

Aging, a complex biological process, plays key roles the development of multiple disorders referred as aging-related diseases involving cardiovascular diseases, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, lipid metabolism-related diseases. ADP-ribosylation is a reversible modification onto proteins and nucleic acids to alter their structures and/or functions. Growing evidence support the importance of ADP-ribosylation and ADP-ribosylation-associated enzymes in aging and age-related diseases. In this review, we summarized ADP-ribosylation-associated proteins including ADP-ribosyl transferases, the ADP-ribosyl hydrolyses and ADP-ribose binding domains. Furthermore, we outlined the latest knowledge about regulation of ADP-ribosylation in the pathogenesis and progression of main aging-related diseases, organism aging and cellular senescence, and we also speculated the underlying mechanisms to better disclose this novel molecular network. Moreover, we discussed current issues and provided an outlook for future research, aiming to revealing the unknown bio-properties of ADP-ribosylation, and establishing a novel therapeutic perspective in aging-related diseases and health aging via targeting ADP-ribosylation.

A glycoprotein (MGP2) from mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) was purified by Tris-HCl extraction followed by DEAE-52 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The approximate molecular weight (27.0 kDa) and monomeric nature were determined by reduced and non-reduced SDS-PAGE. The structure of MGP2 was characterized by a practical and reliable "protein-polysaccharide analyzed by spectroscopy combined with chemical analysis" strategy. The results showed that MGP2 belonged to Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) which contained high amount of Glc (35.1 %). The hemagglutination test concluded that MGP2 was not a lectin. In addition, the MGP2 exhibited antioxidant activity by scavenging radical capacity tests and the ability to protect human erythrocytes and RAW264.7 cells from oxidative damage induced by AAPH. Therefore, these results suggested that glycoprotein MGP2 could be used as a natural antioxidant in drug and food industry.

【Objective】Cold acclimation is an important physiological process for plants to increase cold resistance. The individual impact on the grape cold resistance from gene heredity and cultivation practice is quite stable, while the cold resistance of grape gained from cold acclimation in winter chang-es as the weather condition naturally varies with different years or places. Study on the responsive pro-cess of natural grape cold acclimation to low temperature and photoperiod is of great significance to re-veal the formation process and physiological mechanism of grape cold resistance. It needs to build the relationship model between the cold resistance of grape and low temperature in order to analyze the low temperature indices for cold acclimation of grape.【Methods】In this paper, the annual ripe grape canes of Cabernet Sauvignon and Beihong at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain were taken and used as testmaterials to measure the physiological and biochemical response indicators, such as supercooling point, freezing point, soluble sugar, soluble protein, conductivity, Ca2+, sucrose, ABA, etc. Thereafter, the ef-fect of natural cold acclimation on grape cold resistance was quantitatively evaluated by analyzing the response process of physiological and biochemical parameters to low temperature with the methods of variance analysis, t test and numerical simulation. The supercooling point and the freezing point were measured in the experimental frost box of SDX-20, in which the temperature sensors were fixed on the canes and data were taken once every 10 seconds. The supercooling point and the freezing point were determined according to the heat releasing process of tested canes. The dropping process of temperature was set as referring to the natural process with a decreasing rate of 3.0℃· h-1 from the room tempera-ture to-25℃. Conductivity was measured with DDSJ-308F conductivity meter firstly and then it was put in the boiling water for 30 minutes after it was sealed with glass stopper. After it cooled down to room temperature, the conductivity was measure again under the condition where it kept still after it was shaken slightly. The water content in canes was measured with the heating and weighing method. Ca2+ content was measured by following the microwave digestion method. Cane sucrose content was measured with the method of resorcinol colorimetry. The ABA concentration was measured with ABA test toolkit.【Results】The results showed that:(1) The lowest temperature was the dominant factor in the cold acclimation process;Under the low temperature condition, grapes could reduce the water con-tent in canes, increase Ca2+content, and improve the osmotic regulation ability of the canes;Under the low temperature condition, grapes could also improve the cold resistance by increasing the sucrose con-tent in canes. There was a significantly positive correlation between ABA content in canes and sunlight duration (photoperiod), but not closely related to the low temperature. Precipitation (irrigation) also played a significant role in the cold resistance of grape canes so that it reduced cold resistance of grape canes. (2) The indictor of cold resistance, which was calculated from the absolute difference value of maximum and minimum supercooling point values, showed that the cold resistance of Beihong canes was stronger than that of Cabernet Sauvignon. However, there was no significant difference in cold re-sistance for the physiological indicators between Cabernet Sauvignon and Beihong varieties in the same year, like supercooling points, conductivity and cane water content. There were significant differences in the supercooling point and the conductivity of Cabernet Sauvignon between different years, and there was a significant difference in the supercooling point of Beihong but there were no significant differenc-es for other indicators, like conductivity and cane water content. (3) The grape cold acclimation was gradually accumulated, and the grape cold resistance increased as the cold acclimation temperature dropped. There was a typical nonlinear logistic relationship between the grape cold resistance and the low temperature. When the temperature was lower than 18.0℃, grapes triggered the cold acclimation process. The cold resistance increased with the decrease of temperature. When the temperature was low-er than 12.0 ℃, the grape cold resistance increased rapidly. When the temperature was lower than 3.0 ℃, the increase of the cold resistance of grape canes slowed down, and the grape cold resistance reached the strongest before grapes were buried in the soil.【Conclusion】It was very complex physio-logical process of cold acclimation of grape as the intensity of cold acclimation was determined jointly by indicators, like grape gene heredity, photoperiod, low temperature, precipitation or irrigation and oth-er environmental factors. The low temperature was a major determinate factor in the cold acclimation of grape. With the decrease of temperature at the beginning of autumn, the cold resistance of grape canes increased logistically rather than linearly and this process was evolving gradually and cumulatively. Sunshine was the secondary factor to play a role in the process of grape cold acclimation by inducing ABA generation. It seemed that temperature and sunshine independently played roles in the process of grape cold acclimation.

Ginseng is usually considered as a functional food and herbal medicine, and it has anti-fatigue activity, which is of great attention and expectation. Based on the comparison of Mountain Cultivated Ginseng (MCG) with Cultivated Ginseng (CG), this study aimed to explore the material basis and mechanism of Ginseng in anti-fatigue effects. The results showed that the Mountain Cultivated Ginseng acidic polysaccharides (MCGAPs) had obvious advantages, which significantly prolonged the fatigue tolerance time, alleviated the accumulation of BLA, LDH, BUN and MDA, increased the activities of SOD, CAT and CK, regulated glycolysis and alleviated muscle fiber contraction. It also significantly upregulated the expression of AMPK axis related proteins in mice muscle. Preliminary results exhibited the anti-fatigue effect of MCG was significantly better than CG, which was mainly due to the difference of acidic polysaccharide. The findings supported the potential of MCGAPs to be used as a functional ingredient for anti-fatigue.

This paper takes the judgments between 2011 and 2020 on disputes on the right of new plant varieties from China Judgments Online as the object of research and uses LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) subject model algorithm to analyze the causes and content of these infringement disputes with keyword extraction. With the help of LDA, it finds that China’s disputes over the right of new plant varieties are mainly concentrated in four aspects: the lack of consistent standards for the identification of "new varieties"; the difficulty in responsibility division between the stakeholders involved; the ambiguity in the identification of "propagating materials" and unclear causes of exemption system.

贺兰山东麓地区受季风和大陆性气候影响,冬季寒冷干燥,低温持续时间长,酿酒葡萄越冬冻害频繁发生,严重制约葡萄与葡萄酒产业的可持续发展.文中对贺兰山东麓产区主栽的4个酿酒葡萄品种枝条进行抗寒性鉴定,旨在对酿酒葡萄抗寒育种、优良品种推广提供理论依据.文中以'北红''威代尔''西拉''赤霞珠'一年生枝条为试验材料,以4℃下保存的样本为对照,模拟自然冷冻降温过程,设置-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃五个低温处理梯度,对各处理中枝条的保护酶活性、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、枝条萌芽率以及相对电导率、LT50进行测定及计算,运用相关性分析与隶属函数法对不同品种酿酒葡萄抗寒性进行综合评价.结果 表明:'北红''威代尔''赤霞珠''西拉'4种酿酒葡萄枝条半致死温度分别为-29.57℃、-27.26℃、-23.99℃、-14.10℃.相关分析结果表明,相对电导率、CAT活性、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量与抗寒性呈负相关关系,枝条萌芽率、SOD、POD活性与抗寒性呈正相关关系.恢复生长法、LT50可作为判断酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒性强弱的单项指标.4种酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒性强弱顺序为'北红''威代尔''赤霞珠''西拉'.

冻害是中国北方地区的主要气象灾害之一,严重影响着西北内陆埋土防寒区酿酒葡萄生长、发育、产量和品质形成.根颈部位于地上部和地下部的交界处,处于土壤和大气交界处,是营养与水分交流必经的通道.根颈部分在生长发育期间所受环境温度变化剧烈,对环境条件的变化较为敏感.本研究以宁夏贺兰山东麓主栽的酿酒葡萄品种'赤霞珠'的根颈、一级侧根、二级侧根和须根为试材,并按形态学将各供试部位均分为上、中、下部进行抗寒性测定.模拟自然低温冷冻过程,测定其过冷却点、结冰点、相对电导率和根系含水率,并应用模糊隶属函数法和聚类分析综合评价酿酒葡萄根颈部和不同根系部位的抗寒能力.结果 表明:供试材料不同部位间的抗寒能力有显著差异,根颈整体抗寒性最强,一级侧根上部抗寒能力强于二级侧根上部,一级侧根中部和下部与二级侧根对应部位的抗寒性相近而须根整体抗寒性最弱;根颈、一级侧根、二级侧根和须根基本表现为上部的抗寒能力最强,中部次之,而下部最弱;对供试根系聚类分析结果可分为三类,分别为抗寒性强的一级侧根上部和一级侧根中部,抗寒性居中的一级侧根下部、二级侧根上部、二级侧根中部、须根上部和须根中部,以及抗寒性弱的须根下部.研究结果对于酿酒葡萄根颈和根系越冬冻害监测、预警和防御能力具有重要意义.

葡萄越冬冻害是制约葡萄产业发展的障碍性因素之一,近年来国内外的研究表明,不同葡萄品种抗寒性差异很大,砧木嫁接可显著改善葡萄抗寒性;葡萄不同部位的抗寒力有明显差别,表现为枝条>芽眼>根系;低湿度日数与葡萄枝条死亡率的相关性最大,受冻后失水是树体死亡的直接原因;最主要的越冬防寒方式是埋土,研究者对不埋土越冬做了很多技术探索;通过可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、组织含水量、相对电导率等指标可衡量葡萄枝条和根系的抗寒力.通过品种选育提高葡萄抗寒性、通过沟栽等栽培技术的改进保护根系免受冻害、通过选择保温又保湿的特殊材料覆盖是预防葡萄越冬冻害的有效途径.

[目的]研究‘马瑟兰’葡萄在不同采收期果实成分的变化,探索该品种在宁夏贺兰山东麓产区的最佳采收期.[方法]测定葡萄浆果的可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、pH、可溶性固形物含量、总酚、单宁及花青素含量,运用聚类分析法和主成分分析法对葡萄浆果成分指标进行综合评价,以确定宁夏贺兰山东麓地区‘马瑟兰’葡萄的最佳采收期.[结果]2018年度宁夏贺兰山东麓产区‘马瑟兰’葡萄在9月10日至9月20日之间得分函数的分值大于零,其中9月13日的得分函数分值为最大值,达到了2.173.通过测定上述指标,结合聚类分析和主成分分析,可以实现对酿酒葡萄采收期较为客观、全面的判断.[结论]2018年度‘马瑟兰’葡萄的适宜采收时间段为9月10日至9月20日,其中9月13日为该地区‘马瑟兰’葡萄的最佳采收期.