Nitrate stock in the vadose zone controls the timing and magnitude of its transfer from soils to groundwater and surface waters, thus acting as a key regulator of the global N cycle. This study evaluated how land-use conversion from natural vegetation to intensive cotton and jujube cultivation affected N surplus and nitrate dynamics in the vadose zone, surface water, and groundwater in the upper Tarim River. We established field-scale N balances by quantifying inputs and outputs. Concurrently, soil samples were collected from 108 representative plots (including 76 cotton fields, 27 jujube fields, and 5 natural vegetation areas), together with 105 surface water samples from the watershed and 98 groundwater samples. The annual N surpluses reached 270 kg N ha⁻¹ for cotton and 355 kg N ha⁻¹ for jujube, leading to corresponding annual nitrate accumulation rates of 174 and 240 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 0–200 cm soil profile. Despite a thick vadose zone that buffers the transfer of N from soils to groundwater, 14.0

Although green space is a potential solution for growing carbon emissions in transportation sector, mobile-source CO2 (MS-CO2) neutrality-oriented layouts and planting configuration for urban green spaces remains a challenge. We propose to develop a MS-CO2 Mitigation Framework that innovatively combines a range of computational mechanisms and techniques for CO2 emission, dispersion, and absorption. We found MS-CO2 dispersion and absorption were disproportionate with the increase of emission intensity related to traffic volume and speed of expressway, arterial, or minor roads in Xi’an China. The green spaces in the existing layout offered MS-CO2 absorption efficiency ranged from 30.71% to 88.63%, and the retrofitting schemes, through adjusting spatial layout and introducing species with high CO2 absorption rate, improved it by 1.15% to 34.72%. It is possible to achieve neutralization of traffic carbon emissions for lower emission intensity through green space retrofitting, otherwise, additional non-vegetation-based measures are needed for improvement of CO2 sequestration.

Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and possess cytotoxic properties that cause extensive cellular damage. Mycotoxins pose a significant threat to the harvesting and storage of crops as well as potential carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic risks to humans. Currently, 400 mycotoxins have been identified and are threatening the safety of food, especially agricultural products. Therefore, it is important to develop timely, rapid, and accurate methods for the detection of mycotoxins to effectively monitor and assess risks in agricultural products. This review extensively introduces various advanced detection methods toward five common mycotoxins from 2016 to the present, including optical, chromatographic, electrochemical, and some combination methods. Most of the listed methods have good sensitivity, selectivity, and potential for application in various matrices. In particular, numerous reports have focused on the development of advanced sensing technologies for detecting mycotoxins. Sensors based on electrochemical and optical technologies can improve mycotoxin detection by designing novel materials and sensing mechanisms. With the further development of technology, the development of more effective, efficient, convenient, and environmentally friendly sensors and the use of artificial intelligence for data computation can further protect public health and ensure food safety.

Soil degradation in greenhouse vegetable production systems due to salinisation and soil-borne diseases can be mitigated by chemical soil disinfestation (CSD). However, the comprehensive effects of CSD on soil salinisation and the presence of potential pathogens are not well realised. Therefore, the efficacy of CSD in controlling salinisation and soil-borne diseases was studied in a 3 -year field experiment with tomato and melon/pepper in rotation. Treatments comprising (i) nil N (CK); (ii) conventional irrigation and fertiliser (CN); (iii) reduced synthetic N fertilisation (RN); (iv) RN with 3,4-dimethypyrazole phosphate (DMPP) (RN + DMPP); (v) a combination of manure and synthetic fertiliser (MN) and (vi) MN with straw (MNS) were applied to soils, and electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate leaching and potential pathogens were measured. Soil EC significantly decreased in 0-20 cm depth but increased in 40-200 cm depth after CSD. CSD treatment significantly accelerated nitrate leaching from 0-100 cm to 100-200 cm soil depth. Nitrate leaching from CN treatment was higher than other treatments. CSD significantly changed microbial diversity, increased network complexity and significantly decreased potential pathogens. The partial least squares path model showed that potential pathogens were positively correlated with alpha diversity and negatively correlated with community structure and network complexity. The relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacillus and Deinococcus significantly increased after CSD treatment, whereas decreases in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria members were observed, which is associated with potential pathogen suppression. In conclusion, CSD mitigates topsoil salinisation by promoting nitrate leaching and simultaneously significantly decreasing potential pathogens by altering microbial diversity and composition and increasing network complexity.

Global climate change has precipitated a surge in urban flooding challenges, prompting the imperative role of green infrastructure (GI) as the linchpin of sponge city construction to enhance urban sustainability and resilience. But the evaluation of urban stormwater resilience faces challenges due to the lack of a comprehensive evaluation framework taking the intrinsic features of the resilience system into account and the insufficient coverage of alternative scenarios’ performance under multiple rainfall return periods. This study, focusing on Fengxi New City, China, evaluates the suitability of GI (i.e., green roofs, rain gardens, and permeable pavements) and constructs a stormwater management model (SWMM) for urban stormwater hydrological simulation. This study also establishes a comprehensive urban stormwater resilience evaluation system and uses quantitative methods to unify the performances of scenarios under different rainfall return periods. Our analytical findings elucidate that the suitability of GI is predominantly concentrated in the northern and western areas of the study area, with the smallest suitable area observed for permeable pavements. Divergent GIs exhibit disparate performances, with rain gardens emerging as particularly efficacious. Importantly, the combination of multiple GIs yields a synergistic enhancement in resilience, underscoring the strategic advantage of adopting a diverse and integrated approach to GI implementation. This study facilitates a deeper understanding of urban stormwater resilience and assists in informed planning decisions for GI and sponge cities.

Intensive greenhouse vegetable production is considered a major source of greenhouse gas emissions and ammonia volatilization in China because the overuse of nitrogen (N) fertilizers is extremely common. Therefore, the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3) from five different fertilizer treatments (conventional practice (CN) and four reduced N rate treatments (synthetic fertilizer, combined without (RN1) or with a nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethypyrazole phosphate, DMPP) (RN1 +DMPP), and a mixed application of synthetic and organic fertilizers, combined without (RN2) or with straw (RN2 +S))) were determined during a tomato and melon rotation. The results showed that the CN treatment had high total emissions of N2O (9.81 +/- 0.81 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) and CO2 (6.43 +/- 0.75 kg C ha(-1) season(-1)), which were 2.1-6.5 times and 1.2-1.91 times greater than those of other reduced N treatments, respectively. The annual direct N2O emission factor of the CN treatment was 0.94 %, which was higher than that of the reducing N treatments. The RN1, RN2 and RN2 +S treatments significantly (p < 0.05) decreased NH3 volatilization. The RN1 +DMPP treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased NH3 volatilization in comparison with the RN1 treatment; however, it reduced the net global warming potentials (GWP) due to decreasing both N2O and CO2 emissions. Reducing the N application rate did not compromise vegetable yields in comparison with the CN treatment, but it significantly decreased the yield-scaled N2O emissions (p < 0.05). The combination of synthetic fertilizer and manure significantly (p < 0.05) increased N2O emissions relative to synthetic fertilizer alone. Compared to the other treatments, the RN1 +DMPP treatment significantly reduced the net GWP. Therefore, RN1 +DMPP is a better practice to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and simultaneously maintain crop yield in intensive vegetable production.

我国是一个农业大国,农业农村领域的减排增汇对实现我国"双碳"目标具有重要的战略意义.以四川省遂宁市安居区海龙村为研究对象,针对村域种植业、养殖业、农村能源生产和消费以及农村人居环境等现状特点,通过碳汇核算等模块化设置,探讨农业农村减排增汇途径.海龙村具有典型的西南丘陵村落特征,农业农村生产生活活动形式单一.碳排放实体构成及碳排放路径清晰,农业农村生产生活活动是村域碳排放的主要来源,工业化排放实体较少,净碳排放水平较低.通过对村域各生态模块中排放实体的系统管理与减排技术的耦合嵌入可在提升村域生产生活效能的同时显著降低村域碳排放总量,实现低碳乡村建设目标.初步形成了针对农业农村生产生活特点的减排增汇实施路径,可为推动中国农业农村领域"双碳"目标的实现提供技术蓝本.

As a major measure to handle livestock manure, digestate is the by-product during biogas production in anaerobic fermentation. Digestate can be returned to cropland as a replacement for chemical fertilizer regarding its cost-effectiveness and rich nutrient content. However, the optimal rates of digestate to substitute chemical fertilizer have not been validated academically. A field study on nine treatments of no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, and digestate at different rates was conducted to investigate the effects of substituting chemical fertilizer with digestate. The results revealed that replacing chemical fertilizer with liquid digestate did not significantly affect the rice growth regarding the maximum number of seedlings, plant height, tiller numbers, spikelets numbers, ear length, the number of grains per spike, and grain yields. However, improvements were found in the maximum number of seedlings, plant height, tiller number spikelet numbers, the area of the second and third backward leaves, grain yields, and quality when liquid and solid digestate were combined. Furthermore, taking the nutrient inputs, rice growth, grain yield, and quality into consideration, applying liquid digestate of 150 t ha−1 and 75 t ha−1 of liquid combined with 15 t ha−1 solid digestate was suggested for rice production at the study venue.

日光温室氮素投入量高,氨挥发损失是值得关注的问题之一.但目前对温室系统氨挥发排放测定多以土面氨挥发为主,而日光温室是一种半封闭式种植系统,由土面挥发出的部分NH3会被植物冠层吸收或溶解于棚膜水中回流于土壤,因此土面氨挥发难以准确反映日光温室排放到大气中氨的量,从而难以准确估计日光温室栽培系统NH3的实际排放量.为此,采用间歇式密闭室通气法连续测定了三季作物(番茄、西瓜、番茄)生长期间不同施肥处理(包括:不施氮+常规灌溉(N0+FI)、常规施氮+常规灌溉(FT+FI)、优化施氮+常规灌溉(OPT+OI)及优化施氮+优化灌溉(OPT+OI)4个处理)土面氨挥发损失量;同时连续两季采用风量罩测定通风口处气体流量,采用抽气法对通风口处氨浓度进行连续监测,以估算监测整棚(通风口处)氨挥发损失速率及损失量.结果表明,温室施肥后当天土面氨挥发速率出现峰值,7 d后施肥与未施肥对照无显著差异,三季种植期间各施氮处理其氨挥发排放量分别为N 2.82～4.97、6.59～9.97和15.77～21.83 kg·hm–2,相应的氨挥发系数分别为0.64％～1.50％、3.11％～4.21％和2.59％～3.90％;整棚氨挥发速率趋势与土面氨挥发基本一致,整棚氨挥发量第二季及第三季分别为N 2.22、2.92 kg·hm–2,仅占土面表氨挥发的13.38％～33.69％,氨挥发系数仅为0.46％～1.48％,显著低于土面氨挥发量.可见若以土面氨挥发来估算日光温室氨挥发会显著高估了我国日光温室系统氨挥发损失量,建议采用整棚观测的方法估算日光温室体系氨排放损失.

Poultry manure, which contains abundant water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), is commonly applied in plastic greenhouse vegetable production. There is little research on whether WSOM stimulates nitrous oxide (N2O) emission after poultry manure application. A 30 day incubation experiment and a field experiment are conducted to investigate the response of the N2O flux after poultry manure or WSOM inputs. The cumulative N2O emissions from soil amended with WSOM in the incubation experiment are two to four times than those from unamended soil. Similarly, in the field experiment, the N2O emissions significantly increased by 225% (to 1.13 kg N ha(-1)) after poultry manure and irrigation application compared to a control during summer fallow season, accounting for approximate to 20% of the annual N2O emissions from plastic greenhouse vegetable production. In conclusion, WSOM in poultry manure increases N2O emissions from plastic greenhouse soil during its initial application; moreover, N2O emissions during summer fallow season should be included in the N2O emission inventory of plastic greenhouse vegetable production. Measures for controlling N2O emissions such as avoiding nitrate accumulation and improving water and poultry manure management should be adopted in plastic greenhouse vegetable production.

Excessive application of N fertilizers in orchards and vegetable fields (OVFs) in China is particularly common. ● Long-term excessive application of N fertilizers has made OVFs hotspots for N surplus and loss in China. ● Nitrate accumulation in the soil profile is the main fate of N fertilizers in OVF systems. ● Reducing the N surplus is the most effective way to reduce N loss and increase NUE. China is the largest producer and consumer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Although the annual planting areas of orchards and vegetable fields (OVF) account for 20% of total croplands, they consume more than 30% of the mineral nitrogen fertilizers in China and have become hotspots of reactive N emissions. Excess N fertilization has not only reduced the N use efficiency (NUE) and quality of grown fruits and vegetables but has also led to soil acidification, biodiversity loss and climate change. Studies using 15N labeling analysis showed that the recovery rate of N fertilizer in OVFs was only 16.6%, and a high proportion of fertilizer N resided in soils (48.3%) or was lost to the environment (35.1%). Nitrate accumulation in the soil of OVFs is the main fate of N fertilizer in northern China, which threatens groundwater quality, while leaching and denitrification are the important N fates of N fertilizer in southern China. Therefore, taking different measures to reduce N loss and increase NUE based on the main pathways of N loss in the various regions is urgent, including rational N fertilization, substituting mineral N fertilizers with organic fertilizers, fertigation, and adding mineral N fertilizers with urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors.

A comprehensive understanding of the patterns and controlling factors of nitrate accumulation in intensive vegetable production is essential to solve this problem. For the first time, the national patterns and controlling factors of nitrate accumulation in soil of vegetable systems in China were analysed by compiling 1262 observations from 117 published articles. The results revealed that the nitrate accumulation at 0-100 cm, 100-200 cm, 200-300 cm, and >300 cm were 504, 390, 349, and 244 kg N ha(-1), with accumulation rates of 62, 54, 19, and 16 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) for plastic greenhouse vegetables (PG); for open field vegetables (OF), they were 264, 217, 228, and 242 kg N ha(-1) with accumulation rates of 26, 24, 18, and 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. Nitrate accumulation at 0-100 cm, 0-200 cm, and 0-400 cm accounted for 5%, 11%, and 17% of accumulated nitrogen (N) inputs for PG, and represented 4%, 9%, and 13% of accumulated N inputs for OF. Nitrogen input rates and soil pH had positive effects and soil organic carbon, water input rate, and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) had negative effects on nitrate accumulation in root zone (0-100 cm soil). Nitrate accumulation in deep vadose zone (>100 cm soil) was positively correlated with N and water input rates, and was negatively correlated with soil organic carbon, C/N, and the clay content. Thus, for a given vegetable soil with relatively stable soil pH and soil clay content, reducing N and water inputs, and increasing soil organic carbon and C/N are effective measures to control nitrate accumulation.

Over-application of fertilizers is very common in solar greenhouse vegetable production. Therefore, understanding nutrient balances and changes in soil is important for crop production and the environment. A five-year consecutive monitoring was conducted to investigate the nutrient balances and changes of soil properties, including soil organic matter (SOM), nutrient contents, pH and electrical conductivity (EC), in thirteen newly built solar greenhouses in the Loess Plateau. The average annual nutrient inputs from manure and mineral fertilizers were 1,871 kg N ha(-1), 1,616 kg P2O5 ha(-1), and 1,780 kg K2O ha(-1), with manure accounting for 60.7%, 55.1%, and 53.3% of the total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) input, respectively. The annual nutrient apparent balances were 1354 kg N ha(-1), 1492 kg P2O5 ha(-1) and 960 kg K2O ha(-1), respectively. Consequently, SOM and total N significantly increased in the 0-100 cm soil profile, with average annual rates of 0.84-3.76 g C kg(-1) and 0.06-0.22 g N kg(-1), respectively. Nitrate N in the 0-100 cm and 0-200 cm soil profiles were significantly increased, with annual average rates of 182 kg N ha(-1) and 225 kg N ha(-1), respectively. Olsen P and exchangeable K significantly increased, with average annual rates of 2.3-44.1 mg P kg(-1) and 10.4-63.2 mg K kg(-1) in the 0-80 cm and 0-40 cm soil profiles, respectively. The significantly positive linear relationships were found among apparent accumulated balances of N, P and K and soil total N, Olsen P and exchangeable K, respectively. The pH in 0-20 cm soil significantly reduced. However, the EC in 0-100 cm soil significantly increased. In conclusion, excessive nutrient balance surpluses result in rapid nutrient accumulations in soil of newly built greenhouses, and attention should be paid to its negative effects on the environment in near future.

Nitrate leaching is a main nitrogen (N) loss pathway in vegetable production. Although there are numerous mitigation practices that control nitrate leaching, an integrated assessment of these measures is lacking. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to integrate the assessment of strategies for controlling nitrate leaching from vegetable systems in China. The main strategies included improved N fertilizer management (INFM), reduced water management (RWM), comprehensive regulation of N fertilizer and water management (CFWM), and catch crops (CCs). Each mitigation measure decreased nitrate leaching significantly and did not reduce vegetable yields. CFWM reduced nitrate leaching the most at 41% on average, followed by CCs, RWM, and INFM (35%, 24%, and 22%, respectively). The nitrate leaching scaled yields (NLSY, defined as yield divided by the quantity of nitrate leaching) were significantly increased by 87%, 44%, 32%, and 27% for CFWM, CCs, INFM, and RWM, respectively. The efficacies of the strategies were dependent on soil properties. CFWM, INFM, and RWM were more effective in soils with low pH and coarse texture than in other soils. In conclusion, the risk of nitrate leaching from vegetable production systems is high, and INFM and CFWM are suggested to decrease nitrate leaching from vegetable production.

Edible landscape evolved from a single-function field.It combines production and artistic beauty, meets the life and spiritual needs of contemporary people.Taking Shanghai as the breakthrough point, this paper discussed the historical origin, construction materials and construction methods of edible landscape, compared them with domestic cases.Finally, the paper put forward some defects and suggestions of edible landscape development in Shanghai.

Overapplication of nutrients and water is common in intensive greenhouse systems. A 2-year experiment (2011–13) was conducted to study the effect of different nutrient and water treatments on the growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) and on soil nutrient accumulations in solar greenhouses in South Loess Plateau, China. The treatments included 1) current fertilizer and water practices (FW), 2) formula fertilizer and water 1 (FW1), 3) formula fertilizer and water 2 (FW2), and 4) farmer’s practice (FP). Compared with FW, FW1 and FW2 had yields not significantly different from grower control treatments; however, they saved 35% to 46% of the nitrogen (N) fertilizer, 40% to 54% of the phosphorus (P2O5) fertilizer, 19% to 35% of the potassium (K2O) fertilizer, and 15% to 21% of irrigation water. The economic profits of FW1 and FW2 were greater than those of the FW and FP treatments. The two formula treatments also reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) and the accumulation of nitrate, available P, and available K in soil. However, the soil nutrients are still above optimal levels. Obvious N surplus in the greenhouse was observed in different treatments, mainly because of high N input from manures. This study revealed there is great potential to reduce nutrient and water use while maintaining the same yield in a greenhouse system.

为有效提升居住环境质量,针对武威市主城区现状绿地系统结构分散、水系不通畅、树木种类单一、整体绿量偏少的情况,确立"水木绿洲"的规划理念,通过优化绿地空间结构,疏通水系带状格局,增加观赏树木,丰富绿化景观效果,规划形成"一心、四带、五区、多点"的景观系统结构,制定科学合理的绿地指标,体现文化和地方特色,保护和改善城市生态环境,优化城市人居环境,促进武威旅游与城市可持续发展.规划至2030年,武威主城区绿地率达到38％,人均公园绿地达到12.8 m2,达到国家生态园林城市标准.

The paper studied the fertilization status,vegetables types,yield and planting acreage of more than 10 new greenhouses located in the southern Loess Plateau of Yangling under 3-years constant surveillance,and determined the physical and chemical properties such as 0 ~ 100 cm soil conductivity,organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium and 0 ~ 200 cm mineral nitrogen both before planting and after harvest. The results showed that excessive fertilization existed from the earlier stage of planting in the new greenhouses,excessive organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer input leaded to a large surplus of nutrients,and the total amount of the apparent surplus of soil nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrient( in N,P2O5,K2O) in the first three years reached 3 784,4 097,2 727 kg / hm2,respectively, which also revealed the cause of the rapid nutrient accumulation in new greenhouse planting. During the first 3 years' planting,soil organic matter and total nitrogen increased linearly,the average annual increase were 4. 25 and 0. 25 g / kg separately,while the available phosphorus and potassium accumulated more significantly and reached up to a quite high level after 2 year'planting. With the increase of planting years,soil nitrate accumulated in a significant increase in soil profile,available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil below the plow layer also increased. It showed excessive fertilization existed from the earlier stage of the plantation in the new greenhouse,and the problem arisen was noteworthy.

【Objectives 】 Fertigation technology has a great potential to replace the traditional irrigation and fertilization methods in the protected cultivation in China. Soils,climate,and crops require different frequency of irrigation and fertilization. Therefore,effects of different water and nutrient treatments on soil moisture,nutrient uptake,yield and quality of autumn- winter tomato in Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi was studied. Our aim was to setup the optimum rates of irrigation and fertilization in solar greenhouses. 【Methods】The field trial included three treatments,the conventional treatment( CK) in which irrigation rate equaled to 100% evapotranspiration and average rates of fertilizers used by local farmers were applied( conventional fertilizer treatment),and reducing 20%and 40% of water and fertilizer rates in comparison with CK( S1 and S2). The fertilizers were added into the irrigation system with Venturi tube during the crop growth. Soil moisture in 0- 20 cm and 20- 50 cm layers was continuously monitored by an automatic tension meter system( Skye Data Hog2,UK). Soil water content was calculated with soil water characteristic curve. water surface evaporation was determined with the evaporating dish method( diameter 20 cm),and its relationship with loss of soil available water was analyzed. The nutrient absorption,yield, quality, irrigation utilization of autumn- winter tomato in different treatments were also determined. 【Results】1) The soil relative water contents are higher 75% in 0- 50 cm soil layer in all the treatments throughout the whole growing period of tomato,indicating soil water supply is adequate for tomato growth. The soil water contents in 0-20 cm and 20-50 cm soil layers in the conventional treatment reach or exceed the field capacity after irrigation,which indicates that water infiltrated below 50 cm soil layer and would result in nutrient leaching. Compared with CK,the soil relative water contents in the treatment of reducing 40% of water and fertilizer rates are mainly in optimum range from 75% to 85%. 3) When reducing the irrigation rate,the water loss from 0-50 cm soil layer is decreased,and the loss of effective storage water equals 65. 4% of the canopy water evaporation,and also equals to the irrigation amount in the S2 treatment. 3) There are not significant differences in nutrient absorption,yield and quality of tomato among the different treatments. However,the use efficiency of irrigation water is increased from 55. 1 kg / m3 in the conventional treatment to 83. 2 kg / m3 in the water and nutrient saving treatments. 【Conclusions】The optimum irrigation rate for the solar greenhouse in the study region is 65%of water surface evaporation. The appropriate irrigation quota for the autumn- winter tomato in solar greenhouse is1057 m3/ ha,the irrigation amounts in August,September,October,November and December are 168,169,132,105,and 50 m3/ ha,respectively,and the time intervals of irrigation in August,September,October,and November are 20-30 days,8-13 days,8-13 days,and 20-30 days,respectively and the irrigation in December is dependent on climate,either less rate or no irrigation. No irrigation is needed in January.

This paper surveyed the fertilizer application of tomato in 170 sunlight greenhouses located in Yangling,Shaanxi.The average application rate of organic manure in the greenhouses in the region was 142 t·hm-2.The ratios of N,P2O5 and K2O nutrients from organic manures accounted for 52%,48% and 44% of the total amount added into the greenhouses.The average application rates of N,P and K-fertilizers used in the greenhouses in the region were 690 kg·hm-2,720 kg·hm-2 and 759 kg·hm-2,respectively.Excessive fertilization,especially excessive application of P-fertilizer and K-fertilizer was a very severe problem.We suggest the farmers reduce the application rates of P and K-fertilizers properly during the tomato production in the greenhouse.