Methods of stereometric metallography of microstructure of steels and alloys have been considered. In addition to the accepted analysis results the parameters of the sample span, the single continuous length of the second phase, the analysis of changing in the sequential volume of the second phase are proposed. A method for visualizing the results in the form of polar diagrams was developed and presented. As an example, the studies were carried out on carbon steel 40 micro-grinders without etching. Defect-free samples and samples with dot and line inclusions were considered. The application results of the considered methods make possible to increase the accuracy of determining the directions of deformation effects, to determine the presence, size and volume of inclusions in alloys on the basis of an analyzed image.

The issue of the treatment of purulent-inflammatory conditions affecting the fingers is a significant one, given the high prevalence of such cases, with up to 1.5 million instances reported annually in our country. The results of surgical treatment are frequently unsatisfactory, particularly in regard to functional indices, even in cases of mild soft tissue injury. The primary determinant of successful whitlow treatment is adequate anaesthesia, which enables the performance of high-quality surgical wound treatment. OBJECTIVE:To conduct a comparative analysis of the efficacy of local anaesthetics (2% Novocain, 2% Lidocain and 2% solution of Artikain-Binergy) in conducting anaesthesia in accordance with the Oberst-Lukashevich technique for surgical treatment of patients with whitlow. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The retrospective observational study included 124 patients, of whom 83 (67%) were male and 41 (33%) were female, with an age range of 27 to 64 years. The patients were divided into three groups: the first group received 2% Novocaine (n=42), the second group received 2% Lidocaine solution (n=41), and the third group received 2% Articaine solution (n=41). The rapidity of onset of the analgesic effect (duration of latent period), its duration, and the absence of the need for repeated application of the drug were evaluated. RESULTS:For local anesthesia with articaine and lidocaine the same amount of drug was required - 2-3 ml, which is less than when using novocaine - 3-4 ml (p<0.05); articaine has the shortest latent period of 5-7 minutes, in contrast to lidocaine - 6-9 minutes and novocaine - 8-10 minutes (p<0.05); the duration of the analgesic effect of articaine is longer than that of lidocaine, novocaine - 3-3.5 hours, 0.83-1.33 hours and 0.58-0.66 hours, respectively (p<0.05); in the articaine group repeated anesthesia was not required either after 1 hour or after 2 hours. CONCLUSION:Articaine demonstrated the greatest efficacy as a local anaesthetic in the surgical treatment of whitlow. It has the shortest latency period, which facilitates manipulation. The prolonged analgesic effect with a reduced anaesthetic dose allows for surgical procedures to be conducted without the necessity for post-procedure analgesics.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДИНАМИКИ МИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ ПЛОТНОСТИ КОСТНОЙ ТКАНИ У БОЛЬНЫХ РЕВМАТОИДНЫМ АРТРИТОМ ПРИ ЭНДОПРОТЕЗИРОВАНИИ ПЛЕЧЕВОГО СУСТАВАУстикова Н.В. 1 , Жуков Д.В. 2 , Чорний С

The paper presents findings of a study on planar defects formed on the inner surface of gas pipeline metal in the operation process. The diagnostic indicators of a defective section were determined and analyzed using the intelligent pigging data. A broad range of research was carried out, including visual and measuring control of the object, step-by-step ultrasonic thickness measurement, chemical analysis, optical and electron microscopy, microhardness measurement of defective and defect-free areas, static tensile and impact bending tests. The structure and morphology of defective and defect-free areas were considered. It was determined that the cause of the defects is contamination of the source material with gas pores and fluorspar residues. The defects of planar nature are formed during rolling and can be characterized as metal delamination. The maximum detected thickness of the inclusions was 1.0 mm, however, the main part was rolled to 10.0 mu m. The key feature of defects is their location on various levels throughout the wall cross-sections, ranging from one to four detected layers or groups of rolled discontinuities. It is shown that such defects lead to a change in the strength properties of defective area, uneven distribution of loads and reduction in safety margin of the object.

Investigations of transverse cracks in a longitudinal weld of a main gas pipeline pipe are presented, and the reasons for the formation of defects are analyzed. A comparative analysis of the results of in-line diagnostics and additional non-destructive testing with the actual parameters of cracks in microsections was carried out. The microhardness of the weld metal was measured in the crack zone and at a distance of up to 20 mm from it in both directions, which showed the presence of residual stresses in the region of the crack tip. The methods of optical and electron scanning microscopy were used to study the crack zone with the determination of the chemical composition of the weld base metal and inclusions in the crack zone. The results obtained made it possible to classify defects as “cold cracks” that formed in the weld metal after a long period of operation and developed further according to the stress corrosion cracking mechanism.

The work is devoted to the problem of determining the ovality and distortion of the profile of pipes and other parts of a cylindrical shape with diameters from 1 to 2 meters when accessing only the external surface. Existing methods for determining diameters and ovality of parts was carried out was analyzed. To solve the problem, a valid prototype of a measuring device with hardware and software was developed. The mathematical algorithms were also using a software-implemented simulator are proposed and tested. The results of tests on a natural bench with the possibility of open access to the section, which made it possible to ensure the verification of the obtained data by direct measurements, are presented. It was revealed that the existing methods for measuring ovality of large diameters from the outside do not allow to determine distortions of the profile with high accuracy.

Low carbon steel pipes represent a core component in the gas pipeline system, so it is necessary to improve constantly diagnostic operations and assessment methods of their technical state.Studies on objects operated in diverse conditions within a long period provide reliable data on the real behavior of materials.A key issue is the investigation of characteristics and behavior of products with primarily incorporated defective structures undetected while manufacturing and constructing.It is difficult to forecast the behavior of such defects, in addition, considerably more work need to be done to determine their development, detection methods, and more importantly, their hazards.The reported study investigates the phases, structure and sizes of inclusions detected in the defective pipe metal in the natural gas pipeline.The property that characterizes defects of interest is their concentration within one pipe section in combination with diverse thickness, composition, and location in the pipe wall.Defects are found at various depths, forming one, two and more layers.The difference in structure and phase composition is outlined.The research has pointed out principal inclusions represent fragments of charge materials -fluorite and broken fireclay brick, a number of defects result from casting defects, e.g.gas bubbles and shrinkage holes.Non-destructive ultrasonic testing is implemented; the importance of thickness and structure of inclusions for measurement data has been realized.

Background: soft tissue injuries accompany the patient's life and make up the main number of visits to primary health care facilities. As a rule, contusions occur when falling or hitting hard objects and are inherently associated with pain. Aim: to determine the analgesic therapy efficacy for soft tissue injuries of the upper and lower extremities. Patients and Methods: a pilot prospective comparative study was conducted including 54 subjects aged 25–50 years (27 patients with shoulder contusion and 27 with hip contusion). Contusions in all patients were characterized by the formation of subcutaneous or intradermal hemorrhage and soft tissue edema without muscle damage. 8 groups were formed to assess the efficacy of the tablet and injection administration types of ketoprofen and diclofenac, depending on the location of the injury. The time of analgesic effect onset on the 1st day after the injury and the trend of pain severity were evaluated using a visual analog scale, as well as edema severity. Treatment and follow-up of patients were discontinued when a persistent analgesic effect was achieved and the function of the limb was restored. Results: the patients' median age was 44.7 years. The ratio of men and women was 1:1. A feature of the pain syndrome assessment during the initial treatment was that patients with a shoulder contusion rated pain 2-3 points higher than patients with a hip contusion. In the upper limb contusions, ketoprofen in tablets activated already at the 10th minute, in the lower limb contusions – at the 20th minute. The drug injectable form provided a pronounced analgesic effect already at the 5th minute. Both the tablet and injectable forms of ketoprofen demonstrated a benefit over diclofenac. By the 3rd-4th day, it was possible to achieve complete pain relief in all cases. Conclusion: this pilot study confirmed the efficacy and rapid onset of the ketoprofen analgesic effect in the treatment of soft tissue injuries. KEYWORDS: contusion, soft tissue, pain, analgesic therapy, ketoprofen, diclofenac. FOR CITATION: Zhukov D.V., Ustikova N.V., Prokhorenko V.M. Treatment of soft tissue injuries. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(3):145–149. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-3-145-149.

The reported research has been carried out to study the causes of a crack developing along a factory-produced girth weld fabricated with electrical resistance welding using high frequency currents. The crack appeared in an underground main gas pipeline. The study included visual and dimensional inspection of the object, ultrasonic pipe wall thickness tests, chemical analysis, optical and electron-microscopic investigation, weld and heat-affected zone microhardness measurement, tests for static tension and fractographic analysis. The research revealed that the metal of one of the welded pipes had laminations. The structure and morphology of the weld and those of the metal in the adjacent pipe parts were examined, and the effect of inclusions on the weld structure was analyzed. An important outcome of the study was that the laminations were heterogeneous, had a multilayer structure and were formed due to a number of production factors. Their combined effect resulted in substandard production of the weld and furthered crack development when in service. Neither the crack nor the lamination in the pipe wall was detected during the inline inspection with a magnetic flaw detector.

The analysis of the internal defect of the 426 mm diameter pipe of a compressor station process piping was carried out. The pipeline section has been in operation for 37 years. The defect was detected visually during the repair of the section with cutting out a part of the pipe being inspected for the installation of shut-off valves. When preparing the section for the tie-in, a delamination with a visible length of 30 mm was found at the end of the pipe. According to external signs, the defect has a production reason for the formation. The pipe section with the defect must be replaced in accordance with GOST ISO 10893-8–2017. Extended non-destructive testing and metallographic examination of the defective area were carried out. The dynamics of changes in the requirements of normative and technical documents for the assessment of defects of this type is considered. Finite element modeling of mechanical hoop stresses in the pipe has been carried out to determine the degree of danger of such defects. The actual configuration of the defect, determined by microscopy, and theoretical models, built according to the data of step-by-step thickness measurement, are implemented as models.

The regular state monitoring of industrial facilities, gas pipelines, in particular, represents one of the key factors ensuring their further reliable operation. Besides corrosion, the growth of manufacturing flaws and assembly defects remains a significant issue influencing fractures and deterioration of bearing capacity in structures. Nonmetallic inclusions, liquation or delamination are common engineering and manufacturing defects detected during operation. Delamination and internal defects in a metal can be disclosed timely by means of thickness measuring. The reported paper proposes a visualization method of monitoring results to identify defects in the internal material structure with a high degree of probability.

The study describes the morphology and development dynamics of "backfin" type manufacturing defects on a steel pipe, and outlines their generalized diagnostic signs. The inspected pipe was made of 17G1S structural steel by controlled rolling and was in operation on the main gas pipeline in the central part of the Russian Federation for more than 20 years under conditions of cyclic loading with internal pressure up to 2.5 MPa, under the influence of atmospheric corrosion and a seasonal temperature difference of -35 to + 30 degrees C. The paper analyzes in detail the objectivity of routine non-destructive control data, and includes data from a comprehensive metallographic, microscopic, and X-ray microprobe analysis of the morphology of the surface phase composition around the defect. The study reveals conditions, when readings of non-destructive control equipment are represented incorrectly. A defect is discovered to be an extended underlying crack with a variable opening, located parallel to the surface and filled up with corrosion products and oxide scale. Corrosion products inside the defect are composed of oxides formed when rolling and due to the atmosphere corrosion of a pipe section metal. The residual strength of the repaired pipe section is determined based on the finite element modeling. It has been pointed out a maximal stress to arise around the defect, being less than 152 MPa and complying, therefore, with 33% of the yielding point and 27% of the tensile strength of a pipe section.

Д.А. Жуков АНАЛИЗ КРИТЕРИЕВ КАЧЕСТВА КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ ПРИ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБЪЕКТА 1Жуков Дмитрий Анатольевич, окончил факультет информационных систем и технологий Ульяновского государственного технического университета, специалист по базе данных Ульяновского филиала конструкторского бюро ПАО «Туполев», аспирант кафедры «Прикладная математика и информатика» УлГТУ.Имеет научные труды в области статистических методов и

На текущий момент по причине развития дефектов стресс-коррозии (коррозии под напряжением, далее КРН) на магистральных газопроводах (МГ) Единой системы газоснабжения (ЕСГ), принадлежащей ПАО «Газпром», происходит более трети (36 %) аварий. В то же время вместе с совершенствованием средств диагностики с каждым годом растет количество вновь выявляемых дефектов КРН на объектах ЕСГ. По оценке экспертов, существующий тренд направлен на увеличение числа обнаруживаемых дефектов. Трещины КРН различной глубины выявлены более чем на миллионе трубных секций и с большой вероятностью будут выявлены дополнительно при ближайших обследованиях. Развитие системных методов борьбы с негативными проявлениями стресс-коррозии (идентификация, оценка и целенаправленное удаление критических дефектов, тех, которые могут в обозримом будущем привести к аварии, ремонт изоляции на остальных дефектных участках) является актуальной задачей. Целью данной работы является определение параметров, позволяющих оценить глубину трещин. В работе рассмотрены материалы, полученные при обследовании и ремонте участка линейной части МГ. Исследования проводились методами неразрушающего контроля, металлографическими методами и средствами электронной микроскопии. Описана связь между геометрическими параметрами дефектов, которая позволяет проводить оценку глубины трещин по внешним параметрам. Проведено моделирование методом конечных элементов трещин в стенке трубопровода, нагруженного внутренним давлением

In orthopedics bone cement is used to replace defects. However, it is known that it possesses toxic properties, due to its composition monomer methyl methacrylate. There are some unresolved issues, in particular its local action, not investigated reaction of the immune system to respond to any fluctuations of endoecological equilibrium. All this helps to explain not only the intraoperative complications such as acute heart and lung failure, but also many deferred pathological processes, complications in the postoperative period.

В статье предлагаются подходы к организации процесса энергосбережения и повышения энергетической эффективности на промышленном предприятии. В пределах представленных подходов рассмотрены такие процессы, как: проведение внутреннего аудита, отбор разработанных мероприятий энергосбережения, оценка эффективности мероприятий энергосбережения.