Relevance. The need to study the features of aerogenic effects of the Norilsk industrial complex on the natural environment. Aim. To study the features of the aerogenic effects of the Norilsk industrial complex in the south-southwest zone at a distance of 40–60 km using lichens Cladonia rungeferina and Cetraria sp. Objects. Soil, lichens Cladonia rungeferina and Cetraria sp. Methods. Soil and lichen samples were taken 40–60 km south-southwest of the Norilsk Industrial district. Sampling was carried out according to the scheme of two profiles with a length of 14 and 20 km. The samples were analyzed using a set of methods consisting of X-ray fluorescence (S4 Pioneer Bruker AXS), atomic absorption methods (KVANT-2A, Julia-5K) and induction-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ELEMENT-2) in the laboratory of the GIN RAS, Moscow. The concentration of Ti, V, Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Cd, Sb, Ba, La was determined. Results. The authors have obtained the data on the concentration of the 21 elements in soils and lichens. The paper demonstrates the calculation of distribution of elements in soil and lichens relative to the concentration in the upper part of the continental crust. The authors calculated the enrichment factor EF for Mn, Ni, Cu, Hg, Pb and estimated the distribution of this coefficient for both profiles. It is shown that the technogenic component of the aerogenic effect for Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb to the south-southwest of the Norilsk industrial complex at a distance of 40–60 km is practically absent. The increased values of the enrichment factor EF in lichens for Hg are explained by a combination of two factors – the constant presence of mercury in significant concentrations in ecosystems and tundra fires that took place in this zone in 2019–2020, which ultimately led to the re-deposition of Hg in the burnt areas.

The purpose of the work: to study the patterns of background accumulation of trace elements during the spring-summer-autumn season in the vegetative organs (leaves) of the heart-shaped linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and white birch (Betula alba L.). Samples were taken on the territory of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences during one season of 2018 from the same tree with an interval of 10–12 days, starting from the opening of the bud (end of April) right up to the time of leaf fall. Soil samples were also taken from birch and linden growing areas. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory of Chemical analytical methods of the GIN RAS using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INАA) and atomic absorption spectrometry of cold vapor (AA). The concentration of trace elements in the selected soil samples corresponds to the concept of “background” contents. Two types of trace elements’ distribution in linden and birch leaves during the season have been revealed. The first type is a uniform accumulation of trace elements with a maximum at the end of the season (Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, Br, Sb, La). The second type of distribution is characterized by a maximum concentration of trace elements in the middle of the season with a decrease in concentration by the time of leaf fall (K, As, Zn, Cd, Pb). It should be noted that the range of changes in the concentration of trace elements during the season in both cases can reach 10–15 times. We recommend to take samples of vegetation (leaves) as soon as possible in the middle of the summer season, and to use samples taken at the same time in the same area as “background”.

The purpose of this work was to study the accumulation of heavy and toxic elements in the muscles of the main commercial fish of the Volga River basin. Sampling was carried out throughout the Volga River, in areas that are characterized by varying degrees of industrial development. In the course of the work, tissue samples of the main species of commercial fish were selected (about 300 samples in total). The analysis of the selected material was carried out by a set of methods: induction coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flamу atomic absorption spectroscopy and cold steam atomic absorption. Based on this analysis, the levels of accumulation of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Cd, Sb, I, Hg, Pb in the muscles of the main species of commercial fish were determined. Graphs of the distribution of the concentration of elements in the muscles of perch depending on the area of fishing are given: the maximum concentration of the sum of toxic elements in the muscles of perch is characteristic of the Rybinsk reservoir and the area of the village of TsaganAman, and the minimum – for the upper Volga and delta. The dependence of accumulation of As, Cd, Hg, Se, I and Br in the muscles of perch on the mass of fish has been assessed. It was found that the concentration of Hg and Se in the muscles of the perch is directly proportional to the weight of the fish.

Anthropogenic pollution of the environment by fluoride (F) can lead to abnormality symptoms in some species of plants even at relatively low impact levels. Currently, an active accumulation of data on the effect of F on plant functions take place. The purpose of the present work was complex investigation of influence of different F concentrations in soil on growth, morphological and biochemical parameters and elemental composition of the wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Seed germination, survivorship rate, external appearance, length and thickness of leaf blade, chlorophyll, electrolyte leakage, catalase and acid phosphatase activity and elemental composition (As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, F, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Ti, V, Y, Zn and rare-earth elements) were studied at different levels of F in soil in range of 100 - 7600 mg/kg. Methods of spectrophotometry, conductometry, inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry were used. The most sensitive biochemical markers for estimation of the plant F stress were found to be electrolyte leakage and acid phosphatase activity. Noticeable change of these parameters started at F soil concentration of 600 and 1100 mg/kg respectively. Concentration of Mg, Ca and Sr in the plants was established to decrease at increasing F in soil. Distribution of concentration Al, As, Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Ni, Pb, Sb, Th, Ti, V, Y, and light rare-earth elements was described by curve with maxima at 1100 mg/kg; maximum concentration of Fe, K, and Ni was observed at 2100 mg/kg of F in soil. Possible 3-stage's scheme for the development F stress in wheat plant was suggested. Both the decrease of the F bioaccumulation factor, electrolyte leakage, acid phosphatase activity and the increase of the content of molybdenum that is a component of plant enzymes catalyzing key stages of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur metabolism at high F soil levels could be parts of adaptation mechanism of the wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) to F stress.

Low-sulfide ores in the upper marginal series of the Norilsk intrusions are distinct from the main massive and disseminated sulfide orebodies in a high platinum-group element (PGE) tenor up to 1,300-1,700 ppm PGE + Au in 100 % sulfide, lower Cu/Pd of -100-300 and increased Pt/Pd of -0.2-2. These features have previously been considered either as a result of collection by sulfide liquid at extremely high R-factor (silicate to sulfide melt mass ratio) or postmagmatic sulfide removal, although the decoupling between PGE grade and PGE tenor may suggest an additional process of PGE concentration in addition to partitioning into immiscible sulfide liquid. In this study, the distribution of diverse platinum-group minerals (PGM) and their spatial associations with sulfidesilicate assemblages were investigated by automated mineralogy techniques to recognize the mechanism of the PGE concentration. Mineral assemblages were studied from 2D surfaces of polished sections and mineral separate blocks using the Mineral Liberation Analysis and TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analysis in combination with X-ray microtomography and lab- and synchrotron-based microbeam X-ray fluorescence mapping collected over slabs and thick sections, representative of the 3D sub-surficial layer. Palladium minerals (mostly stibnides, bismuthides, tellurides and arsenides) prevail over Pt minerals in all three intrusions (Norilsk 1, Talnakh and Kharaelakh) based on -6,600 identified PGM grain statistics from both thin sections and heavy mineral separates. Among Pt minerals, sperrylite and Pt-Fe alloys occur in an equal proportion in Norilsk 1 whereas the alloys are exceptionally rare in Talnakh-Kharaelakh low-sulfide ores. The PGM grains are predominantly locked within secondary silicates with a percentage of their mutual boundaries of -50 rel. % in consistency with a high abundance (35-90 area %) of secondary silicates in mineralized rocks. No correlation between the proportions of secondary silicates and PGMs as well as with the degree of their spatial affinity was found. The preferred confinement of PGM grains to the disseminated chromite schlieren is observed in the studied samples, although, among PGMs, only Pt sulfides demonstrate significant spatial affinity (15-34 rel. % mutual boundary) intergrowing with chromite. The spatial association between PGM and base-metal sulfides (-20 rel. %) is notably higher than the proportion of sulfides in rocks (1.8-2.8 area %) that is interpreted as a quantitative proof of the cogenetic link between PGM and sulfides. However, the significant mm-scale detachment of the PGM grains from the sulfide blebs is persistent throughout the mineralized sections. Element mapping techniques reveal widespread textures of early magmatic degassing (such as amygdules, segregation vesicles, fluid caps and halos), the common tight intergrowths of PGM with volatile-rich minerals and the presence of PGM grains nucleating on the former gas bubble walls. These features are all distinct from the textures of postmagmatic hydrothermal-metasomatic alteration. We propose that an initial composition of sulfide liquid was modified due to S partitioning into a fluid phase during early magmatic degassing. Therefore, the high PGE tenor is not solely a result of sulfide-silicate exchange but was likely enhanced by early magmatic S loss during degassing and PGE fluid transport.

The effect of increased concentrations of Zn2+ ions on the activity of the complex of acid deoxyribonucleases (DNases) and ribonucleases (RNases) of the hepatopancreas of Viviparus viviparus L. was studied. An increase in the activity of acid DNases under the influence of Zn2+ was revealed. An antisymbatic dependence of the change in the activity of acid DNases on the zinc concentration in the hepatopancreas of mollusks is observed. The character of RNase activity under the influence of Zn2+ ions is less indicative. The character of changes in the activity of acid DNases in experimental animals shows that this biochemical indicator can be used as a marker of toxic effects on living organisms in the ecological and biochemical monitoring of fresh water pollution.

The growing use of rare earth elements ( REEs) in metallurgy, glass production, automotive catalytic. converters and high-tech industries, and many other areas leads to increased concentrations in soils, water, plants, and other environmental objects. Thus, the REE abundances in sediments, sedimentary rocks, soil, water. and organic. residues are becoming critical ecological indicators of anthropogenic environmental change. This work summarizes the data on the concentrations, geochemical features, and methods for REE determination. The primary attention is paid to the analysis of the last 15 years' publications. The features of REEs that control their distribution in various natural environments are solubility of lanthanide compounds, ability to complex formation, tetrad double-double effect chemical composition, and environmental conditions (pH, Eh, concentrations of inorganic and organic ligands). The oxidation state of +3 is most typical for REEs; Ce and Eu can change their oxidation states by +4 and +2 under oxidizing and reducing conditions, respectively, and are separated from the other REEs. The geochemical cycle of REEs is considered, natural and anthropogenic factors determining the migration of elements between environmental components are discussed. Their low concentrations complicate the deter mination of REE concentrations in natural environments. It requires the use of sensitive methods of chemical analytic, the most important of which are atomic spectroscopy. In addition to traditional methods of analysis, local methods for determining the concentrations of REEs, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with laser ablation and mass spectrometry of secondary ions, are widely and successfully used today.

A new photometric procedure for the determination of fluoride ion based on its destruction of zirconiumgallocyanin MS complex is described. The method exhibits great selectivity towards fluoride compared to alkaline-earth, non-ferrous and rare-earth metals, iron, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate ions and allows to carry out the determination of fluoride in complex objects complex without a preliminary separation of matrix components. The linear range of the quantitative determination of F- was determined to be 0.03 to 2 mg/L with a detection limit of 0.02 mg/L and a correlation coefficient of 0.9989. This method has been successfully applied to the determination of fluorides in natural waters, metallurgic wastewaters, cryolite and condensates of volcanic gases and has good convergence with the results of potentiometric analysis.

The biodistribution of PLGA nanoparticles labelled with Pd in the form of a dimeric cyclopalladated derivative of N,N-dimethyldiphenylmethylamine was investigated in rats using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Low-sulfide platinum group element (PGE) mineralization of the Norilsk-type intrusions is located within the Upper Gabbroic Series, which comprises rocks heterogeneous in texture and composition. The highest grade of 10 to 50 g/t PGEs is confined primarily to chromitiferous taxitic gabbrodolerite, which forms irregular lens- and vein-like bodies that interfinger with contact gabbrodolerite, intrusion breccia, leucogabbro, and gabbrodolerite variably enriched in olivine, from olivine free up to picritic compositions. The abundant amygdules and pegmatoidal textures in Upper Gabbroic Series taxitic rocks, as well as the high enrichment of halogen in minerals (e.g., <= 4.6 wt % Cl in apatite), indicate a higher volatile content of the local magma compared to the magma that precipitated the Main Series. The observed diversity in spinel compositions, which evolve from chromite to Cr magnetite as well as toward hercynite, titanomagnetite, and ulvospinel, is also indicative of crystallization from a fluid-saturated mush that subsequently reacted, to varying degrees, with contaminated trapped melt and immiscible fluid. The high PGE/S ratio is a primary feature of this mineralization style, albeit the ratio partly increased during sulfide replacement and resorption. The PGE tenor of bulk sulfides calculated as Sigma PGE (g/t) in 100% sulfides exceeds 160 and may reach up to 1,400 to 2,500 in low-S ores (0.2-3 wt % S), whereas the value does not exceed 42 in the Talnakh disseminated ore and ranges from 35 to 120 in the Norilsk disseminated ore (1-10 wt % S). Several PGE peaks in the vertical sections correlate well with Cu, Ni, S, and Cr peaks, as well as with observed elevated proportion of amygdules. Low-sulfide ores are composed of two primary sulfide assemblages of pyrrhotite + pentlandite + chalcopyrite and pentlandite + pyrrhotite. The primary sulfides are depleted in the heavier (34)Sisotope relative to sulfides of the corresponded main orebodies (e.g., mean delta S-34 = 8.9 parts per thousand versus delta S-34 = 12.3 parts per thousand, respectively, in the Kharaelakh intrusion). A secondary pyrite + millerite + chalcopyrite assemblage has isotope composition enriched in 34 5 by 2 to 6goo 6 34 S with respect to primary sulfides. The directly measured PGE content in sulfides (e.g., 11-2,274 g/t Pd in pentlandite and 0.10-33.3 g/t Rh in pyrrhotite) is within the range of the typical Norilsk-type magmatic sulfide compositions. The textural setting and diversity of platinum group minerals (PGMs) favor the hypothesis of fluid-controlled crystallization. However, the distinct PGM assemblages in Norilsk 1 and Talnakh-Kharaelakh low-sulfide ores are comparable with those of the corresponding presumably magmatic disseminated and massive orebodies. The most remarkable characteristic is the widespread Pt-Fe alloys in Norilsk 1 and their absence in Talnakh-Kharaelakh, which is interpreted to reflect better preservation of the high-temperature PGMs in Norilsk 1 in contrast to their substantial replacement in more oxidized fluid-enriched environments in Talnakh-Kharaelakh.

The content of total and water-soluble fluoride in large-leaf tea and packaged tea sold in the Moscow region has been studied. Using the ionometric method, the content of total and water-soluble fluoride was determined in 18 samples of widespread tea brands. The contents of fluoride ions in infusions of tea, obtained by the classical method of infusion, were 1.1-4.5 mg/dm(3), with an average value of 3.1 mg/dm(3). fluorine in the investigated samples of tea is mainly in water-soluble form. The share of water-soluble fluoride in large-leaf and packaged teas was 81 and 76% of the total fluoride, respectively. The average values of fluorine concentrations in infusions of large-leaf and packaged teas were close and amounted to 3.3 and 2.8 mg/dm(3), respectively. The total fluorine content in the studied samples varies in the range of 290-760 mg/kg and averages 409 mg/kg. On the example of the "Maysky tea" it was shown that in the first 5 minutes from the beginning of brewing, about 75% of the maximum possible amount of fluoride extracted into the aqueous phase. The calculation of the hazard quotient and comparison of the amounts of fluoride entering the human body with recommended standards showed that daily consumption of 1 dm(3) of tea provides on average 80% of the daily norm of fluoride, which helps to prevent caries and is characterized by a low probability of negative effects of fluoride on the body in the long term.

The results of an estimation of the fluorine content in the soils of the roadside territories of the Moscow Region are given. They have been obtained from the observation network including 13 sites adjacent to the roads. Determination of fluorine was carried out by ionometric method after sample preparation which included fusion of samples with a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium tetraborate and subsequent dissolution of the melt in 3 mol/dm(3) hydrochloric acid. It has been established that the concentrations of fluorine in the soils of the roadside territories of the Moscow Region in all the investigated areas exceed the background value, which shows their high pollution. On average, the excess is 3.4 times, the maximum exceeds 6.3 times. Fluoride contamination of the investigated sites in most cases is fairly evenly. The fluorine content in the surveyed points in the overwhelming majority of cases differs from the average content over the site by no more than 25%. Maximum concentrations of fluorine are found in the upper layer of soil at depth of 10-15 cm, and they decrease significantly, reaching background in depth of 25-30 cm. It is noted that there is no correlation between the geographic location of the site and the fluorine content in soils in various directions of the Moscow Region. On the example of the area adjacent to the Fryanovskoye Highway, a monotonous decrease in fluorine concentrations in soils was detected when moving away from the highway, which confirms the causal relationship of motor vehicle emissions with pollution of roadside territories of the Moscow Region with fluorine. Thus, the most likely source of fluoride contamination in the roadside territories is the exhaust gases of vehicles and the decomposition of freons contained in the air conditioning systems of automotive equipment.

The results of assessment of fluoride ion content in surface waters of urbanized territories of Moscow region, using ionometry with a fluoride-selective electrode, are given. Fluoride concentrations in the studied reservoirs are in the range of 0.09-1.1 mg/dm(3) and in most cases do not exceed the maximum allowable concentration of 0.75 mg/dm(3 )In 83% of cases the concentration of fluoride ions does not exceed background values. A number of hydrochemical anomalies with increased fluoride ion contents relative to the background values were found. Using the methods of flame photometry, spectrophotometry, titrimetry, conductometry and ionometry, the most important hydrochemical characteristics of the investigated samples were determined. The influence of the composition of water on accumulation of fluoride ions is considered. It is shown that the concentration of fluorides varies irrespective of mineralization, pH, Eh, chromaticity, harshness, and content of individual ions: HCO3-, PO43-, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+. Calculation of fluoride ion concentrations in equilibrium solutions with fluorite showed that concentrations of fluoride ion can reach much higher values in the range of Cal' concentrations corresponding to the investigated samples. This fact indicates an insignificant intake of fluoride into the reservoirs of the investigated territories and deposition of its excess quantities coming from the air with sediments in the upper layers of soil. The influence of the mole fraction of calcium and the ratios of the concentrations of Na+/Ca2+ and Ca2+/Mg2+ in waters on accumulation of fluoride ions is examined. It has been established that for surface, low-calcium, hydrocarbonate-sodium waters of urbanized territories of Moscow region higher concentrations of fluorine are characteristic, as compared with waters with a relatively high content of calcium.