Introduction. Suicides and suicide attempts are pressing issues for healthcare systems in many countries around the world. Epidemiological monitoring for suicide and suicide attempt statistics plays an important role in managing effective activities of the healthcare system to prevent suicides.The purpose of the study was to analyze the indicators of suicidal activity in the Sverdlovsk region for 2019-2023, as a reflection of the results of monitoring of suicidal behavior.Materials and methods. The study used statistical data on fatal suicides of the State Autonomous Healthcare Institution of the Sverdlovsk Region “Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination” for 2019-2023; statistical data on self-harm with suicidal intent of emergency medical care (EMC) of the Sverdlovsk region for 2019-2023; data on monitoring for suicide attempts of the Ministry of Health of the Sverdlovsk Region; federal statistics data.Results. The number of suicides in the Sverdlovsk region from 2019 to 2023 decreased by 60%: from 10 to 4 cases per 100 thousand population per year, respectively. The number of suicide attempts also decreased during this time period, but not so significantly: from 68 to 61 cases per 100 thousand population per year, respectively. This affected the changes in the ratio of suicides to suicide attempts by year: from 1:7 in 2019 to 1:14 in 2023.Research limitations. The lack of comparisons of the results of monitoring suicidal actions in the Sverdlovsk region with similar indicators in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation.Conclusion. The trend in the suicidal activity indicators of the population in the Sverdlovsk region from 2019 to 2023 reflects the organizational stages of monitoring and shows its effectiveness.Compliance with ethical standards. The study did not involve human subjects, so approval of the research plan by the local ethics committee was not required.Contribution of the authors: Sidenkova A.P. — material collection and processing, research concept and design, editing; Galkin S.A. — statistical processing, writing of the text; Serdyuk O.V. — research concept and design; Pertsel M.G. — material collection and processing; Klimova I.A. — material collection and processing; Kornetov A.N. — editing, compilation of the list of literature; Bokhan N.A. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: April 14, 2025 / Revised: June 19, 2025 / Accepted: February 19, 2026 / Published: April 30, 2026

Objective. To identify the relationship between functional changes in the brain in patients with schizophrenia and the clinical manifestations of the disease and their constitutional and morphological features. Materials and methods. A total of 118 patients with schizophrenia (64 men and 54 women) aged 33 [29; 40] years were examined. The following clinical and dynamic parameters were used: age of disease onset, disease duration, and severity of clinical and psychopathological symptoms on the PANSS. Anthropometric examination of patients was performed by the Bunak method modified by Chtetsov for adult samples, with calculation of the Rees–Eysenck and Tanner indexes. EEG traces were recorded and analyzed in a state of quiet, relaxed wakefulness with the eyes closed, with calculation of absolute spectral power for the θ (4–7 Hz), α (8–13 Hz), and β (14–30 Hz) rhythms. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) direct correlations were found between the age of disease onset and the spectral power of the β rhythm in the frontal leads (Fp1, Fp2, F3, and F4). Inverse correlations (p < 0.05) were found between disease duration in schizophrenia patients and the spectral power of the α rhythm in the left temporal (T3) and right central (C4) leads, the β rhythm in the parieto-occipital (P3, P4, O1, O2) and temporal (T3, T4, T5) leads, and the θ rhythm in the left occipital (O1) and posterior temporal (T5) leads. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) inverse correlations were also found between the Tanner index and the spectral power of the α rhythm in the frontal and temporal leads, as well as between the Rees–Eysenck index and the spectral power of the θ rhythm in the frontal leads. Conclusions. The data obtained here indicate that there are correlations between functional changes in the brain in schizophrenia patients and the clinical manifestations of the disease and their constitutional and morphological features. Thus, assessment of the functional state of the central nervous system in patients with schizophrenia is an important component of the diagnostic search.

OBJECTIVETo identify electroencephalographic correlates of decision-making features in patients with alcohol dependence.MATERIAL AND METHODSForty men with alcohol dependence were examined as the main group. Thirty people were examined as a control group. The Cambridge Gambling Task and the Iowa Gambling Task were used to study decision-making functions. Additionally, a background electroencephalogram was recorded with the calculation of absolute spectral power indicators.RESULTSIn the main group, the relatively higher indicators of decision-making logic (65 [50; 80]%, p<0.05) were associated with larger values of the spectral power of the theta and alpha rhythm of the electroencephalogram in the central and parietal-occipital leads (R=0.426, p=0.019; R=0.418, p=0.022; R=0.394, p=0.028 and R=0.445, p=0.014; R=0.458, p=0.011; R=0.382, p=0.035, respectively). Difficulties in making decisions based on emotional learning in patients with alcohol dependence were associated with larger values of the spectral power of the beta rhythm of the electroencephalogram in the temporal leads.CONCLUSIONSThe study showed that the deficit of decision-making functions in patients with alcohol dependence may be due to an imbalance of the excitation/inhibition mechanisms in the brain.

OBJECTIVE:To identify the differences or comparability of parameters of cerebral hemodynamics between patients with schizophrenia with or without concomitant metabolic syndrome (MS).MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study included 94 patients with schizophrenia (48 men and 46 women). A control group consisted of 40 mentally and somatically healthy individuals (17 men and 23 women) comparable in sex and age to the main group of patients. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was carried out according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Assessment of cerebral hemodynamics was carried out by 4 - channel rheoencephalography (REG) at rest with closed eyes. Data analysis was carried out using the Kraskel-Wallis ANOVA criterion with the procedure of automatic a posteriori pairwise comparison, the χ2 criterion and Spearman correlation analysis.RESULTS:According to the IDF criteria, 37 (39.4%) patients were diagnosed with MS. REG results revealed significantly (p<0.05) lower indicators of blood filling in the carotid basin, elasticity of the wall of the main arteries, the tone of small-caliber arteries and arterioles, as well as higher values of the tone of medium-caliber arteries in the carotid and vertebrobasilar basins, in both groups of patients with schizophrenia compared with the control group. In patients with schizophrenia with MS, compared with patients without MS, there were lower indicators of blood filling (p=0.044 and p=0.016) and elasticity of the wall of the main arteries (p=0.044 and p=0.028) in the carotid basin on the left and right sides.CONCLUSION:The presence of MS in patients with schizophrenia was accompanied by more pronounced disorders of cerebral blood flow in the form of a decrease in blood filling and elasticity of the wall of the main arteries in the carotid basin. The results indicate that patients with schizophrenia with MS should be considered as a group at increased risk of cerebrovascular diseases.

Background: the range and prevalence of complicating pathologies in alcoholism indicate the need for a thorough examination of patients using modern diagnostic approaches. The aim was to study the indicators of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain in patients with alcohol dependence with comorbid exogenous organic brain damage non-alcoholic nature. Patients and methods: a study of electroencephalograms of 148 men with alcohol dependence using the classification of E.A. Zhirmunskaya (1984) was conducted. Results: based on the hystory data, 85 (57.4%) patients were found to have exogenous organic vascular brain damage (including hypertension in 57 (38.5%) cases, chronic cerebral circulation disorder — in 8 (5.4%), somatoform autonomic dysfunction — in 7 (4.7%)) and traumatic character (mild traumatic brain injury) in 13 (8.8%)) patients. The analysis using Fisher’s exact criterion revealed statistically significant differences between patients with alcohol dependence and alcoholism patients with comorbid exogenous organic brain damage in the frequency of occurrence of various types of electroencephalograms (p < 0.001). The study clearly showed that the presence of exogenous organic brain damage in patients with alcoholism leads to more pronounced functional changes in the brain. Conclusion: early detection of pathological activity on the EEG in patients with alcohol dependence will allow clinicians to carry out appropriate therapeutic and diagnostic measures in a timely manner and will provide additional information necessary for the development of personalized medical rehabilitation programs for patients taking into account their neurophysiological profile.

Aim. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of EEG recordings of schizophrenia patients receiving atypical antipsychotics as monotherapy.Materials and methods. We examined 94 patients with schizophrenia aged 33 [28; 40] years with a disease duration of 10 [4; 15] years. The patients were divided into 5 groups depending on the antipsychotic drugs they took: 1) risperidone – 31 patients; 2) quetiapine – 20 patients; 3) aripiprazole – 11 patients; 4) olanzapine – 13 patients; 5) clozapine – 19 patients. EEG was recorded during wakefulness with closed eyes (background test), 3-minute hyperventilation, and rhythmic photostimulation in all patients. To describe and interpret the received recordings, the EEG classification according to J. Micoulaud – Franchi et al. was used.Results. EEG modifications (score > 1A) were observed in 61.7% (n = 58) of patients. In the group of patients receiving risperidone, EEG modifications were found in 48.4% of cases, in patients taking quetiapine – in 70% of cases, aripiprazole – in 63.6% of cases, olanzapine – in 61.5% of cases, clozapine – in 73.7% of cases. The frequency of epileptiform patterns in patients receiving olanzapine was significantly higher than in those taking risperidone (p = 0.033) and clozapine (p = 0.032). Slowing in the EEG (score > 1) was more often observed in patients taking clozapine – 63.2% (n = 12), olanzapine – 61.5% (n = 8), and quetiapine – 60% (n = 12). Slower EEG waves were less common in patients receiving aripiprazole – 45.5% (n = 5) and risperidone – 45.2% (n = 14). In the group of patients with EEG slowing (score > 1), the dose of chlorpromazine equivalent was significantly greater compared to patients with normal EEG (p = 0.00046).Conclusion. The data obtained demonstrate changes in EEG parameters during monotherapy with atypical antipsychotics and indicate their dose-dependent effect on the bioelectrical activity of the brain.

OBJECTIVE:To identify differences in electroencephalographic parameters in schizophrenia patients with and without a history of suicide attempts.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Eighty-seven inpatients (50 men and 37 women) with paranoid schizophrenia were examined. Suicidal attempts in the anamnesis of patients were verified by a psychiatrist on the basis of clinical interviewing. The severity of psychopathological symptoms was assessed using The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) based on a five-factor model. Electroencephalogram (EEG) parameters were recorded and evaluated using a 16-channel encephalograph. A clinical and quantitative analysis of the recordings was carried out with the calculation of absolute spectral power indicators for theta, alpha and beta rhythms, as well as the severity of the activation reaction (Berger effect).RESULTS:Significantly higher rates of the PANSS depression factor were revealed in patients with a history of suicide attempts (p=0.016). Clinical analysis of EEG changes did not reveal any significant differences between the groups (p>0.05). The spectral analysis of the EEG showed significant differences only in the spectral power of the beta rhythm in the central (p=0.048) and occipital (p=0.021) leads with closed eyes, which was lower in the group with a history of suicide attempts. The degree of alpha rhythm depression in the occipital leads was also significantly lower in this group (p=0.016). The regression analysis showed that significant correlates of suicidal attempts in patients with paranoid schizophrenia are the PANSS depressive factor (t=2.784; p=0.016) and a deficiency in the activation response to EEG (t=-2.035; p=0.045).CONCLUSION:The results complement previous studies on the relationship between suicidal attempts, clinical symptoms and neurophysiological features of the functioning of the brain of patients with paranoid schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between the individual components of the metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia.MATERIAL AND METHODS:A total of 133 patients with schizophrenia were examined. To assess cognitive functioning, the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) was used. The components of the metabolic syndrome were determined in accordance with the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation.RESULTS:Hyperglycemia in patients with schizophrenia led to a decrease in cognitive functioning in two domains: verbal fluency (β=-10.67; p=0.019) and attention stability (β=-9.519; p=0.043). Abdominal obesity was associated with lower indicators of executive functions (β=-8.856; p=0.026).CONCLUSION:It is assumed that drug treatment of some components of the metabolic syndrome may affect cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia.

Suicide is one of the leading causes of premature mortality in patients with schizophrenia, and suicide attempts are recognized as key factors in predicting suicide. Patients with schizophrenia who have attempted suicide tend to be young, lonely, and have more severe depressive symptoms. Among hospitalized patients, suicide risk peaks shortly after hospital discharge. The rate of suicide attempts is significantly higher in men with schizophrenia rather than in women. Some studies have shown that people with schizophrenia who attempted suicide had better cognitive functions indicators. The suicidal behavior is still typical of these patients, and up till today the search for connections between suicidal actions, the socio-demographic status of patients, clinical symptoms, including cognitive impairment in schizophrenia stays relevant. Aim of the study: to determine the relationships between a history of suicide attempts, symptom clusters (factors) obtained as a result of a five -factor analysis of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and cognitive impairment in a group of inpatients with paranoid schizophrenia receiving drug treatment. Materials and methods. 109 patients with paranoid schizophrenia (60 men and 49 women) were examined. All individuals included in the study were examined using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) scale in an adapted Russian version. The severity of psychopathological symptoms was assessed using the five -factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The analysis of suicidal activity was carried out retrospectively (anamnestic). Results. The prevalence of suicide attempts in the entire sample of patients with paranoid schizophrenia equaled 18.3%. Patients who had attempted suicide had statistically significantly higher PANSS scores on the positive (p=0.047) and depressive (p=0.039) factors compared to patients without suicide attempts. However, there was no statistically significant difference in scores in the negative (p=0.429), cognitive (p=0.771) and arousal factor (p=0.735). Compared with patients without a history of attempts, patients with suicide attempts showed statistically significantly lower scores only on the BACS Motor Test with Chips subtest (p = 0.041). No statistically significant differences were found for the remaining subtests (p>0.05). According to multiple regression analysis, it was found that the positive factor of PANSS (beta=1.561; p=0.018), the depressive factor of PANSS (beta=1.614; p=0.012) and scores in the BACS "Motor Test with Chips" (beta= -1.657; p=0.016) were independent factors correlated with suicide attempts in schizophrenia. Conclusion . It has been established that suicide attempts in patients with paranoid schizophrenia correlate with the severity of positive and depressive symptoms on the PANSS scale, as well as with a decrease in motor function scores on the BACS scale.

Objective. To study the features of executive functions in patients with alcoholism and comorbid exogenous- organic brain damage of non-alcoholic origin. Materials and methods. The study included 65 men aged 24–55 years with alcohol dependence. The control group included 30 mentally healthy men. Standard neuropsychological tests were used to assess executive functioning: the Go/No-Go, Corsi, and Stroop color tests. Results. Patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid exogenous-organic brain damage were found to make statistically significantly more errors in the Go/No-Go task (missed Go signals: p = 0.004) and took longer to complete the Stroop color test (task completion time: p = 0.003). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the presence of exogenous organic brain damage predicted worse indexes of psychomotor reaction (p = 0.009) and cognitive flexibility (p = 0.021). Conclusions. Comorbid exogenous organic brain damage in patients with alcohol dependence leads to a significant deterioration of executive functions (psychomotor reactions and cognitive flexibility) as compared with patients with alcohol dependence only.

Aim. To investigate the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and their associations with behavioral attitudes and perception of the future among the Russian youth. Materials and methods. The study involved 1,300 people aged 16–25 years and was conducted online in October 2022 using online questionnaires, which included the GAD-7 screening questionnaire on the severity of anxiety symptoms. Results. According to the questionnaire, 25.5% of young people who participated in the study reported medium to high intensity of anxiety symptoms. These respondents were significantly more likely to perceive the country’ future negatively (p = 0.002). In addition, the largest proportion of people who reported a motive to leave the country (38.6%) was registered among young people who were at risk of generalized anxiety disorder. The authors emphasize that the study results should be interpreted in relation to the time period of data collection. Conclusion. The study showed that generalized anxiety disorder symptoms negatively affected the perception of the future among young people and highlighted the need for primary psychological prevention in this age group.

Background: given the similarity of clinical manifestations of depressive disorder and depressive episodes within the framework of bipolar affective disorder, diagnostic errors are inevitable. Both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of bipolar affective disorder are too common, and it may take several years to establish a correct diagnosis. Despite the fact that it is impossible to completely eliminate diagnostic errors, it is important to reduce their likelihood by better understanding diagnostic criteria.The aim of this study was to study the indicators of frontal EEG asymmetry in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression, as well as to identify possible correlations with the severity of clinical symptoms. Patients and methods: we examined 30 patients with affective disorder in the framework of a single depressive episode or recurrent depressive disorder and 30 patients with bipolar affective disorder, the current episode of mild or moderate depression. The bioelectric activity of the brain was recorded and analyzed with the calculation of the spectral power of beta and alpha rhythm in the frontal cortex and the beta/alpha ratio was calculated.Results: it was found that patients with bipolar affective disorder had left-sided frontal asymmetry, the beta/alpha ratio was lower on the right than on the left (0.57 [0.41; 0.87] vs. 0.67 [0.43; 1.08], p = 0.007), while patients with unipolar depression had a bilateral pattern of frontal beta/alpha ratio (0.67 [0.45; 1.01] vs. 0.69 [0.45; 0.98], p = 0.441). Statistically significant negative associations were also found between the beta/alpha ratio in the right leads in patients with bipolar affective disorder and the duration of the disease (rs=–0.419, p=0.033).Conclusion: the study clearly showed that quantitative EEG indicators can be used as an additional tool for differentiating bipolar and unipolar depression.

The high relevance of the problem of alcohol dependence, as well as the influence of modern neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies on the development of ideas about mental health contributes to the active development of cognitive research in the field of addiction. The potential of cognitive and neuroscience methods in the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and effectiveness of therapy of mental disorders is very high, which explains the significant increase in publications in recent years in this direction abroad. Noting the growing interest of our Russian colleagues on this topic, we present an overview of the results of international interdisciplinary research in the field of cognitive sciences and addiction. The articles cited in this text were selected from the Web of Science Citation Indexing Database (Thomson Reuters). The search was conducted using 10 keywords/phrases, such as "cognition", "alcohol use disorder", "executive functions", "neurocognitive deficit", "inhibition", "cognitive flexibility", "EEG", "event-related potential", "ERP", "cognitive deficit". Priority was given to articles published in the past 5 years from journals with a high two-year and fiveyear impact factor (the top 50% of the rating in the journal category), as well as articles with a high number of citations. The number of citations was determined using the Elsevier Scopus database. We considered modern hypotheses about the connection of addictive disorders with impaired cognitive functions (control functions, cognitive control, cognitive flexibility, decision-making related to reward, working memory), providing self-regulation of behavior, as well as research results indicating the etiological significance of cognitive insufficiency in the formation of alcohol dependence. New data on neurophysiological features of alcoholism are presented. The review study is aimed at a wide range of specialists in the field of clinical and cognitive psychology, neurophysiology, psychiatry and narcology.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impulsivity manifesting in impaired inhibitory control and decision-making impulsivity is observed both in alcohol-dependent and substance-dependent individuals and may affect the ability to maintain long-term (persistent) remission. AIM: To evaluate the effects of cognitive parameters of impulsivity on the duration of remission in alcohol-dependent patients. METHODS: The study included 83 patients with alcohol dependence and 51 mentally healthy study subjects as the control group. The distribution of patients by duration of remission was based on the DSM-5 criteria. Patients were divided into two groups according to the duration of their most recent remission: patients with early remission (n=48) and patients with sustained remission (n=35). Impulsivity was assessed using the Go/No-Go task, which included a response inhibition component (inhibitory control). Choice impulsivity was assessed using two cognitive tests that encompass its separate components: decision-making under risk (Cambridge Gambling Task, CGT), and decision making under uncertainty (Iowa Gambling Task, IGT). RESULTS: The study groups (patients and the controls) differed significantly in all domains of impulsivity: decision making under risk [GT: decision making quality (H(2, N=134)=30.233, p 0.001) and decision-making time (H(2, N=134)=18.433, p 0.001)] and decision making under uncertainty [IGT: selecting cards from “losing” decks (H(2, N=134)=9.291, p=0.009)]. The group of patients with sustained alcohol remission was characterized by longer decision times in CGT compared to the group of patients with early remission (z=2.398, p=0.049). Decision quality in CGT (z=0.673, p=0.999) and IGT scores (z=1.202, p=0.687) were not statistically significantly different between the groups of patients with sustained and early remission from alcohol dependence. The assessment of impulsive actions showed that the study groups were significantly different in terms of their ability to suppress their dominant behavioral response when performing the GNG task [false presses when seeing the “No-Go” signal (H(2, N=134)=28.851, p 0.001)]. The group of patients in sustained remission from alcohol dependence was characterized by better suppression of the behavioral response to the “No-Go” signal relative to the patients in early remission [H(2, N=134)=2.743, p=0.044)]. The regression analysis showed that the decision-making quality (t=2.507, р=0.049) and decision-making time (t=3.237, р=0.031) and the number of false presses when seeing the “No-Go” signal in the GNC task had a statistically significant impact on the duration of remission (t=3.091, р=0.043). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that impaired decision-making processes and the ability to inhibit the dominant behavioral response have a significant impact on the ability of alcohol-dependent patients to maintain long-term remission.

BACKGROUND: The search for biological markers for the differential diagnosis of recurrent depression and bipolar depression is an important undertaking in modern psychiatry. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the promising tools in addressing this challenge. AIM: To identify differences in the quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalographic alpha band activity in patients with a depressive episode within the framework of recurrent depression and bipolar depression. METHODS: Two groups of patients (all women) were formed: one consisting of subjects with recurrent depressive disorder and one with subjects experiencing a current mild/moderate episode (30 patients), and subjects with bipolar affective disorder or a current episode of mild or moderate depression (30 patients). The groups did not receive pharmacotherapy and did not differ in their socio-demographic parameters or total score on the Hamilton depression scale. A baseline electroencephalogram was recorded, and the quantitative characteristics of the alpha band activity were analyzed, including the absolute spectral power, interhemispheric coherence, and EEG activation. RESULTS: The patients with recurrent depressive disorder demonstrated statistically significantly lower values of the average absolute spectral power of the alpha band (z=2.481; p=0.042), as well as less alpha attenuation from eyes closed to eyes open (z=2.573; p=0.035), as compared with the patients with bipolar affective disorder. CONCLUSION: The presented quantitative characteristics of alpha activity are confirmation that patients with affective disorders of different origins also display distinctive electrophysiological features which can become promising biomarkers and could help separate bipolar depression from the recurrent type.

Objectives. To assess electroencephalogram coherence parameters and the levels of peripheral markers of nerve tissue damage in patients with depressive disorders. Materials and methods. The study included 30 patients with diagnoses from the mood disorders cluster: affective disorder as a single depressive episode and recurrent depressive disorder. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects of comparable sex and age composition. Brain bioelectrical activity was recorded and analyzed with calculation of mean intra- and interhemisphere coherence coefficients. Serum calcium-binding protein S100b, myelin basic protein (MBP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Patients with depressive disorders showed statistically significantly lower coefficients of interhemisphere coherence in the α (p = 0.003), β (p = 0.042), and θ (p = 0.041) rhythms and intrahemisphere coherence of the α rhythm in the left (p = 0.016) and right (p = 0.026) hemispheres and β rhythm in the right hemisphere (p = 0.034), as compared with the healthy group. Higher MBP concentrations were found in the depressive disorders group than the control group (p = 0.008). Statistically significant correlations were identified between EEG coherence coefficients and serum markers in patients with depressive disorders. Conclusions. These data clearly confirm the presence of inflammatory changes in the brain in patients with depression, which is reflected in structural and functional changes.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the relationship of disorders of cognitive decision-making mechanisms related to reward with clinical indicators of alcohol dependence.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Forty-five patients with alcohol dependence were studied. A control group consisted of 30 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. To quantify cognitive functions, the Go/NoGo task, the Balloon test (BART), the Cambridge Game Task (CGT) and the Iowa Game task (IGT) were used. The age of the first alcohol sample, the age of the beginning of systematic alcohol abuse, the average amount of alcohol consumption over the past month, the number of hospitalizations, the age of the first visit to a narcologist and the duration of the last remission were used as clinical indicators.RESULTS:The indicators of executive functions are significantly reduced in patients with alcohol dependence compared with the control group. In the Go/NoGo task, patients have more errors, both on the Go signal (p=0.012) and on the NoGo signal (p=0.009). Significant differences in the group of patients with alcohol dependence from the control group were also revealed in CGT: patients had lower values of decision quality (QDM) (p=0.002), higher values of risk acceptance (OBR) (p=0.015), and they also needed more time to make decisions (DT) (p=0.012). It was also found that the age of the onset of systematic alcohol abuse directly correlates with the quality of decision-making in CGT (rs=0.407, p=0.048).CONCLUSION:The results emphasize the importance of studying cognitive impairment in patients with alcohol dependence, since the severity of these disorders is associated with the clinical course of the disease.

The importance of the timely detection and differential diagnosis of depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is beyond doubt. In cases with difficult differential diagnoses, clinicians can call on objective investigation methods such as electroencephalography. This review summarizes and systematizes current methods for the differential diagnosis of unipolar and bipolar depression based on electroencephalography data. A literature search was conducted using the search terms depression , bipolar disorder , unipolar depression , differential diagnosis , neuromarkers , electroencephalography , and quantitative EEG . This search was run in the PubMed, NCBI, ResearchGate, RSCI, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from 2000 to 2022. Resting EEG parameters in patients are generally ambiguous and require further clarification; however, data have been obtained showing differences in the asymmetry of bioelectrical activity, spectral power, and coherence between patients with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. A number of studies of evoked potentials (EP) have yielded similar results – longer P300 latency and decreases in its amplitude in patients with bipolar disorder as compared with those with unipolar depression, indicating that the EP method has promise in solving the problem of differential diagnosis.

Objectives. To evaluate the associations between impairments in reward-based cognitive decision-making mechanisms and clinical indicators of alcohol dependence. Materials and methods . A total of 54 patients with alcohol dependence were examined. The control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals, comparable in gender and age to the study group. Cognitive functions were assessed quantitatively using the Go/No-Go task, the Balloon Art Test (BART), the Cambridge Game Task (CGT), and the Iowa Game Task (IGT). Clinical data were: the age of first trying alcohol, the age of onset of systematic alcohol abuse, the average amount of alcohol consumption over the last month, the number of hospitalizations, the age of the first visit to a narcologist, and the duration of the last remission. Results . Indicators of executive functions were statistically significantly decreased in patients with alcohol dependence as compared with the control group: in the Go/No-Go task, patients made more errors both on the Go signal ( p = 0. 012) and on the No-Go signal ( p = 0. 009); significant differences between the alcohol dependence group and the control group were also seen on the CGT: patients had lower quality of decision-making (QDM) ( p = 0.002), higher risk-taking (OBR) ( p = 0. 015), and had longer deliberation times(DT) ( p = 0. 012). Age at onset of habitual alcohol abuse showed a positive correlation with decision-making quality in the CGT ( r s = 0. 407, p = 0.048). Conclusions . These findings highlight the importance of studying cognitive impairment in patients with alcohol dependence, as the severity of these impairments is associated with the clinical course of the disease.