数字贸易是"双循环"发展格局下的新兴贸易领域,大力发展数字贸易是北京建设全球数字经济标杆城市的必经之路.本文梳理了各界学者对数字贸易发展现状及问题的研究,明晰并升级性地提出了北京自贸区在发展数字贸易过程中面临的贸易规则制定、人才储备、数字监管、贸易渠道和配套设施五大问题.未来,需要强化北京在数字贸易规则制定方面的引领作用,掌握主动权;在相关配套设施、贸易渠道、人才培养模式、贸易口径等方面需进一步完善和发展,助推北京赢得未来数字贸易竞争的主动权,建设全球数字贸易新标杆.

Spectroscopy is the use of light on the interaction of substances, providing the microstructure of substances and different chemical analysis methods to achieve the quantitative and qualitative substances. A large number of spectral analysis techniques are used in the process of making murals. In this study, taking Huapen Guandi Temple of Yanqing in Beijing as an example, the techniques and materials formaking murals are analyzed by spectral analysis and other techniques. Huapen Guandi Temple is located in Huapen village, Yanqing District, Beijing. It was built in the fourth year of the Yongzheng reign (1726) of the Qing dynasty. Many spectral analysis techniques are used in the process analysis of mural making. This study takes Beijing Yanqing Huapen Guandi Temple as an example to analyze the mural making process and materials. Using a range of spectroscopic techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and laser particle size analyzer, the study found that the mural of Guandi Temple is supported by an adobe wall. The main components of the ground layer are quartz, calcite and albite, and the main components of the white powder layer are gypsum. The red pigments in the pigment layer are iron red, lead and cinnabar. Blue is azurite, yellow is chrome yellow, black is carbon black, white is gypsum, green is Paris green, green earth and chrome green. The Binder of gold coating with pitch powder is cooked tung oil and rosin resin, and the gold foil is red gold with a gold content of 86. 1%. The Raman spectrum can not only distinguish the pigment of the fresco but also prove it through the research of the pigment history and enrich the historical information of the fresco. It is of great significance to study and protect the ancient frescoes by combining the spectral analysis data of cultural relics with the literature data and fully excavating the information behind the cultural relics. Through the difference in the making technology of the wall of the same wall in Guandi Temple, this paper shows that the material and the craft of the mural are affected by the position. It is expected that the researchers will find the typical cases of murals by the regulations by studying the differences of murals making materials and techniques and summarizing the regulations of murals making in past dynasties.

永陵为前蜀开国皇帝王建的陵寝,采用平竖互嵌法建筑墓室,内部保存有二十四伎乐棺床、十二扶棺力士、王建像等石雕,是研究五代十国工艺美术、音乐文化等方面的重要实物.本文应用便携显微镜、X射线荧光、X射线衍射、偏光显微镜、激光拉曼等多种检测方法对石质基材和矿物颜料进行分析,结果表明地宫砂岩质文物主要成分为石英、方解石、钾长石、白云母等,其中方解石以孔隙式进行胶结,孔径分布在370～844 nm;棺床上珉玉板主要成分为方解石.券拱使用白垩作为白粉层,石青作为蓝颜色颜料;力士头部和铠甲红色颜料使用了朱砂、铁红,绿色颜料为石绿,蓝色颜料为石青;王建像腰部红色颜料为朱砂.对前室地面"金水"产地山体石料进行分析,其结构、成分与地宫红砂岩石料基本一致.本次制作材料与工艺分析结果可为永陵地宫石质文物保护研究提供科学依据.

美岱召位于内蒙古包头市土默特右旗,是藏传佛教格鲁派传入内蒙后建立的第一座黄教寺庙,其壁画绘制时间集中在明清时期.利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜能谱、X射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱及黏土粒度分析等方法分别对美岱召壁画颜料、地仗样品及当地土样进行了分析.结果表明,壁画颜料多为无机矿物颜料,其中红色颜料为朱砂、铅丹、铁红,蓝色颜料为群青,绿色颜料为氯铜矿,白色颜料为铅白、立德粉、碳酸钙,黄色颜料为铅黄、雌黄.地仗主要成分为石英,伴有少量长石及方解石.壁画绘制时在墙体分别涂麦草泥粗泥地仗、掺加麻纤维的细泥地仗,然后进行绘画,存在有白粉层和无白粉层两种工艺.