The Dadong site, located in the Changbaishan region of Jilin province, China, is an important Upper Paleolithic site characterized by its large distribution area and abundant stone artifacts. This study presents a geoarchaeological study of a newly excavated area of this site. Soil micromorphology, particle size analysis, and pH measurements were used to reconstruct the site formation process from around 60 ka to the present. Additionally, this study examines the impact of volcanic eruptions and local geomorphology on ancient human adaptation in this area. This paper also investigates the effects of post-depositional processes, particularly freeze-thaw, on the distribution of lithics. This study is the first soil micromorphological study of a Paleolithic site in Northeast China, and is important for studying the changes of the Pleistocene environment in this region as well as the development of microblade technology in Northeast Asia.

对近20年的青铜器锈层研究进行统计分析,古代锈层剖面样本依据其成分和结构可分为含氯锈层(TypeⅠ)、氧化锈层(TypeⅡ)、水合锈层(TypeⅢ)和富锡锈层(TypeⅣ)4种基本类型.在此基础上,将数量多且具有代表性的结构作为标准型,其余作为衍生型.锈层类型的多样性与环境中离子含量和扩散过程有关.环境中氯离子作用于金属基体的过程是影响氯化亚铜层形成的重要因素.环境中其他阴离子和氧气含量直接影响氧化产物及其次生腐蚀产物的生成和转化.在此过程中,离子的扩散过程直接控制腐蚀产物的沉积和分层,形成结构多变的锈蚀层.

This paper presents the technical characterisation by metallography and slag inclusion analysis of 43 iron artefacts from Qin civilian burials in the Guanzhong Plain, dated to the late Warring States period (around 3rd c. BC). Analysing these results with previously published data, we identify correlations among artefact functions, materials and manufacturing techniques, which indicate the existence of a complex and cost-efficient technological system. It is argued that a cast iron-based iron production industry was established in the Qin state to supply the civilian needs no later than the late Warring States period. Both casting and forging were used to shape iron objects, each requiring specific types of iron as raw material. Annealing and fining (Chaogang) techniques were applied to reduce the hardness of cast iron, as well as to convert cast iron into soft iron and steel. Along with other technical innovations such as the controlled cooling of mould-casting and various heat-treatment methods, the Qin state established a much more complex, diversified and cost-effective technological system of iron making, which facilitated the state to provide low-cost iron products for civilian use, as well as high-quality iron tools for state-owned workshops.

Water-soluble acrylate emulsions are commonly used in cultural heritage conservation, mostly for the reinforcement and bonding of murals, colored paintings, bone relics and lacquerware. The most widely used acrylate emulsions for heritage protection are the Primal, formerly produced by Rohm and Haas. Commercial materials such as Primal AC33, SF016, B60A, WS24 and MC76 have been widely used in the conservation and restoration practice of cultural relics at home and abroad. However, most of the literature reports are restoration cases of direct purchase and use, and their is a lack of systematic scientific performance evaluation research. In this study, we investigated the hygrothermal and UV ageing performance of five commonly used Primal acrylate emulsions, comparing their ageing resistance properties through microscopic morphology, colour change and gloss, etc. Infrared spectroscopy was used to trace the molecular structure changes and absorption peak intensities during UV ageing to explain their degradation mechanisms. The results show that WS24 and B60A have better heat and humidity aging resistance, while SF016 has the worst performance during the heat and humidity aging test. AC33 showed the most obvious color and glossiness changes. UV ageing test revealed that all five materials underwent chain scission reactions during UV irradiation, and AC33 and MC76 had lactones formation. After 4 200 h UV aging, the carbonyl index (CI) of AC33, SF016, B60A and MC76 increased to different degrees, and carbonyl absorption peak (D-t) intensity decreased by 10%similar to 15%. The carbonyl index of WS24 decreased rapidly, and the carbonyl absorption peak intensity decreased by 53%, which was the worst among the five materials in the UV aging test. According to the comprehensive evaluation, B60A has excellent resistance to UV and hygrothermal aging, and is the best Primal acrylic emulsion for cultural relic protection.

叶家山晚商青铜器组多数器物上有族氏铭文,对研究商代晚期青铜器流通、商末周初青铜器矿料利用规律和西周早期青铜器"分器"制度具有重要价值.研究结果表明,这批器物有铸造和铸后受热两种组织形态;合金类型以铅锡青铜为主,另有少量锡青铜和铅青铜;这批器物使用的一部分铜料、铅料与曾国铜器和殷墟四期铜器相同,表明商代晚期开发使用的一部分矿料到西周早期还在继续使用中,而商晚期"锡料来源紧缺",但西周早期曾国铜器锡料供应充足,这些锡料是晚商已开采使用后来被周人掌控,还是周人新开发的,亦需深入研究.

本文对四川渠县城坝遗址出土的錞于、钲、钟一组青铜乐器做了相关分析,研究发现:这组乐器属铜锡铅三元合金,錞于、钟含有微量砷;均采用范铸法分批、分部件浇铸而成,各部位合金比例不尽相同,錞于的合金比例差别较大.通过微痕信息观察,器身上的部分巴蜀符号为刻划成型而非铸造;器物用途可能仅为陪葬品而非实用器.

Nantokite (CuCl) layer induces severe corrosion of bronze by its active reactivity to copper alloy. To further understand its corrosion mechanism, this paper investigated the electrochemical evolution process of the Cu-S n-Pb ternary alloy covered with a CuCl layer by continuous electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) monitoring. And the EIS changing mechanism induced by dynamic Cl- circulation and the transformation of the CuCl were also discussed. The results showed that two extreme impedance value points, the 3rd and 7th hours, were observed during the evolution process of the CuCl layer within 48 h. The decrease of the impedance value at 0 similar to 3 h was mainly affected by the reaction of CuCl hydrolysis forming a Cu2O film, while the increase of impedance value at 3 similar to 7 h was affected by the reaction of copper attacked by chloride ion. After 7 h, the impedance value of the Cu-Sn-Pb alloys continued to increase due to the formation of a dense cuprous oxide layer and chloride ions migrating into solution.

Paraloid is the trade name of a series of acrylic resins. Paraloid products are one of the most useful materials in cultural relics conservation, which is usually applicable to a wide range of artifacts for consolidation, sealing and bonding. Among these products, Paraloid B-72 is the most representative one, widely used in art conservation at home and abroad. There are many reports on application cases, performance evaluation and aging mechanism research of Paraloid B-72. However, the other Paraloid products are obtained less attention due to limited domestic applications, and the aging performance research has not yet been conducted. This paper systematically evaluated the UV aging performance of Paraloid B-72, Paraloid B-44, Paraloid B-48N and Paraloid B-67. By using infrared spectroscopy to track the molecular structure changes during the 3864 h UV test, the aging mechanisms of these Paraloid products were further discussed and semi-quantitatively characterized. The results show that among the four Paraloid acrylic resins, the color and gloss of B-72 do not change significantly before and after aging test, while B-48N and B-67 color change greatly, and the gloss of B-44 decreased the most. During the aging process, the chain scission reaction and a certain degree of cross-linking reaction occur inside the acrylic resins, which is manifested in the weakening of the absorption of main functional groups and the increase of the carbonyl index (CI). According to the semi-quantitative results of the relative intensity of the main functional group absorption peak C=0, it can be reflected that B-72 has the best photostability. B-48N and B-44 perform slightly better than B-67. B-67 may be due to the low tertiary hydrogen bond energy on the isobutyl group, which is easy to absorb UV spectral energy and produce free radical oxidation reactions. Therefore, B-67 has the worst light aging resistance. In the comprehensive evaluation of the light aging performance of four Paraloid acrylic resins, B-72 has the best light stability, followed by B-44 and B-48N, and B-67 is the least suitable conservation material for outdoor cultural relics. The conclusions of this study are expected to provide some scientific suggestions for the first-line cultural relics conservators when choosing Paraloid acrylic resins as the conservation material.

饱水木质文物的脱水加固材料与方法,从保护原理出发,可分为物理处理法、化学处理法、生物质材料修复法.自然干燥法、冷冻干燥法、超临界干燥法等物理方法进行脱水的优势在于不添加任何新的化学材料,冷冻干燥法在与预脱水材料结合方式、脱水装置设备和工艺改良方面已取得较大进展.化学处理法中,填充加固法应用最广泛,加固效果良好,但渗透有限;聚合加固法使用的化学材料则普遍具有更好的渗透性,能够在木材基体内部原位反应,具有提高加固剂的渗透程度、缩短处理时间的优点,还可以通过调控聚合条件保留木材天然孔隙,便于后续抗菌剂等的渗透.在新型脱水材料的研究方面,纳米碱土金属材料能够持续性解决木质文物酸化问题,在脱水加固材料降解造成酸化的木质文物二次保护上有较好的应用前景.合成聚合物材料中,有机硅树脂兼具有机/无机杂化特性,机械强度、抗菌、耐老化等性能良好.生物质材料中,低聚酰胺、纳米纤维素等天然生物高分子材料比起合成高分子材料,与木材基体相容性更高.目前仿天然高分子材料的脱水加固材料研究尚处于实验室探索性阶段,但为饱水木质文物新型绿色保护材料的研发提供了新思路.

结构稳定性是评估文物安全的重要方面.三星堆二号坑出土1号青铜树体量庞大、结构复杂,且存在腐蚀、裂纹等危险因素,为了充分记录、评估其保存状况,本研究在原始几何形状和内部构造的基础上,利用三维数字建模技术,建立其几何模型和数值模型,并估算出青铜神树的质量分布和质心位置等无法实地测量的数据,并使用有限元方法,从应力和位移的角度分析青铜树的静置状态下的安全性.经过有限元模拟和材料力学简化计算,发现龙身和树干连接处、树枝根部应力较大,是易受损区域.

The provenance of copper is a major focus in archaeometallurgical studies of Bronze Age China. Despite a large dataset of lead isotopes and trace elements accumulated over the last few decades, discussions surrounding this issue remains inconclusive. A new interpretation paradigm of trace element data called ‘copper group method’ prompted a new round of exchanges and publications on this issue. This paper sets out to reconsider the potential and problems of using trace elements data as a proxy of provenance with some recently published Western Zhou bronze data. It is found that grouping with arbitrary cut-offs causes ignoring of outliers and hides the linear correlation between elements. Bi and Co, excluded in copper group method for simplification, are potentially important indicators of metal provenance in the Western Zhou period. Dimensional reduction and cluster analysis of log-ratio transformed trace element data suggest a series of alternative interpretations about metal circulation of the Western Zhou bronzes, and highlight the regional variation between the Zeng and Jin states in terms of their metal supply networks.

美岱召位于内蒙古包头市土默特右旗,是藏传佛教格鲁派传入内蒙后建立的第一座黄教寺庙,其壁画绘制时间集中在明清时期.利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜能谱、X射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱及黏土粒度分析等方法分别对美岱召壁画颜料、地仗样品及当地土样进行了分析.结果表明,壁画颜料多为无机矿物颜料,其中红色颜料为朱砂、铅丹、铁红,蓝色颜料为群青,绿色颜料为氯铜矿,白色颜料为铅白、立德粉、碳酸钙,黄色颜料为铅黄、雌黄.地仗主要成分为石英,伴有少量长石及方解石.壁画绘制时在墙体分别涂麦草泥粗泥地仗、掺加麻纤维的细泥地仗,然后进行绘画,存在有白粉层和无白粉层两种工艺.

关于三星堆出土青铜器的铸造工艺已开展了许多研究,但仍有部分技术问题有待进一步明晰.本文首次利用工业CT分析了部分三星堆青铜器残件标本,并结合表面痕迹观察对相关工艺问题进行了讨论.分铸和各种连接工艺在三星堆得到了广泛应用,通过多次浇注在各部件间形成稳固的机械连接,是青铜神树等形状复杂的器物得以成功铸造的技术保障.太阳形器上的后铸锔扣连接、神树树枝在内壁设置销杆的榫接结构等,均是颇具特点的工艺措施.在铜树枝残件内发现了使用芯骨的证据,芯骨的材质以竹木质为主,是此类工艺 目前所见最早的实物证据.部分容器的兽头装饰,采用了内置盲芯的复合范技术浑铸而成,显示了三星堆尊罍等容器不同的年代属性和技术传统.

南昌西汉海昏侯墓园M5棺内底部出土了一张玻璃席,在对其进行室内清理及相关科学分析研究的基础上,对其形制与制作工艺进行了系统揭示.研究显示:M5玻璃席平面由内部玻璃片主体、次外侧包边和最外侧包边三部分组成,玻璃片及两圈包边通过有机质线绳绑缚在下方含纺织物的底衬上;主体玻璃片及围边玻璃泡材质皆为铅钡玻璃;玻璃席是汉代列侯丧葬等级制度的重要表征物,本文为研究西汉时期玻璃席制作手工业及法赙制度提供了重要材料.

丙烯酸酯类聚合物(Acrylic Polymers)材料具有成膜性、可逆性、疏水性好的优异性能,被广泛应用于文物的加固、粘接和封护等.典型的丙烯酸酯类材料如Paraloid B-72、Primal AC-33等在文物保护领域内应用时间长、范围广,但由于文物材质、保存情况不同,难以满足所有的保护要求.本研究梳理了其他非典型丙烯酸酯类文物保护材料,如Paraloid?系列B-44、B-48N、B-66、B-67;Primal?系列SF-016、B-60A、MC-76、WS-24以及其他乳液型丙烯酸材料.通过对比其基本化学成分、应用对象、方法及效果,以及使用过程中的特征及优缺点,总结了其在文物保护中的应用历史、现状及发展前景,以期为丙烯酸酯类保护材料的选择提供有益的参考.

清代镶嵌器物数量巨大且种类繁多,玻璃是其中一种重要的镶嵌材料.为探讨清代镶嵌玻璃饰件的成分特征和加工工艺,本工作采用微区X射线荧光能谱、扫描电子显微镜、显微共聚焦拉曼光谱、激光诱导击穿光谱等方法,对故宫馆藏清代紫檀木边嵌玉石楼阁挂屏上的6件镶嵌玻璃饰件进行了初步分析,结果表明:6件玻璃饰件属于K2O-CaO-SiO2体系,以石英岩引入SiO2作玻璃基体,硝石作助熔剂引入K2O,CaO有方解石和萤石两个主要来源;深蓝色玻璃着色元素为钴,浅蓝色玻璃着色元素为铜,蓝绿色玻璃为铜和铁共同着色,4件玻璃饰件乳浊剂均为CaF2;黄色玻璃以铅锡黄为着色剂并乳浊剂.通过显微形貌观察结合档案记载,认为镶嵌玻璃饰件是在熔制好的玻璃块上经过二次加工而成,加工工艺采用了中国古代传统的治玉工艺.研究结果可为清代镶嵌工艺及玻璃制作工艺的研究提供佐证.

涞滩二佛寺位于重庆市合川区,其彩绘石刻是川渝地区佛教禅宗造像的典型代表.但石质基岩、金箔和彩绘均出现了严重病害,为了保护修复彩绘石刻造像,需对其制作材料与工艺进行分析研究.采用X射线衍射、超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱、显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱等方法对二佛寺石刻彩绘进行了岩石矿物组成分析、石刻彩绘剖面显微分析和颜料成分分析.结果表明,彩绘均绘制在长石石英砂岩之上,先做一层较薄的石膏白粉层,再施各色颜料,其中红色为铁红和朱砂;蓝色为石青和普鲁士蓝;绿色为石绿和氯砷钠铜石;黑色为炭黑;白色为石膏;黄色为铅锑黄.部分位置的颜料层可见2或3层叠压,说明二佛寺石刻彩绘历史上经过多次重绘.距今较近的重绘活动,可能发生在清代晚期或更晚的时间.

本文对宁波镇海鱼山遗址出土铜器及庶来遗址采集铜俑的填充金属进行了合金成分、金相及铅同位素比值分析.结果显示,鱼山遗址出土铜器材质以铜锡(铅)合金为主,合金化程度较高;成型工艺以铸造为主,部分器物可能经历过铸后加工.庶来遗址采集铜俑的填充物材质为铅金属.经分析的样品的铅同位素比值均处于先秦时期青铜器的常见范围内,相似同位素比值的铜器年代多处于春秋中晚期至战国早期.镇海与同时期中原及江汉等地区在金属资源的利用上似存在密切联系,铜器生产和流通反映出的区域关系值得关注.

为了保护宁夏姚河塬遗址出土的保存状况极差的漆耳杯,利用薄荷醇制作临时支撑体,对漆耳杯进行现场提取并清理;用PEG400和PrimaIB60A对漆耳杯进行回软、加固,最后成功地保护了该漆耳杯.

文章对薄荷醇用于潮湿环境下脆弱遗存的临时加固提取进行了探索.在"南海Ⅰ号"沉船脆弱饱水木质文物的发掘保护过程中,经过必要的脱水处理后,薄荷醇对糟朽隔仓板的加固取得了良好效果,并实现了现场整体提取.