Aims:Species diversity constitutes a fundamental component of biodiversity in both structural and functional aspects that plays a unique and irreplaceable role in the protection of rare and endangered species.This study undertook an initial assessment of avian and mammal diversity in the Beijicun National Nature Reserve,filling the gap of biodiversity in the reserve,and providing a basic reference for the in-depth study and conservation management of wildlife in the reserve. Methods:Between January 2022 and June 2023,127 camera traps were deployed in the Beijicun National Nature Reserve,Heilongjiang,China.Collectively,these cameras were functionally operational for a total of 19,881 days and obtained a total of 1,704 independent images.Additionally,30 sample lines spanning 4 km each were estabished to carry out a fixed transect surveys throughout both the cold season of 2022 and the warm season of 2023.The integration of these methodologies facilitated a preliminary exploration into the avian and mammal diversity in the reserve. Results:The survey recorded a total of 94 species of avian and mammal in the study area,including 19 mammal species(distributed across 4 orders,10 families and 18 genera)and 75 avian species(12 orders,24 families and 49 genera).Notably,seven species were identified as first-class National Protected Wildlife in China,including Amur tiger,which was previously extirpated in the area since the 1960s and is the first time it has been detected in half a century.The top three species of mammals captured by camera traps were Lynx lynx,Capreolus pygargus,and Sus scrofa.The top three species of avian captured by camera traps were Corvus corone,C.corax,and Garrulus glandarius.In the transect survey results,the most abundant mammal species was Martes zibeuina,followed by Capreolus pygargus,Cervus elaphus,Alces alces,and Lepus timidus. Conclusion:This study showed that the combination of camera traps and transect surveys was effective in monitoring the diversity of birds and mammals within the reserve.Ungulates were abundant and widely distributed in the study area,while top predators such as wolves were scarce.The emergence of Amur tigers was of great significance for the basic ecological research of mammals in the area.

开展野生动物种群分布数量和生境适宜性评价研究是制定物种科学保护决策的基础和关键。以东北马鹿（Cervus canadensis xanthopygus）为研究对象，于2015—2020年在黑龙江省老爷岭南部穆棱林区，采用大样方调查方法收集马鹿在雪地留下的足迹信息分析马鹿种群数量；通过相机监测、足迹链跟踪和大样方调查3种方法综合收集马鹿活动点信息，利用最大熵（MaxEnt）建模分析马鹿生境适宜性。马鹿种群分布数量研究结果表明，穆棱林区马鹿种群密度为（0.0645±0.009）只/km~2,种群数量为47—61只，主要分布在研究地区南部的和平、龙爪沟和共和林场。生境分析结果表明：人为干扰因子中，居民区对MaxEnt模型的贡献率为44%,马鹿主要在距居民区距离约5 km和10—15 km的区域活动，在偏僻的林间小道和乡村道路马鹿生境适宜性较高，其对模型贡献率分别为16.8%和10.2%;植被因子中，在距常绿针叶林和针阔混交林距离4 km范围内，随距离增加马鹿生境适宜性逐渐降低。生境适宜性分析结果表明，研究地区马鹿适宜生境和次适宜生境面积为87.09 km~2,仅占研究区域的10.39%,主要集中分布于研究区域的东南部，而西北部的适宜生境较少，且破碎化严重。研究认为，老爷岭南部穆棱林区马鹿种群密度低、数量少主要受马鹿种群基数小和适宜生境面积少两方面的限制。因此，在未来马鹿种群保护恢复的过程中，应有针对性地加强对马鹿重点分布区域西南部和西北部的生境恢复，西南部生境修复有利于研究地区与吉林省天桥岭林区2个隔离分布区之间马鹿种群进行基因交流，西北部生境修复有利于增加马鹿种群恢复需求的适宜生境面积。对穆棱林区马鹿种群实施保护和对关键区域不适宜生境进行修复意义重大，亦为满足该区域分布的东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica）和东北豹（Panthera pardus orientalis）对猎物资源的需求有着重要意义。

小飞鼠(Pteromys volans)为树栖夜行滑行类啮齿动物,在森林种子传播和维持生态系统平衡等方面发挥着重要的生态学作用.本研究利用mtDNACytb、控制区和nDNA微卫星3种分子标记,对黑龙江省张广才岭北部的小飞鼠种群进行遗传多样性与历史动态分析.检测出Cyt b全序列(1 140 bp)的平均单倍型多样性为0.909,平均核苷酸多样性为0.616％;控制区全序列(1 066 bp)的平均单倍型多样性为0.945,平均核苷酸多样性为1.698％;微卫星检测出种群平均等位基因数13.167个,观测杂合度0.727,期望杂合度0.864,近交系数0.159.结果表明,小飞鼠种群遗传多样性丰富,但存在一定程度的杂合度不足和近亲繁殖;未检测到种群近期遗传瓶颈效应,种群内无遗传分化.高比例的稀有单倍型(≥60％)、低频率等位基因与近亲繁殖,提示未来种群面临遗传多样性下降的风险,建议加大对该物种的关注和保护力度.基于Cyt b基因的系统进化关系结果表明,小飞鼠存在3个明显的遗传谱系:远东、欧亚大陆北部和日本北海道,本研究中张广才岭和大兴安岭的样本单倍型归属为远东谱系.

小飞鼠(Pteromys volans)为树栖夜行滑行类啮齿动物(Rodentia),在森林种子传播和维持生态系统平衡等方面发挥着重要的生态学作用.过去不合理的森林采伐,已导致其生存受到一定威胁,为了给小飞鼠东北亚种(P.v.arsenjevi)群体遗传学研究与管理提供重要的分子标记,从鼯鼠科(Pteromyidae)的小飞鼠指名亚种(P.v.volans)、北美飞鼠(Glaucomys sabrinus)、海南小飞鼠(Hylopetes phayrei)、赤颊林飞鼠(H.sagitta)和松鼠科(Sciuridae)的北松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)5个物种中,选择34个具有多态性的微卫星位点,基于交叉扩增测试在小飞鼠东北亚种的可用性.结果显示:共有14个位点能够成功扩增,其中2个位点(Hlep26和GLSA48)不具多态性,12个位点(Pvol10、Pvol41、PvolE1、PvolE5、PvolE6、PvolE10、Scv3、Hlep59、Hlep72、Hlep80、Hph17和ScnFO35)显示出较高的多态性,等位基因为8～16个,多态信息含量为0.757～0.902,不存在位点间的连锁不平衡.12个位点的累计个体识别力很高,全同胞的错误判别概率仅为1.44×10-6.系统关系越近的物种之间,多态性位点的成功交叉扩增率越高.研究表明,筛选的12个多态性位点,可作为非损伤性遗传取样个体识别的参考位点,可用于小飞鼠东北亚种的群体遗传学分析和遗传管理.