Растительные сообщества существенно изменяют микроклимат под своим пологом. Цель работы - охарактеризовать фитомассу и температурный режим почвы в четырех типах травяных сообществ Центрально-Лесного государственного природного биосферного заповедника и его окрестностей (Тверская область). Надземная фитомасса возрастала в ряду заброшенные луга (930 ± 53 г/м2, среднее и ошибка среднего) - используемые луга (1111 ± 40 г/м2) - таволговые сообщества (1357 ± 155 г/м2) - субрудеральные высокотравные сообщества (1726 ± 188 г/м2). Подземная фитомасса в слое 0-5 см изменялась в среднем от 614 ± 102 г/м2 в субрудеральном сообществе до 1254 ± 448 г/м2 в таволговом. Общая фитомасса была положительно скоррелирована с pHпочвы (R = 0,814; p < 0,001; n = 16), а также с индикаторными оценками богатства почвы (R= 0,528; p = 0,029). Во всех сообществах пик температуры почвы приходился на июнь - июль, что соответствовало ходу температур воздуха. Зимой почвы на глубине 8 см не промерзали, а на поверхности в отдельные дни были возможны отрицательные температуры. Влагоемкость почвы была значимо отрицательно скоррелирована со средними температурами на глубине 8 см за июль, август и сентябрь. Связь с температурой поверхности почвы была аналогичной, но слабее выраженной. Температуры почвы в пик вегетационного периода и в последующие месяцы не были значимо скоррелированы с показателями надземной фитомассы. Таким образом, в лесной зоне даже на относительно небольшой территории травяные сообщества хорошо различаются по фитомассе. Температура почвы под пологом травяной растительности дифференцируется в большей степени в зависимости от физических свойств почвы, а не от надземной биомассы. Plant communities sufficiently change microclimate under their canopy. To reveal the effects of different types of herbaceous communities on the soil thermal regime, phytomass and soil temperature were measured in four plant communities of the Central Forest State Nature Bioshpere Reserve and its surroundings (Tver` oblast`). The productivity of the studied communities ranged in the order: abandoned meadows (930 ± 53 g/m2) - managed meadows (1111 ± 40 g/m2) - Filipendula ulmaria communities (1357 ± 155 g/m2) - subruderal tallherb communities (1726 ± 188 g/m2). The belowground phytomass in the 0-5 cm layer ranged on average from 614 ± 102 g/m2 in the subruderal community to 1756±448 g/m2 in the Filipendula ulmaria community. The total phytomass was positively correlated with the soil pH (R = 0.814, p < 0.001, n = 16), as well as with nutrient availability indicator values (R = 0.528, p = 0.029). In all the communities the temperature maximum coincided with that of air temperature and occur in June-July. In winter, soils at 8 cm did not freeze, but some days surface temperatures dropped below zero. Soil water capacity was significantly negatively correlated with mean temperatures at the depth of 8 cm in July, August, and September. The links with soil surface temperature were similar, but less pronounced. Soil temperatures at the peak of the growing season and in the following months were not significantly correlated with aboveground phytomass values. Thus, in the forest zone even within relatively small area the phytomass of herbaceous communities differs greatly. Soil temperature under herbaceous vegetation canopy mostly depends on soil physical properties, but not on aboveground biomass.

The assignment of emission factors (EFs) to land classes is vital for evaluating and reporting the effectiveness of rewetting drained peatlands in mitigation projects. This process currently relies on developing land class catalogues with assigned EFs based on extensive datasets, known as GEST catalogues. However, the GEST method, which assigns EFs based on vegetation types, often fails to provide satisfactory results in heterogeneous sites or in projects aimed at reducing emissions from multiple sources beyond drainage.We propose to assign EFs to mapping units by modelling the spatial structure and functions of peatland ecosystems. This method was tested in several peatland restoration projects conducted in Russia (2011-2022), Peru (2023-2024), and Mongolia (2023-2024).Our spatial modelling approach is founded on the observation that most chamber emission measurements typically occur at the microform level (10-4 to 10-2 ha). However, microforms are too small for practical mapping at the project scale (from 102 ha). To overcome this limitation, we employed a hierarchical landscape classification to upscale chamber measurement outcomes. Landscape units at the facies level comprise various combinations of elementary microform units, represented by phytocoenoses or complexes thereof. These facies collectively define peatland areas (10-1 to 102 ha), making them suitable mapping units for typical peatland restoration projects. Notably, GEST does not clearly define spatial boundaries; it may refer to either facies or peatland areas, according to different authors. To derive the EFs at the facies level, the area of each microform type is multiplied by its corresponding EF. The cumulative value theoretically yields the desired emission factor for the facies. This procedure can similarly be applied to calculate EFs for the spatial scale of peatland areas, aligning with classes identified in the IPCC guidelines.Like many methods for calculating EFs, our proposed approach includes inherent uncertainties. A key question remains regarding the relationship between ecosystem function quantification (in this case, greenhouse gas emission factors) and the proportional area of the land cover class for which specific assessed values have been derived.At the Orshinski Mokh peatland (Tver, Russia), we validated our calculated fluxes against direct measurements from an Eddy-Covariance tower. Preliminary calculations incorporating the area fractions of each facies resulted in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) values of 4.8 tCO2/ha and methane emissions of 7.8 kg CH4/ha over 157 days, while initial readings from the Eddy Covariance method indicated 4.6 tCO2/ha and 18.4 kg CH4/ha for the same duration. Further detailed calculations will refine these values.In 2024, we set up a similar experiment in Mongolia's Khurkh peatland, with expectations for preliminary results in 2026.Another methodological challenge encountered in assigning EFs for restoration projects in Mongolia and Peru involved factors and processes that complement drainage, notably nitrification and carbonisation, which significantly increase emissions. We propose to investigate these processes' impacts on peat under various conditions by summing up the outcomes of ex-situ published laboratory experiments. The resulting fluxes will be averaged over the duration in the nature of the conditions studied and incorporated into the GEST or calculated EFs for the drainage-rewetting process.

Plant communities sufficiently change microclimate under their canopy. To reveal the effects of different types of herbaceous communities on the soil thermal regime, phytomass and soil temperature were measured in four plant communities of the Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve and its surroundings (Tver oblast). The productivity of the studied communities increased in a row: abandoned meadows (930 ± 53 g/m2) → managed meadows (1111 ± 40 g/m2 ) → meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria communities (1357 ± 155 g/m2) → subruderal tall-herb communities (1726 ± 188 g/m2). The belowground phytomass in the 0–5 cm layer ranged on average from 614 ± 102 g/m2 in the subruderal community to 1756 ± 448 g/m2 in the Filipendula ulmaria community. The total phytomass was positively correlated with the soil pH (R = 0.814, p < 0.001, n = 16), as well as with nutrient availability indicator values (R = 0.528, p = 0.029). In all the communities the temperature maximum coincided with that of air temperature and occurs in June–July. In winter, soils at the depth of 8 cm did not freeze, but some days surface temperatures dropped below zero. Soil water capacity was significantly negatively correlated with mean temperatures at the depth of 8 cm in July, August, and September. The correlation with soil surface temperature was similar, but less pronounced. Soil temperatures at the peak of the growing season and in the following months were not significantly correlated with the aboveground phytomass values. Thus, in the forest zone, even within a relatively small area, the phytomass of herbaceous communities differs greatly. Soil temperature under a herbaceous vegetation canopy mostly depends on the soil physical properties, but not on the aboveground biomass.

In patients oral liquid with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were referred for orthopedic treatment using implants, an increased content of triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose was found. Such state of oral cavity in type 2 diabetes cannot but affect the results of dental implantation. In this regard, patients of the main group were prescribed regular courses of drugs regulating carbohydrate metabolism and microbiocenosis, enhancing immunity and resistance in oral cavity, as well as antioxidant and osteotropic drugs. Biochemical studies of oral liquid showed a fairly high efficiency of proposed complex, which contributes to the normalization of impaired metabolism. Key words: dental implantation, diabetes mellitus, oral liquid, biochemical parameters.

The rate of plant litter decomposition depends on two simultaneous processes: the decomposition and stabilization of organic matter. To compare the rates of these processes in various ecosystems now a Tea Bag Index (TBI) is widely used. The samples of standard material (green tea and rooibos) were buried into soil at the depth of 8 cm in four herbaceous plant communities of Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve (CFSNBR) and seven communities of the Moscow river floodplain near the MSU Zvenigorod biological station (ZBS). Considering the mass losses of samples during the incubation time we calculated the values of decomposition constant and stabilization factor according to the protocol by J. A. Keuskamp et al. (2013) and estimated the links of these parameters with Ellenberg’s ecological indicator values. The stabilization factor values ranged from 0.122 g/g in Filipendula community of CFSNBR to 0.379 g/g at the natural levee of the Moscow river, and the decomposition constant values ranged from 0.0089 g/g/day in Filipendula community of CFSNBR to 0.0308 g/g/day at the slope of the high floodplain. The mean values of these parameters were significantly positively correlated. The decomposition rate was lower in the communities of CFSNBR and was positively correlated with the soil pH Ellenberg’s indicator values. The stabilization factor values did not depend on the region and decreased with the increase in soil moisture and nitrogen. The mainland meadows of CFSNBR and the meadows of the high floodplain of the Moscow river, belonging to Cynosurion cristati alliance, had the most similar parameters of decomposition.

Here we present the sampling event dataset that contributes to studying the flora of grasslands in Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve (part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves), Tver Oblast, Russia. The Reserve is located in the SW part of the Valdai Upland within the main Caspian-Baltic watershed of the Russian plain (Latitude: 56° 26' – 56° 39' N, Longitude: 32° 29' – 33° 01' E). The territory of Central Forest Reserve belongs to the subzone of subtaiga. The dataset includes the occurrences of vascular plant species in four types of grasslands from 209 vegetation plots (8,506 associated occurrences), collected in 2013-2014. The dataset described in this paper has never been published before. As the grasslands in Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve are relatively unstudied, we are providing a new comprehensive dataset on the vascular plant species occurrences in the grasslands of the Reserve. The dataset contains representative information on floristic composition of plant communities in localities with assigned GPS coordinates. As the vegetation of the Reserve is typical of the subtaiga subzone, the results of analysing this dataset can be useful for grassland management in the whole subtaiga subzone. During this study, we found one vascular plant species included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, three species from the Red Data Book of Tver Oblast, as well as 10 alien vascular plant species for the Reserve. These data, especially, the occurrences of protected and alien species, contribute to our knowledge of species composition of the grasslands of the Reserve.

Background. Meadows of the temperate zone are characterized by high biodiversity. Recently their area has been reduced as a result of land use change. Therefore it is important to assess their current state and spatial distribution. However, for the territory of European Russia patterns of spatial distribution are not known, ecology of grasslands is poorly studied, and syntaxonomy is not fully developed. Our aim was to fill this gap using traditional geobotanical methods and mapping with remote sensing data. Materials and methods. We use 278 relevés of grasslands made in the vicinity of the Polistovsky Reserve (Pskov Oblast`) and 11 scenes of Sentinel-2 (2018–2019). We carried out vegetation classification by floristic criteria, DCA-ordination and calculation of Ellenberg` s indicator values. Remote data (Sentinel scenes) were classified by Random forest algorithm using 234 predictors (derivatives of satellite images). The resulting maps were validated with randomly distributed points and drone images. Results. The vegetation classification scheme has been developed, maps of the distribution of syntaxonomical classes and alliances have been obtained. Overall map accuracy was 83 % for classes and 87.3 % for alliances. The gradients of environmental factors that determine the differentiation of vegetation are identified. Conclusions. Alliances of herbaceous vegetation are well detected on the basis of time series of Sentinel-2 images. Peculiarities of spatial distribution of these communities are explained by their ecology. The largest areas are occupied by communities of Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class due to their high diversity. The most valuable meadows of the Molinion caeruleae alliance are poorly represented in the transition zone of the reserve. On the alliance level, the largest areas are occupied by the communities of the Convolvulo arvensis-Agropyrion repentis alliance.

Widespread ecological succession occurs in abandoned temperate semi-natural meadows, but the process is still not fully understood. In the Central Forest Reserve, located in the Tver Oblast of northwest Russia, meadows that were abandoned in the 1980s and 1990s still have not been fully overgrown by woody vegetation. The aim of our study was to examine how abandonment influences the structure of aboveground phytomass and community weighted means of leaf traits in the meadows of this forest zone. We compared the phytomass structures of abandoned meadows in the core area of the reserve and managed meadows in the surrounding area, which both belong to the Cynosurion cristati Tx. 1947 alliance. Mixed effect models were applied to estimate the effects of management on the phytomass fractions and community weighted means of the specific leaf area and leaf area apart from differences in other factors of the ecotope, estimated as Ellenberg's indicator values based on 100 m(2) releves. The vascular plant biomass was significantly lower while moss biomass and the specific leaf area were significantly higher in abandoned meadows than in managed meadows, but there was no significant difference in litter accumulation. The studied abandoned meadows lacked sufficient productivity to allow rapid changes toward tall-herb ruderal communities. However, the observed changes of community structure indicate that appropriate management will be required to maintain these meadows.

In the fluvio-glacial woodland landscape of the Zvenigorod biological station ( located within the mixed forest subzone, in the center of the Russian Plain), in order to identify ecological differences between syntaxa of coniferous and mixed forests referred to the classes Carpino-Fagetea and Vaccinio-Piceetea, 536 geobotanical releves collected in 2004-2016 were analyzed. Resulting from ecological-floristic classification (according to the Braun-Blanquet approach), 5 associations were established in this woodland (including 2 subassociations, 3 variants, particularly new xeromesophytic variant, named Vaccinium vitis-idaea, of zonal subass. Rhodobryo-Piceetum caricetosum pilosae and new sub-taiga variant named Asarum europaeum of south-taiga subass. Melico-Piceetum typicum) and 1 derivative community. Multidimensional ordination based on the similarity of floristic composition, phytoindication of the ecological regime using rank scales of H. Ellenberg, and analysis of the syntaxa localization in ecotopes at different positions in the river valley and with different soil characteristics (using a geographic information system based on large-scale maps), were carried out. The results of ordination and phytoindication showed that floristic differences between forest classes are consistent with soil reaction and nitrogen content, and at the level of associations in the same class - with a moisture regime. Frequency analysis of the syntaxa distribution by ecotopes revealed that the forests of the zonal syntaxon (subass. Rhodobryo-Piceetum caricetosum pilosae var. typica) have a tendency to grow on well-humified soils without gleyzation, whereas the forest syntaxon of the more northern range (subass. Melico- Piceetum typicum var. Asarum europaeum) do on gleyed soils. The specific accordance of forests studied to the granulometric soil composition has not been revealed. In the surveyed fluvio-glacial woodland landscape, xeromesophytic mixed forests dominate at the local watershed, those combine features of two classes, but basing on floristic criteria have to be referred to the nemoral class Carpino-Fagetea.

Calamagrostis epigeios meadows in the buffer