The study aimed to determine the optimal dose of a humic feed additive that balances weight gain and milk-forming processes in cows using neural network analysis. The productivity of cows can be increased by regulating the nutritional diet. It is possible to disrupt the balance of weight gain and milk-forming processes, which leads to an increase in the risks of susceptibility of cows to pathogenic infections. A novel computational system, NONN, was developed to calculate indices representing weight gain (CSImass) and milk production (CSImilk) based on blood parameters. As a result, it was possible to determine the maximum intensity of weight gain processes with a slight decrease in dairy productivity of cows when they were fed humic supplement No. 3 containing 70% humic acid. Thus, the proposed NONN computing system allows monitoring the effect of feed additives on the balance of weight gain, milk-forming, and immune protective processes based on cow blood parameters, which can be applied in developing new technologies for keeping farm animals. This approach is adaptable to other feed additives and livestock species, providing a scalable solution for sustainable livestock management and improving resource efficiency in farming practices Keywords: Milk-forming biochemical processes, humic acids, computational neural network, veterinary, food industry.

LF3872 was isolated from the milk of a healthy lactating and breastfeeding woman. Earlier, the genome of LF3872 was sequenced, and a gene encoding unique bacteriocin was discovered. We have shown here that the LF3872 strain produces a novel thermolabile class III bacteriolysin (BLF3872), exhibiting antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Sequence analysis revealed the two-domain structural (lysozyme-like domain and peptidase M23 domain) organization of BLF3872. At least 25% residues of this protein are expected to be intrinsically disordered. Furthermore, BLF3872 is predicted to have a very high liquid-liquid phase separation. According to the electron microscopy data, the bacterial cells of LF3872 strain form co-aggregates with the S. aureus 8325-4 bacterial cells. LF3872 produced bacteriolysin BLF3872 that lyses the cells of the S. aureus 8325-4 mastitis-inducing strain. The sensitivity of the antibiotic-resistant S. aureus collection strains and freshly isolated antibiotic-resistant strains was tested using samples from women with lactation mastitis; the human nasopharynx and oral cavity; the oropharynx of pigs; and the cows with a diagnosis of clinical mastitis sensitive to the lytic action of the LF3872 strain producing BLF3872. The co-cultivation of LF3872 strain with various antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains for 24 h reduced the level of living cells of these pathogens by six log. The LF3872 strain was found to be able to co-aggregate with all studied S. aureus strains. The cell-free culture supernatant of LF3872 (CSLF3872) induced S. aureus cell damage and ATP leakage. The effectiveness of the bacteriolytic action of LF3872 strain did not depend on the origin of the S. aureus strains. The results reported here are important for the creation of new effective drugs against antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus circulating in humans and animals.

The article describes the main directions, results and achievements of the research activities of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education MGAVMIB–MVA named after K. I. Scriabin for the 2022–2023 academic year. Intermediate scientific results are presented and ways for further development of grant activities are proposed.

El objetivo del estudio era desarrollar un sistema de prueba basado en la amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle con detección por hibridación-fluorescencia para detectar el ADN del virus de la peste porcina africana en presencia de una muestra de control interno. Como parte del estudio, se determinaron las condiciones óptimas de amplificación, se seleccionó un método de extracción de ácidos nucleicos y se analizó la amplificación de muestras positivas y negativas. Se llevó a cabo un análisis estadístico para determinar la reproducibilidad del estudio del sistema de prueba desarrollado. Se estudiaron las características genéticas del virus de la peste porcina africana y se identificó el fragmento del genoma más prometedor para la identificación específica de este patógeno, el gen de la proteína p72 de la cápside mayor. Se seleccionaron oligonucleótidos para la amplificación isotérmica de la diana. Los resultados del estudio son valiosos desde el punto de vista de futuros avances en virología, epidemiología y diagnóstico, y también pueden ser utilizados por organizaciones e instituciones implicadas en el control y la prevención de enfermedades animales, en particular la peste porcina africana.

The purpose of this work is to show that the genetic diversity of chicken breeds is manifested not only at the external phenotypic level, but also at the genetic level in the form of different levels of bioconsolidation of the expression of myogenesis genes in birds. To demonstrate this effect, a mathematical technique was developed based on constructing a fractal portrait of gene expression and calculating the index of fractal bioconsolidation of gene expression, which reflects the fractal features of the location of genes in a fractal portrait. The technique is illustrated by data on the expression of myogenesis genes of several meat and egg-bearing breeds of chickens. Thus, it was shown that the index of fractal bioconsolidation of myogenesis gene expression correlates (among the chicken breeds considered) with the intensity of chicken weight gain and NO release, which demonstrates the increased efficiency of biochemical and genetic processes in chicken organisms with a high level of fractal bioconsolidation of myogenesis gene expression.

Limosilactobacillus fermentum strain 3872 (LF3872) was originally isolated from the breast milk of a healthy woman during lactation and the breastfeeding of a child. The high-quality genome sequencing of LF3872 was performed, and a gene encoding a unique bacteriocin was discovered. It was established that the bacteriocin produced by LF3872 (BLF3872) belongs to the family of cell-wall-degrading proteins that cause cell lysis. The antibacterial properties of LF3872 were studied using test cultures of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Gram-positive pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325-4 and S. aureus strain IIE CI-SA 1246) were highly sensitive to the bacteriolytic action of LF3872. Gram-negative pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella strains, and Campylobacter jejuni strains) were more resistant to the bacteriolytic action of LF3872 compared to Gram-positive pathogens. LF3872 is a strong co-aggregator of Gram-negative pathogens. The cell-free culture supernatant of LF3872 (CSLF3872) induced cell damage in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative test cultures and ATP leakage. In the in vitro experiments, it was found that LF3872 and Actigen prebiotic (Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) exhibited synergistic anti-adhesive activity against Gram-negative pathogens. LF3872 has immunoregulatory properties: it inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α in a monolayer of Caco-2 cells; inhibited the production of IL-12 and stimulated the production of IL-10 in immature human dendritic cells; and stimulated the production of TGF-β, IFN-γ, and IgA in the immunocompetent cells of intestinal Peyer's patches (PPs) in mice. These results indicate the possibility of creating a synbiotic based on LF3872 and a prebiotic derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components. Such innovative drugs and biologically active additives are necessary for the implementation of a strategy to reduce the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of socially significant animal and human infections.

In this article, the authors, based on their own practical observations and research, as well as previously formulated theoretical generalizations, discuss a set of problems related to the issues of animal cultivation in modern conditions of anthropogenic changes in the biosphere. Unfortunately, at present, the theoretical provisions of biological science related to the transformation of the environment and organisms by humans are relatively poorly developed and require further study. First of all, such knowledge is necessary for the development of rationally justified ways of exploiting the resources of the animal world, for example, when working with domesticated organisms and when breeding wild organisms, in particular, in order to restore the number of individuals of certain small species.

The study of an integral microbial-organismal biosystem in chickens, which is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with a relatively constant taxonomic composition of the microbiome, which varies depending on feed and a number of other factors, can be determined by the ratio of individual groups of microorganisms. The work is devoted to the development of a unified fractal model that allows assessing the state of the intestinal microbiota of chickens under the influence of factors correcting microbiocenoses (probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, etc.). Based on the results of metagenomic studies, fractal portraits of microbial profiles under the influence of probiotic, prebiotic and phytobiotic were built. The parameters of the Fr3 fractal model, the indices of bioconsolidation of microbial communities in the intestines of birds were calculated according to the experimental variants.

The aim of the study is to study the effect of the mineral shungite on the intestinal microbiota of laying hens for the needs of poultry farming. To solve this problem in the conditions of the vivarium of the International Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Poultry Genomics, MVA by K. I. Skryabin, an experiment was set up on laying hens (Hisex Brown cross). The diet of laying hens of the experimental group differed from the control group by introducing a feed additive from shungite at a dosage of 1 kg per ton of feed. In accordance with the goal, the objectives of the study included the calculation of the index of bioconsolidation of microorganisms in microbial biosystems and the index of the composition of chemical elements in shungite and mixed fodder, the construction of a fractal portrait of the corresponding series of numbers, reflecting the series of numbers of microorganisms or the content of chemical elements in shungite. Thus, it was shown that shungite, with its special ratio of chemical elemental composition, favorably affects the self-organization of microbial-organismal biosystems of the intestines of laying hens and the intestinal microbiota of laying hens in general. The ratio of chemical elements in shungite imposes a certain matrix on the ratio of various functional groups of microorganisms in the intestines of birds, which ensures the best joint activity of microorganisms in converting organic substrates into nutrients.

The purpose of this study was to determine feed probiotics, including Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum bacteria, which stimulate the bioconsolidation of microorganisms in the intestines of broilers, provide high efficiency of biochemical transformations of plant substrates in the intestines of birds and promptly supply the body of birds with all the necessary nutrients. To control the bio-consolidation (IndBcon) of the microbial community in the intestines of birds, it is proposed to calculate the bioconsolidation index according to the frequency-taxonomic profiles of operational taxonomic units (OTE) of microbial communities determined by the molecular genetic method. It is assumed that the high values of IndBcon correspond to the increased efficiency of biochemical processes of decomposition of fiber in the intestines of birds and the full development of birds. To determine the values of the IndBcon index, we selected a model fractal OTE profile in which the OTE frequencies are a log-arithmetic series of decreasing numbers (for example: log2 (0,125) = –3; log2 (0,25) = –2; log2 (0,5) = –1; ...). This makes it possible to calculate the IndBcon index based on the deviation of the real OTE profiles from the model fractal OTE profile, and by comparing the IndBcon values for different bird diets, determine the diet that ensures the bioconsolidation of the intestinal microflora. An artificial computational neural fractal network (NFS) was developed to analyze the profiles of the OTE microflora of the intestines of birds and calculate the IndBcon indices. The NSF can simultaneously process several OTE profiles (for all variants of the experiment) and calculate the IndBcon values for each variant, that is, to obtain a quantitative assessment of the impact of the diet of birds on the biconsolidation of the microbial community in the intestines of birds. An artificial computational neural fractal network (NFS) was developed to analyze the profiles of the OTE microflora of the intestines of birds and calculate the IndBcon indices. The NSF can simultaneously process several OTE profiles (for all variants of the experiment) and calculate the IndBcon values for each variant, that is, to obtain a quantitative assessment of the impact of the diet of birds on the biconsolidation of the microbial community in the intestines of birds. In this experimental and theoretical study, three OTE profiles obtained by molecular genetic method in one control group (group 1) and two experimental groups (groups 2 and 3) of birds were compared. A probiotic with the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum was included in the feed diet of the 2nd group of birds, and a probiotic with the bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum was included in the feed diet of the 3rd group. Processing of three OTE profiles using NSF showed that in birds of group 1 IndBcon = 0,52, in birds of group 2 IndBcon = 0,24, in birds of group 3 IndBcon = 0,74. It turned out that these IndBcon values correlate with the masses of broilers in the corresponding groups (r=0,94), which confirms the influence of bioconsolidation of the microbial community of the intestines of birds on the activation of biochemical processes in the intestines of birds and their accelerated development of birds. Based on the study, it was recommended to use feed probiotics with Lactobacillus fermentum bacteria, since they help achieve the highest value of IndBcon and bioconsolidation of the intestinal microflora of birds.

Realization of the genetic potential of laying hens makes it feasible to achieve the maximum possible yield of egg products against, while using effective feed compositions and various feed additives. Implementation of molecular genetic technologies for the analysis of intestinal microbiota and the expression of key genes for productivity and resistance is an important tool in studying mechanisms of the effects of feed preparations on microorganism of birds. Within the framework of the project for the development of modern biotechnologies to assess gene expression, we carried out an experiment to assess influence of human recombinant interferon alpha-2b on the expression of genes for productivity and immunity in laying hens. A positive effect of the additive on the immune system of birds and the effectiveness of molecular genetic technologies for assessing the expression of key genes and the use of the studied additives in feeding of egg-type poultry have been shown. Реализация генетического потенциала кур-несушек позволяет достигать максимально возможный выход яичной продукции на фоне применения эффективных композиций кормов и различных кормовых добавок. Внедрение молекулярно-генетических технологий для анализа микробиоты кишечника и экспрессии ключевых генов продуктивности и резистентности является важным инструментом в исследовании механизмов воздействия кормовых препаратов на макроорганизм птицы. В рамках проекта по разработке современных биотехнологий для оценки экспрессии генов нами осуществлен эксперимент по изучению человеческого рекомбинантного интерферона альфа-2b на экспрессию генов продуктивности и иммунитета у кур-несушек. Показаны положительное влияние препарата на иммунную систему птиц и эффективность молекулярно-генетических технологий для оценки экспрессии ключевых генов и использования изучаемых добавок в кормлении яичной птицы.

This study determines the index of bio consolidation of microorganisms in the intestines of laying hens and assesses the influence of the feed additive from the shungite mineral on the self-organization of the microbial-organismic biosystem in the intestines of birds. Solve this problem was in a vivarium, an experiment on laying hens (cross Hisex Brown). The experimental group's layers differed from the control one by introducing a feed additive from shungite at a dosage of 1 kg per ton of compound feed. To calculate the index of bio consolidation of microorganisms in microbial biosystems and the index of the composition of chemical elements in shungite and mixed feed was built a fractal portrait of the corresponding series of numbers. It is reflecting the sequence of numbers of microorganisms or the content of chemical elements in shungite. It is detected that shungite, with its unique ratio of chemical elemental composition, favorably affects the self-organization of microbial-organismic biosystems in the intestines of laying hens.Disciplinary: Animal Science, Animal Feed Bioscience and Biotechnology, Veterinary, Biology, Biochemistry. (C) 2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

Modern high-performance molecular genetic and genomic technologies are currently widely used in applied research on poultry. In the present molecular genetic study, the effects of infection of laying hens with Salmonella and the feed additive Intebio, an phytobiotic based on essential oils, were studied. Both the inhibitory and the activating influence of these factors on the level of expression of a number of genes associated with immunity, transport of molecules and ions in the intestine, and productivity were shown both in 1 day and 7 days post infection. The feed additive can promote the formation of the mobilizing status of the immune system tension by activating key genes. Современные высокопроизводительные молекулярногенетические и геномные технологии находят в настоящее время самое широкое применение в прикладных исследованиях на сельскохозяйственной птице. В предлагаемой молекулярно-генетической работе были изучены эффекты заражения кур-несушек сальмонеллой и добавления в корм фитобиотика Интебио на основе эфирных масел. Показано как угнетающее, так и активирующее влияние этих факторов на уровень экспрессии ряда генов, связанных с иммунитетом, транспортом молекул и ионов в кишечнике и продуктивностью как через сутки, так и через 7 суток после заражения. Кормовая добавка может содействовать формированию мобилизующего статуса напряженности иммунной системы за счет активации ключевых генов.

Microbial communities in the intestines of birds self-organize to carry out joint biochemical actions and extract nutrients from plant substrates. Depending on the feed entering the intestine, the configuration of the microbial biosystem is regularly reconstructed, evenly distributing the enzymatic load between the microbial components. To assess the qualitative and quantitative indicators of these processes, it is proposed to calculate the index of fractal structures of microbial communities existing in the intestines of birds. The technique is based on a fractal analysis of the frequency spectrum of operational taxonomic units (OTU) of microbial communities obtained by the molecular genetic method. Initially, the initial OTU spectrum is converted into an abbreviated spectrum of OTU groups, in which each group combines OTE that are similar in frequency of occurrence. Next, a two-dimensional fractal portrait of the microbial community is constructed, on which each OTU group is represented by a point with coordinates that depend on the frequencies of these groups. A fractal portrait is necessary for conducting a topological analysis of the location of points on it and isolating fractal structures in the microbial community. As a fractal measure, the analysis uses triangles with vertices at the points of the OTU groups. At the same time, the smallest heights of the triangles are selected with the scale of the fractal measure. The construction of triangles and their arrangement in increasing order of scale of the fractal measure allows us to select the first triangles in a row, since they are triangles degenerate into a segment by a straight line. OTU groups included in degenerate triangles are the sought-after determined OTU groups belonging to fractal structures in the microbial community. Their share in the microbial community determines the index of fractal structures (IFS), which also takes into account the uniform distribution of the enzymatic load between OTU. In the experiment, the molecular genetic method of NGS was used to study microbial communities in the intestines of broilers of NGS using two types of probiotics. The obtained frequency-taxonomic spectra were used to calculate the IFS. An analysis of the results showed that probiotics affect the self-organization of microbial communities.

The recommendations are intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, farmers, researchers, teachers and students of agricultural universities as well as students of the advanced training system. Рекомендации предназначены для специалистов и руководителей птицеводческих хозяйств, фермеров, научных работников, преподавателей и студентов сельскохозяйственных вузов, слушателей системы повышения квалификации.

Improving the foundations of poultry nutrition is the basis for the dynamic development of agriculture in our country. In this regard, there is no doubt about the importance of studying the microbiota inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of birds, as well as the mechanisms of activation/inactivation of gene expression, in order to improve methods for assessing metabolism and their health status. Thanks to modern methods, it is possible to assess the effectiveness of the additives on the body, develop schemes for the prevention of diseases and produce high quality poultry products without the use of feed antibiotics, which is the basis for a healthy diet for people. The recommendations are intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, farmers, researchers, teachers and students of agricultural universities as well as students of the advanced training system. Совершенствование основ питания птиц является базой динамичного развития сельского хозяйства в нашей стране. В связи с этим не вызывает сомнений важность изучения микробиоты, населяющей ЖКТ птиц, а также механизмов активации/инактивации экспрессии генов, с целью совершенствования методов для оценки обмена веществ и состояния их здоровья. Благодаря современным методам удается оценить эффективность действия добавок на организм, разработать схемы профилактики заболеваний и производить птицеводческую продукцию высокого качества без применения кормовых антибиотиков, что является основой здорового питания людей. Рекомендации предназначены для специалистов и руководителей птицеводческих хозяйств, фермеров, научных работников, преподавателей и студентов сельскохозяйственных вузов, слушателей системы повышения квалификации.

The recommendations are intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, farmers, researchers, teachers and students of agricultural universities as well as students of the advanced training system. Рекомендации предназначены для специалистов и руководителей птицеводческих хозяйств, фермеров, научных работников, преподавателей и студентов сельскохозяйственных вузов, слушателей системы повышения квалификации.

The recommendations are intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, farmers, researchers, teachers and students of agricultural universities as well as students of the advanced training system. Рекомендации предназначены для специалистов и руководителей птицеводческих хозяйств, фермеров, научных работников, преподавателей и студентов сельскохозяйственных вузов, слушателей системы повышения квалификации.