This paper presents information on the propagation patterns of acoustic waves and their practical application, in particular, in modern fire detection methods that use artificial vision systems and video cameras as intelligent sensors. In practice, the use of artificial intelligence allows the detection of flames in places where the use of typical sensors is impossible or severely limited. Such a system can work together with environmentally friendly acoustic flame extinguishing technology as a standalone platform, or it may cooperate with other modules, which is a new approach in the field of fire protection. An analysis shows that the presented eco-friendly methods outperform other methods, with many advantages. In the future, the acoustic method can be used for the monitoring and early detection of fires in factory buildings or objects of high cultural, religious, and historical value, while an acoustic extinguisher equipped with artificial vision systems can be successfully used to extinguish fires.

This paper examines the state-of-the-art in fire suppression technologies based on computer vision applications in the subject areas of computer science and engineering. The study involves a two-stage analysis of publications using keywords. This paper presents a bibliographic analysis of scientific literature from the Scopus database using VOSviewer software and the author’s methodological approach. General keywords were used for the initial analysis of the dataset, followed by a more detailed study with additional criteria and specific keywords. The categories considered in the article are as follows: Firefighting Robots, Fire Detection, Fire Suppression, Aerial Vehicles, and Computer Vision. It is shown that the research includes technical aspects of fire robots and systems, as well as the improvement of their software and hardware. The subsequent review highlights the important role of computer vision in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of fire suppression systems. It is noted that key advances include the development of sophisticated fire detection algorithms and the implementation of automated fire suppression systems. The study also discusses the challenges and future directions in this field, emphasizing the need for continuous innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration. This review provides valuable information for researchers, engineers, and practitioners in the field of fire safety by offering a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art technologies and their applications in fire suppression.

Мета роботи. Розробка підходів, спрямованих на попередження надзвичайних ситуацій в установах зберігання документів, культурних та історичних цінностей, що базуються на використанні цифрових технологій для забезпечення їх пожежної та екологічної безпеки. Метод дослідження. Аналітичний підхід, що базується на огляді сучасних наукових джерел з питань цифровізації цивільного захисту, систем виявлення пожеж, інтернету речей та новітніх технологій моніторингу середовища. Результати дослідження. Розроблено вдосконалений алгоритм реагування на надзвичайні ситуації, що базується на оперативному зборі даних з мережі датчиків (температурних, вологісних, акустичних), інтегрованих через інтернет речей. Запропоновано інструменти онлайн-навчання персоналу та внутрішніх комунікацій, які підвищують рівень готовності співробітників до дій у разі інцидентів. Сформовано комплексну систему запобігання, виявлення та локалізації пожеж і екологічних загроз у закладах зберігання культурних та історичних цінностей. Теоретична цінність дослідження. Дослідження розширює теоретичні підходи до забезпечення пожежної та екологічної безпеки шляхом інтеграції концепцій інтернету речей, цифрового моніторингу та інтелектуальних платформ. Обґрунтовано можливість поєднання сучасних цифрових технологій з чинними вимогами цивільного захисту, що формує основу для подальших наукових досліджень цифрових систем безпеки у соціально значущих установах. Практична цінність дослідження. Запропоновані рішення можуть бути впроваджені у музеях, бібліотеках, архівах та інших установах культурної спадщини. Вони є доступними, оскільки ґрунтуються на недорогих датчиках, відкритих платформах і популярних месенджерах. Реалізація підходів забезпечує покращення моніторингу, оперативну взаємодію відповідальних осіб, підвищення кваліфікації персоналу та створення альтернативних каналів оповіщення у разі відсутності мобільного зв’язку. Цінність дослідження. Вперше запропоновано комплексний підхід, що поєднує IoT-технології, акустичне пожежогасіння, цифровий екологічний моніторинг та онлайн-освітні інструменти для персоналу установ культурної спадщини. Оригінальність підходу полягає у синергії технічних і комунікаційних рішень, спрямованих на підвищення рівня безпеки в умовах обмежених ресурсів і підвищених ризиків. Обмеження дослідження. Запропоновані рішення потребують адаптації до різних архітектурних і технічних умов та не мають експериментальної перевірки у реальних установах. Перспективними напрямами подальших досліджень є створення та тестування прототипів IoT-систем, розробка рекомендацій щодо оновлення нормативної бази, інтеграція штучного інтелекту для прогнозування ризиків і оцінка економічної ефективності цифрових екосистем безпеки. Тип статті: Оглядовий.

In the article, a state analysis of the organic carbon-containing additives use in fire fighting has been carried out. Negative environmental effects when using fluorine-containing short- and long-chain surfactants, which can act as both a fire extinguishing agent and its decomposition product, have been noted. As an important direction for further evolution in the field of fire extinguishing agents, the use of oxysilanes and gel systems based on liquid glass as environmentally friendly compounds has been noted. The prospects and environmental friendliness of the use of acoustic effects in extinguishing fires have been noted. The addition of small amounts of inorganic and organic compounds is regarded as an inexpensive and effective method to increase the fire fighting properties of water. In this work, the ecological characteristics of a number of organic compounds used in fire fighting as thickeners of aqueous solutions and the reduction of their surface tension were studied. Alginic acid has been shown to be the most environmentally friendly water additive among the investigated organic carbon-containing compounds used in fire fighting.

The work notes the negative consequences of Russia's military aggression for the population, economy, infrastructure and natural ecosystems of Ukraine. In addition, a large-scale problem of waste management resulting from hostilities, related to the amount of this waste and its various effects on people and the environment, is highlighted. Further analysis of informational and literary sources demonstrated the necessity of mandatory inclusion of construction waste generated as a result of hostilities in the system of secondary processing and further reconstruction of our state. The growing role of digitization in modern society and the necessity of using technologies based on artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain and big data analytics, virtual and augmented reality in the field of waste management as necessary elements for ensuring a digital circular economy are noted. The available separate digital tools for regulation of this sphere in Ukraine need further development. Further, in the work, an algorithm for the functioning of the construction waste collection system, which was formed as a result of hostilities, was developed. the architecture of the information system for the collection of these wastes is proposed, and its implementation is verified on individual examples. The proposed architecture is based on the use of well-known messengers in mobile devices, which ensures massiveness and convenience of informing. It is envisaged to create a digital information space in which the destruction waste collection system includes users, a means of communication, a communication path, an interactive array of data, an automated router providing information, and the indirect participation of the owner of this system. Features of the interaction of the elements of this space are outlined. Individual examples of implementation of the proposed architecture include the development of a chatbot, an author's information channel, and an online training course. It was noted that these components are aimed at the introduction of a closed-cycle economy in the country and will contribute to its achievement of the goals of sustainable development.

Мета роботи: формування методики проведення лазерного моніторингу надзвичайної ситуації техногенного характеру на території, що зазнала ракетно-артилерійського ураження. Метод: застосовувались методи системного аналізу, теорії ймовірностей, теорії прийняття рішень, математичного та імітаційного моделювання. Результати дослідження: трасовий вимір методом диференціального поглинання, що в основі методики, полягає у виключені з аналізу частку сигналу, зумовлену розсіюванням випромінювання на неоднорідності середовища та нерезонансним поглинанням його. Теоретична цінність дослідження: набули подальшого розвитку теоретичні основи методу диференціального поглинання лазерного випромінювання. Практична цінність дослідження: результати сприяють своєчасному реагуванню на перевищення гранично-допустимих концентрацій шкідливих (забруднюючих) речовин, а також обмеження негативних наслідків для життя та здоров'я населення, навколишнього середовища. Цінність дослідження: створення унікального підходу до оцінки та аналізу наслідків надзвичайної ситуації унаслідок наявності в атмосферному повітрі шкідливих (забруднюючих) речовин понад гранично-допустимі концентрації на території, що зазнала ракетно-артилерійського ураження. Обмеження дослідження: обмеження, в основному, пов’язані з впливом фізичних факторів, умов середовища, що виникають на території, що зазнала ракетно-артилерійського ураження.

Означено руйнівний вплив російсько -української війни на рекреаційні природно-заповідні комплекси та інші об'єкти фізико-географічних зон України.В країні триває воєнний стан вже понад два роки.За цей час значна частина галузей національної економіки зазнала величезних втрат, зокрема й кластер туристсько-рекреаційного природокористування

The work is devoted to the solution of an actual scientific task in the field of civil protection, namely, the development of a new model for the prevention of emergency situations of a terrorist nature at the objects of the critical infrastructure of Ukraine, which are protected, by means of timely detection and identification of small unmanned aerial vehicles by active optoelectronic means. Based on the analysis, it was established that one of the trends in the development of terrorist scenarios at protected critical infrastructure facilities is the use of various small manned and unmanned aerial vehicles to carry out terrorist acts. This work is a continuation of the cycle of previous works on the development of a structural and logical model for managing an emergency situation of a terrorist nature at an object of critical infrastructure of Ukraine, which is protected, caused by the appearance of small-sized aerial targets, intended for the development and constant implementation of procedures of an organizational and technical nature to ensure the safety of the object to the guarded object, when small air targets appear. A mathematical model for the detection of signals reflected from small aerial targets using active optical systems using the phenomena of light absorption and scattering in optically transparent media has been developed, which represents a system of four analytical dependencies. Further research will be directed to conducting field experiments, performed using a specially designed laboratory setup, and theoretical calculations of the value of expected target detection activities as part of numerous experiments that should prove the reliability of the results obtained in the work. Identified directions of further research regarding the presented mathematical model of detecting signals reflected from small unmanned aerial vehicles using active optical systems that use the phenomena of absorption and scattering of light in optically transparent media will be directed to conducting full-scale experiments performed using a specially developed laboratory installation and theoretical calculations of the value of expected target detection activities as part of numerous experiments, with the aim of proving the reliability of the results obtained in the work. Keywords: emergency situation, small unmanned aerial vehicle, violator, model, protected object.

The work is devoted to the solution of an actual scientific task in the field of civil protection, namely, the development of a method for detecting focal signs of an emergency situation due to a fire at critical infrastructure facilities, with the aim of further developing a method of preventing terrorist emergencies at critical infrastructure facilities of Ukraine. In order to solve the set goal, it is necessary to: provide a description and carry out planning of the procedure for conducting a full-scale experiment to determine the focal signs of an emergency situation due to a fire at critical infrastructure facilities; determine requirements for equipment for measuring focal signs of an emergency situation due to fire at critical infrastructure facilities; determine the general conditions for the formation of an algorithm for the method of detecting focal signs of an emergency situation due to a fire at critical infrastructure facilities; provide recommendations on the possible use of the received information during the reconstruction of an emergency situation due to a fire at a critical infrastructure facility. This work is a continuation of the cycle of previous works on the development of structural, logical and mathematical models for managing an emergency situation of a terrorist nature at an object of the critical infrastructure of Ukraine, which is protected, which are intended for the development and constant implementation of procedures of an organizational and technical nature that ensure the safety of the object. Thus, the interpretation of the results of the measurement of electrical resistance must be accompanied by an analysis of the specifics of the volume-planning decisions of the building (premises), the conditions of air exchange, the distribution of the fire load in the center of an emergency situation due to a fire. The obtained results of the soot research can be used as part of the technical examination to reconstruct the process of the emergence and development of an emergency situation due to a fire at critical infrastructure facilities. Keywords: emergency situation, critical infrastructure object, technique, focal signs, thermal damage.

The work systematizes knowledge in the field of threat and risk research when solving applied problems. To achieve the set goal, the following scientific tasks must be solved: analyze the main concepts of threat and risk research; give a description of the tasks to be solved regarding threats and risks; consider the main methods of threat and risk analysis from the standpoint of the technocratic concept; from the standpoint of the technocratic concept, consider the main methods of risk assessment, their advantages and disadvantages. A threat is understood as a potentially possible event that can lead to harm (catastrophic event), and risk - determines the degree of danger of occurrence or impact of a threat (or a set of threats - a set of catastrophic events) on a specific object (resource, process or system). At the same time, for a specific dangerous (for example, a nuclear) object, the concepts of a certain type of threat and the risk of its occurrence are interconnected. This strict triangular dependence requires a unified (inseparable, interrelated) consideration of these concepts in relation to solving various applied problems. A systematic approach to ensuring their safety is applied to all complex man-made objects, which includes the identification of objective dangers, the definition and ranking of threats, the assessment of the risk of their manifestation and the preparation of a forecast, which is done in favor of preventing catastrophic events caused by objective dangers. The most effective methods of threat and risk assessment are methods integrated into monitoring systems, decision support systems, and other automated management systems. The events of recent years in Ukraine require the definition of a terrorist threat as the primary and most important one, because in relation to nuclear facilities, under a positive man-made environment, it creates an avalanche-like emergency situation caused by nuclear, radiation, environmental and other catastrophic events. In turn, this will require the systematization of existing and the development of new methods, algorithms and protocols for assessing and countering terrorist threats at man-made objects. Keywords: emergency situation, catastrophic event, man-made object, danger, threat, risk.

The main achievements in the development of resistive type gas sensors are analyzed, in particular, the creation of nanostructures based on metal oxides, which make it possible to significantly improve the performance characteristics of the sensors. Experimental samples of the gas sensor based on ZnO were obtained by magnetron sputtering on direct current. The effectiveness of the gas sensor system for recognition and analysis of gases and their mixtures has been established. A study of the sensitivity of experimental samples to the influence of the target gas CO was carried out. The target gas concentration varied from 50 to 150 ppm. It was established that the ZnO-based gas sensor exhibits the highest sensitivity at a target gas concentration of 100 ppm. The sensitivity of the gas sensor increases with increasing exposure time to the target gas.

The study highlights the main regularities of preparation and execution of a terrorist act from the standpoint of considering a terrorist emergency as a spatiotemporal process. It is proposed to use the expert method of scenarios to assess terrorist threats to strategic objects. Ensuring the national security of Ukraine is a multifaceted problem, which includes military and political, economic and informational security, protection of the state border, and civil defence. Solving these component tasks is impossible without taking into account the possible terrorist impact on the strategic objects of the state, which include critical infrastructure enterprises, key transport communications, and military facilities. The description of any emergency requires a clear definition of the type of catastrophic event that caused it. Terrorist threats at protected strategic objects are possible socially dangerous consequences of malicious actions, i.e., terrorist acts that lead to stopping or limiting the functioning of these objects. The scenario method involves the creation of scenario development technologies that provide a higher probability of developing an effective solution. Scenarios are a set of equally compelling stories, each describing one of the potentially possible options for the future. Intrusion scenarios used in physical protection systems of protected objects consist of two parts. The first one provides a set of variants of terrorist threats, that is, expected actions of intruders against the protected object. The second is an action plan (reaction to the actions of intruders) of the physical protection system to neutralise terrorists. The process of improving the technology of developing scenarios of terrorist threats will provide a higher probability of developing an effective solution to ensure the security of strategic objects and counter terrorist threats, when possible, and a higher probability of reducing expected losses to a minimum in situations where losses are unavoidable. Keywords: emergency, catastrophic event, man-made object, danger, threat, risk.

In this article, the results of experimental explosive research of a dome-shaped protective device (made of St20 steel, 90 cm diameter, 130 kg weight) with a load have been given. These studiesused standard statistical procedures with a 0.95 reliability level to establish the validity of the existing mathematical model for emergency prevention. These are associated with the threat of the explosion of a small-sized explosive object. That allowed to substantiate the features that must be taken into account by the personnel of pyrotechnic divisions in operational activities (compliance with the additional load on the body of small-sized explosives trinitrotoluene (TNT), the need for passive protective embankment, stock in the pyrotechnic division of protective load, for example in the form of bags with sand).

Означені наукові засади організації еколого-картографічного моніторингу та географічному рекогносцируванню екологічної мережі м.Києва.Наукова проблема географічного та екологічного вивчення каркасу екомережі м.Києва картографічними методами моніторингу розв'язана не повною мірою, отже, потребує нових підходів, особливо із залученням інноваційних технологій цифрового картографування та математико-картографічного алгоритмічного моделювання

A gas sensor based on zinc oxide obtained by magnetron spraying at direct current was investigated. There are methods of deposition of zinc oxide nanostructures such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, organometallic chemical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, and hydrothermal process. The least investigated is magnetron sputtering. To obtain films, a vacuum unit VUP-5M with an original material-saving magnetron was used. Studies into the sensitivity and speed of the gas sensor based on ZnO with respect to the target gas – ethanol of different concentrations – were carried out. The resulting experimental dependences of the sensitivity of the gas sensor on the concentration of the target gas demonstrate that with increasing concentration of the target gas, the resistance decreased while the sensitivity of the sample increased. It was established that the change in the resistance of the test sample is proportional to the change in the concentration of the target gas. After the sensor surface becomes saturated with adsorbed molecules, the resistance no longer decreases, even if the gas concentration continues to increase. The reaction of the gas sensor to the target gas – ethanol – at concentrations above 150 ppm was almost absent. The time required to achieve the maximum response value should be lower at higher target gas concentrations. Sensitivity reaction repeatability studies were conducted to measure the resistance of a gas sensor based on ZnO in a target gas atmosphere with a concentration of 150 ppm. It was found that the gas sensor demonstrates excellent stability and consistent sensitivity reaction when re-exposed to the target gas – ethanol. It was established that the reaction time of a gas sensor based on ZnO to the target gas at each repeated exposure does not exceed 10 s. This repeatability index allows us to assert the stability of the ZnO-based gas sensor in an ethanol atmosphere under standard conditions