In modern conditions, the responsibility of the farmer and veterinarian to ensure the proper quality of livestock products by observing the deadlines for the withdrawal of medicinal products is increasing, especially in cases of unauthorized use of medical therapeutic agents. The purpose of the study was to get acquainted with the pharmacological and legal aspects of the use of medicinal products in modern animal husbandry and to determine the role and tasks of the veterinarian in ensuring the quality and safety of products of animal origin. An analysis of legal acts of various countries regulating the use of medicinal products outside of the instructions in modern animal husbandry was carried out. The analysis of the results of the study allows us to state that in view of the intensifcation of animal husbandry and the prospects for the development of trade in products of animal origin within the framework of the WTO and with EU countries, the issue outside the instructions for the use of medicinal products for farm animals in Ukraine requires attention. The attitude to the use of medicinal products should be reflected in the relevant legal acts regulating the work of veterinary medicine doctors. In Ukraine, the main document for veterinary medicine regarding the rules for the use of veterinary drugs is the Law "On Veterinary Medicine". According to it, it is allowed to use for farm animals only medicines entered in the state register. An important task of the pharmacological support of the animal husbandry industry should be the study of the pharmacokinetics of drugs in cases of their use in animals outside of the instructions. We believe that the further study of the experience of European countries in solving the issue of pharmacological support for the production of livestock products and the development of regulatory documents in Ukraine is a promising direction of research. Key words: animal husbandry, product safety, medicinal products, instructions, application.

The article investigates into the influence of somatic pain syndrome during osteosynthesis on dogs’ clinical parameters and haemostasis. It was found, that the best variant for osteosynthesis operations in dogs is acepromazine-butorphanol-propofol-ketamine anaesthesia. This regimen has provided complete analgesia in half the time recovery of dogs without significant changes in heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), and haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) during surgery. Acepromazine-ketamine-thiopental anaesthesia has showed pronounced analgesia with a decrease in HR and BP. Xylazine-ketamine-thiopental anaesthesia, under apparent analgesia, led to hypotension (decreased HR, BP) and hypoxia (decreased RR, SpO2). The hypercoagulable syndrome was recorded in dogs of all experimental groups before surgery. It indicates the urgent need for its correction in the postoperative period. The data obtained will optimize the selection of drugs’ combinations for dogs' anaesthesia, taking into account the type of pain response.

Currently, the most common ophthalmic pathology in cats is inflammatory processes. Pathologies are observed frequently and regardless of breed, sex, and age. The causes of the disease are the prevalence of infections affecting the visual analyzer, inadequate care of their pets by the owners, untimely visits to a veterinarian, etc. It is essential to diagnose the cause of inflammation of the ocular mucosa in time, as knowing the etiology of the disease is necessary to prescribe effective treatment, which can lead to complications. Bacteriological tests play an important role, allowing us not only to identify the pathogen but also to determine its sensitivity or resistance to a particular drug, to prescribe effective treatment in time, to reduce the economic costs of treatment, the treatment period, etc. Most of the microorganisms that can be found in the conjunctival sac are non-pathogenic, although some of them are opportunistic. The study was conducted at the VetExpert veterinary center on cats of all ages and sexes with signs of conjunctivitis during 2022–2023. Out of 473 cats examined, cases of eye disease were detected in 105 cats or 22.1 % of the total number of ophthalmopathology cases. According to the results of the research, it was found that conjunctivitis was caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Nonhaemolytic Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In treating conjunctivitis of bacterial etiology, topical application of the drug and systemic antibiotic therapy should be prescribed. In treating cats with bacterial conjunctivitis, systemic drugs, and antibiotic therapy should be prescribed. Antibiotics and antibacterial drugs should be prescribed only based on the results of bacteriological examination and antibioticogramа.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are currently frequently isolated from pets and farm animals. The long-term irrational use of antibiotics for the treatment of animals and humans is underestimated and requires further attention and research, including in Ukraine. The aim of our study was to identify bacterial isolates and study their sensitivity to antibiotics in urinary tract inflammation in dogs. According to the statistical data of the VetForce system of the BTNAU clinic, out of 202 dogs examined in the clinic, 15 (7.43 %) were diagnosed with diseases with signs of urinary tract inflammation. It has been established that a large number of microorganisms, mainly E. coli, Streptococcus urinae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, causes inflammatory processes of the urinary tract in dogs. A less common microorganism, Klebsiella pneumonia, proved to be resistant. It was found that bacterial cystitis (the first group of animals) prevailed 1.5 times more often than in animals with urolithiasis. In dogs of the first group of 6–12 years old and over 12 years old, the percentage of the disease was higher compared to the group from 0.6 to 1.6 years old by 10.2 and 22.2 %, respectively. Dogs of the second group, aged 1.6–12 years, suffering from urolithiasis (66.6 %), suffer from bacterial diseases 4 times more often compared to animals aged 0.6–1.6 years. Streptococcus urinae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and identified from the urine of dogs in this group. In the associated form, E. coli and Streptococcus pyogene predominated in the urine of dogs. A resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumonia to amoxicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and tetracycline was identified. Antibiotics should be used rationally, taking into account that for the treatment of animals it is necessary to determine the sensitivity of the pathogen with which the animal was infected. Antibiotic therapy should be carried out until complete elimination, which is sometimes achieved through prolonged treatment. Key words: microorganisms, distribution, pathogens, urine, dogs, resistance, antibiotics, urinary tract, bacteriological testing.

According to clinical and radiological studies,the presented samples of calcium-phosphate ceramicimplants fully perform the osteoconductive function.However, in the case of their dense contact with theedges of the bone defect (experimental group), the primary inflammatory-resorptive stage of reparative osteogenesis turned out to be more intense and prolongedin time with pronounced phenomena of osteoresorptionof the mother bone and volumetric periosteal reactionas a compensatory mechanism. At the same time, osteoid formation is formed around the implant, while thecontrol implants are partially resorbed and replaced byosteoid tissue. As a result, macromorphologically, experimental implants in compact bone are visualized upto the 42nd day, and in cancellous bone - up to the 30thday, while the control implants are covered with boneregenerate already on the 14th day, which in the lattercase indicates the presence of osseointegration processes. The histological picture in the case of experimentalimplants confirms the prolongation of the inflammatory-resorptive stage with the formation of cartilage-boneregenerate around them, i.e. the dense placement of theimplants causes biomechanical pressure on the walls ofthe bone defect with the development of a reaction inthem, primarily to a foreign body.The study of the effect on reparative osteogenesis of the osseointegration properties of the developednew individual and standard-sized bioactive ceramicimplants based on clinical-radiological, macromorphological and histomorphological justification is relevant,as it will make it possible to evaluate their advantagesin terms of consolidation of complex defective fractures of tubular bones and reduce the frequency of theircomplications in animals. Key words: rabbits, bioceramics, reparative osteogenesis, bone defects.

The study of the structure of morbidity or individual nosological groups of diseases involves not only establishing the degree of their prevalence, but also, depending on the methodology of such studies, makes it possible to identify the prevailing clinical and morphological forms, the objectivity of diagnostic algorithms and the effectiveness of therapeutic measures, which makes it possible to assess the state of the solution or another clinical problem, adjust the ways to solve it and improve clinical management and form directions for improving the market for therapeutic agents. The aim of the work was to establish the structure of the types of different clinical and radiological forms of comminuted bone fractures in dogs according to the principles of the international classification AO/ASIF. We performed a clinical and radiological assessment of comminuted fractures of long bones in dogs (n=24) with spontaneous bone injuries admitted to the Interdepartmental Small Animal Clinic of Belotserkovsky NAU, in which 26 comminuted fractures were diagnosed. The main forcing ship fractures were car accidents - 58.4%, alarming world causas unverified creatures of bloodshed - 20.8%, injuries caused by other creatures - 12.5% and 8.3% - falling from height. According to thestate factor, the removal from white grains is 70.8%, and in 62.5% - animal with weight of 11 kg, and in 54.2% - dogs of different breeds, while 45.8% were outbred. Comminuted fractures according to morphosegmental localization were: diaphyseal - 46.2%, metaphyseal - 42.3%, epiphyseal 11.5%. According to the principles of the international classification AO / ASIF, their largest share - 50%, belongs to type C, 46.2% - to type B and the smallest - 3.8%, to the simplest type A. Within the subgroups of the largest - 19.2 %, the proportion for subgroups B1, B2 and C2 turned out to be slightly less - 15.4% for C1 and C3 and very small - 7.8% and 3.8% for B3 and A2, respectively. Consequently, the morphosegmental localization of the typification of the type and complexity of fractures according to the principles of the AO/ASIF classification provides more detailed information, which creates the basis for the proposed choice of the most rational methods and means of osteosynthesis. Key words: osteosynthesis, reparative osteogenesis, femur, tibia, radius, ulna, humerus.

The materials of the presented research cover the issues of the spread of cestodes of cats in the Solomyansky district of Kyiv (according to the veterinary clinic Vet Alliance). After analyzing the relevant scientific literature, the epizootic situation of dipilidiosis and mesocestoidosis of cats in the metropolis was analyzed. Studies have shown that more than 50 % of parasitic diseases in cats occur in associated forms, among which the most common are toxocariasis, dipilidiosis, mesocestoidosis, ktenocephalidosis (flea infestation) and otodectosis. The monoform of invasions occurred only in 14.7 % of registered cases. The spread of diplidiosis and mesocestoidosis was characterized by seasonality – the peak of the lesion cats were observed in September-October. The most susceptible to infection Dipylidium caninum and Mesocestoides lineatus were kittens under the age of six months. The clinical condition and hematological parameters of kittens with dipilidiosis were also studied. Depression, anemia of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, indigestion, dry cough were found. All cats had dull fur, and numerous dark brown spots and live fleas were observed on the skin, especially in the lumbar region. These data indicate a violation of erythropoiesis in feline dipilidiosis, which was characterized by erythrocytopenia and leukocytosis. Significant eosinophilia, an increase in the number of rod-shaped, and a decrease in segmental neutrophils were also found compared with clinically healthy animals. The results of biochemical blood tests of sick cats were important to clarify the features of the pathogenesis of dipilidiosis. Changes in blood biochemical parameters were characterized by a probably reduced content of hemoglobin, total protein and albumin. This indicates not only a violation of erythropoiesis, but also a violation of the protein-synthesizing function of the liver, because the pathological process involves various organs and systems of the body. Key words: feline dipilidiosis, feline mesocestoidosis, prevalence, clinical condition, hematological parameters, pulse rate, mucosal anemia, indigestion.

Complex comminuted fractures are accompanied by development of bone defects and loss of reparative potential of the bone tissue in the region of the trauma. This brings the necessity of using implants with optimum osteoconductive and osteointegration properties. The objective of the study was determining the condition of biochemical bone markers and peculiarities of histomorphological changes under the influence of ceramic hydroxyapatite (HA) implants with various physical-chemical properties in the conditions of diaphyseal bone defects in rabbits. We composed control and experimental groups of rabbits with 10 individuals in each with diaphyseal bone defects (3 mm) of the radial bones formed under general anesthesia. In one experimental group, they were filled with granules of hydroxyapatite with α-tricalcium phosphate, and in the second group – with β-tricalcium phosphate, alloyed with Si. In the control rabbits, the defects healed under a blood clot. Blood was analyzed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 42nd days, and as reference we used biochemical parameters of blood of clinically healthy rabbits (n = 10). Bone biopsied materials were taken on days 21–42 under general anesthesia. When using hydroxyapatite with β-tricalcium phosphate, alloyed with Si, we determined early intensification of the levels of nitrogen oxide, angiogenesis and development of bone regenerate in conditions of shortening of inflammatory resorption phase, which was verified according to the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. According to the level of bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum of animals of the control group, the reparative osteogenesis developed slowly and peaked on day 42, whereas in animals implanted with α-tricalcium phosphate, its development peaked peaked on days 14–42, and when using Si-alloy – on days 7–14. Histomorphologically, on the 21st day, in the case of replacement of bone defect with hydroxyapatite with α-tricalcium phosphate, coarse-fibered type of bone regenerate developed with no dense contact with the elements of the regenerate, while spongy bone trabeculae occurred when hydroxyapatite was applied with β-tricalcium phosphate alloyed with Si, and the control rabbits were observed to be in the stage of cartilaginous callus. On the 42nd day, under the influence of implants of hydroxyapatite with α-tricalcium phosphate, the spongy bone tissue transformed into compact tissue with further mineralization. With implants alloyed with Si, there occurred compact bone tissue, and bone regenerates of the control animals were regions of coarse-fibered and spongy bone tissue without dense contact with the parent bone. This study revealed that hydroxyapatite with β-tricalcium phosphate alloyed with Si had notable osteoinductive and osteointegrating properties, as indicated by early angiogenesis and osteoblast reaction, positive dynamics of the marker biochemical parameters with faster and better development of bone regenerate as spongy bone trabeculae.

The article presents a study of the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of drugs of etiotropic action Ivermikol drops and Aversectin ointment for cnemidocoptosis in budgerigars. Treatment was directed to the study of etiotropic therapy of acaricidal drugs in relation to the causative agents of invasion in sick birds and in the environment. Extensibility and intensity (EE and IE) of the drugs were assessed on the 6th, 22nd and 36th days after the treatment. A study group of budgies suffering from knemidocoptosis was given the following treatment regimen: ivermicol drops, chlorhexidine and Perlen multivitamized grain mixture for food. According to the treatment, on the 6th day in budgies, the extensibility was 0 %. On the 22nd day of treatment in 4 parrots during microscopic examination of scrapings from the affected areas, Knemidocoptes mites were found. Thus, the extensibility of ivermicol drops was 33.3 %. On the 36th day, the extensibility of the treatment of parrots with ivermicol drops was 100 %. Thus, the results obtained make it possible to recommend the indicated scheme for the treatment of ornamental birds for knemidocoptosis. Thuse of the treatment of sick budgerigars according to a different scheme (aversectin ointment, chlorhexidine and multivitamized Perlen grain mixture for nutrition) also proved to be effective. However, on the 22nd day of treatment, microscopic examination of scrapings from the affected areas revealed Knemidokoptes mites in 5 parrots, thus, the extensibility of aversectin ointment was 16.7 %. On the 36th day of treatment in parrots of the control group, which were treated with aversectin ointment, the EE of treatment was 66 %, since 2 out of 6 parrots remained sick, which required further treatment. The dynamics of the EE and IE of ivermicol drops and avesectin ointments on the 6th, 22nd, and 36th days of the study indicate the highest therapeutic efficacy of ivermicol drops. Thus, the use of ivermicol drops as a means of etiotropic action in the cinemidocoptosis of budgerigars is effective. Key words: scabies, treatment, knemidocoptosis, parrots, Cnemidocoptes pilae, acaricidalpreparations, ivermicoldrops, aversectinointment.

Dogs are naturally characterized by a high level ofinjuries, which can reach up to 50 % of the total surgicalpathology. At the same time, abdominal pathology issignificantly common in this species of animals andsurgical treatment of the sepathologies is accompanied bya significant somatic and visceral pain response. The workwas performed at the Department of Surgery and Diseasesof Small Pets of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian Universityin the period 2015-2020. The material for the study wereclinically healthy and sick dogs admitted to the clinic ofdiseases of small animals of the university. Forming theclinical-experimental base for research, nosological formsof pathology and frequency of its occurrence were taken into account, attention was paid to the peculiarities of surgicalintervention depending on the species of animals, type andintensity of pain response and correctness of anesthesia.Visceral type of pain reaction was studied in dogs aged2 to 10 years, who underwent abdominal surgery. Somaticpain reaction accompanies bone fractures and their surgicaltreatment. Included in the study of dogs with fractures of thefemur or humerus aged from 1 to 10 years.High levels of endotoxicosis are characteristic of thepathochemical phase of abdominal surgical pathology in dogs,with the concentration in the blood of malonic dialdehyde(14.8 ± 0.55 μmol / l) and molecules of average weight isrespectively 1.6 and twice higher than normal. However,the lowest level was found under balanced acepromazineketamine-propofol anesthesia, with no probable changes inmolecular weight peptides and a slight increase in the level ofmalonic dialdehyde only 1.1 times (p <0,01).Acepromazine-butorphanol-propofol-ketamineanesthesia for somatic pain in dogs provides completeanalgesia with controlled and rapid recovery fromanesthesia without established probable changes during theoperation of spectral indicators of heart rate variability. Insomatic pain in dogs, regardless of the anesthesia regimen,the preoperative level of endotoxemia is preserved, andaccording to the spectral analysis of HRV and its sympathoparasympathetic balance index, 30 % of surgically ill dogsshow normotonia – 0.85–1.15, 27 – sympathicotonia (LF/HF>1.15), in 43 % – parasimaticotonia (LF/HF<0.85),which is the key criterion for selecting the appropriatescheme of anesthesia. Key words: heart rate variability, endogenousintoxication, anesthesia, dogs, types of pain reaction, visceralinnervation, somatic innervation.

Modern medical practice shows that the only eff ective treatment for breast cancer in dogs is surgery; current developments in chemotherapy and radiation therapy are ineff ective and too expensive. To identify the types of breast tumors and their anatomical distribution, it is necessary to have a reliable histological diagnosis. In most cases, it is used because the main treatment for breast cancer in dogs is their surgical removal. Undoubtedly decisive for this method of treatment are the phenomena of intoxication and endotoxicosis. Endotoxicosis in the early postoperative period consists of iatrogenic, tumor with tumors isolated and based on a small number of observations. However, the results of intoxication and the consequences of massive surgical tissue damage are often a determining factor for the outcome of treatment. Unfortunately, reports of studies of MSM in animals obtained by us indicate that almost all animals with breast tumors have endogenous intoxication, which we detected by the level of MSM and MDA in blood plasma. In our opinion, determination of the level of these markers of endotoxicosis before surgery and in the postoperative period can be an objective criterion for the risk of surgical treatment. Monitoring the level of MSM in the remote postoperative period, in combination with other biochemical studies can be a criterion for assessing the general clinical condition of the animal for the development of metastases. Probably lower levels of endogenous intoxication and clinically confi rmed reduction in the duration of treatment are a clear confi rmation of the eff ectiveness of high-frequency electrocoagulator EK-300M1. Dogs with breast tumors had high levels of MSM and MDA, which is a refl ection of the level of endogenous intoxication and may be an objective criterion for the risk of surgical treatment and postoperative recovery. Progressive reduction of these indicators in animals of the experimental group proves the eff ectiveness of the proposed treatment tactics. Key words: tumors, electrocoagulator EK-300M1, mastectomy, female dogs, oncology, endogenous intoxication, wound healing.

Diseases of animals and people with anthrax continues to appear in traditionally endemic regions, indicating a real threat of disease in any territory: in Europe, Asia and other regions of the globe. Spores of the causative agent of anthrax are very stable in the environment. It is known that they remain viable for up to 300 years. Under favorable conditions, activation (mobilization of metabolic processes) of spores occurs within 1–2 minutes, followed by initiation and germination (20–30 minutes) and growth into a vegetative cell (60–90 minutes). Zoonotic anthrax disease is relevant not only for Ukraine, but also for most countries in Europe and around the world, as the incidence remains high, thousands of deaths are registered annually, large sums of citizens and states are spent on the treatment of patients, and producers of livestock products bear considerable economic losses due to the death of animals and carrying out anti-epizootic, anti-epidemiological and preventive measures. The article presents the results of determining the eff ectiveness of methods for isolating the spores of the causative agent of the strain Bacillus anthracis UA–07 from the soil. It was found that using the method using Tween-80, 1 % serum albumin in phosphate-buff ered saline and PLET agar, it was possible to increase the excretion of pathogen spores from the soil by 16.8 % (p <0.001). At the same time, it should be noted that with a slight contamination of the soil or material under study, there is probably a problem of obtaining an unreliable study result. According to our advanced methodology, only 2.5 g of soil is needed for the study, whereas according to the method № 1 – 60 g, according to the method № 2 and № 3 – 95, № 4 – 10 g. higher spin speed, uses 100% ethyl alcohol, which destroys the soil's vegetative and some spore like microfl ora (except for spores of Bas. anthracis). Key words: anthrax, spores, Bacillus anthracis, animals, soil, distribution, methodology.

Anthrax is one of the diseases that cause great damage to livestock and at the same time is a dangerous disease for humans. This disease under different names is known from ancient times. The source of the pathogen is diseased animals. However, an important factor in the transmission of the pathogen is the burial place of animals that died from anthrax. The pathogen can be stored in the soil for more than 100 years. Anthrax is one of the diseases that cause great damage to livestock and at the same time is a dangerous disease for humans. This disease under different names is known from ancient times. The source of the pathogen is diseased animals. However, an important factor in the transmission of the pathogen is the burial place of animals that died from anthrax. In Ukraine there is burial of dead animals from anthrax. Most of the Siberian burial ground is registered in Vinnytsia, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Ternopil, Lugansk and Kirovograd regions of Ukraine. In this regard, there is a need to study the issues of epizootology and improve diagnostic techniques, measures for general and specific anthrax prevention. The pathogen can be stored in the soil for more than 100 years. The purpose of these studies was to select the Bacillus anthracis spores for the influence of pH and different humus content in the soil. The pH and soil humus content were determined, which was used in experiments at the Laboratory of Agrochemistry of the Institute of Bioenergetic Cultures and Sugar Beet at the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The work was performed on the basis of the State Scientific-Control Institute of Biotechnology and strains of microorganisms. Used methodology in which soil sample – 2.5 grams grow. In studies, spores of the avirulence strain Bacillus anthracis were introduced into a sterile soil. Registered methods of separating the argument of anthracite from the soil are obsolete. The method allows distinguishing anthrax spores from soils with different pH and humus content. when 21.76 ± 0.94 spores were applied to sterile soil (which was 17.41 ± 0.75 s/gram), the amount of spores selected was 3.33 ± 0.27 spores/grams (19.13%). The amount of controversy in the experimental soil was lower (17.41 ± 0.75), compared with the amount of controversy submitted to the soil with a pH of 6.5 (P < 0.05), 6.7 (P < 0.05), 7.5 and 7.8, however, the number of allocated – higher – 3.33 ± 0.27 (19.1%). The introduction of 18.54 ± 1.29 spores/grams of soil (3.67% of humus content) amounting to 18% of the deductions. Isolation Bac. anthracis with different pH indicates that the most spores of the pathogen are released within the pH range of 6.7–7.5. The content of humus in the soil affects the number of selected spores. With a higher content of humus, fewer amounts of spores is released anthracis, optimum pH for spore selection – 7.0.

We carried out the clinical validation of pathogenetically substantiated protocols for the treatment of female dogs with tumour lesions of the mammary gland. The positive effect of corrective therapy was characterized by a decrease in the physiological level of fibrinogen: in benign tumours in 10 days, malignant – in 14 days against the background of its stable high level in control animals with malignant neoplasia. In the postoperative period in experimental animals, the functioning of the internal coagulation unit was restored, as evidenced by the normalization of the activated partial thromboplastin time for benign tumours by days 10–14, malignant – by 14 days. In control patients, these changes were detected only for benign neoplasms. Shifts of the external mechanism of blood coagulation in the experimental groups were eliminated in benign neoplasia cases in 10 days, malignant cases in 14 days against the background of severe disorders in this link in control patients throughout the observation period. The positive effect of complex treatment regimens is confirmed by the restoration of total fibrinolytic activity by days 10–14 due to the normalization in the same terms of the plasminogen activator and tissue plasminogen activator by days 3–7. In control animals, the total fibrinolytic activity was consistent with those of clinically healthy animals only for benign neoplasms. The balancing of coagulation and fibrinolytic mechanisms was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of proteolytic inhibitors: α2-macroglobulin in experimental groups with benign neoplasia by day 10, malignant – by days 10–14, and control – respectively, by days 3 and 14; α1-proteinase inhibitor in all groups by day 3. Concentration of nitric oxide after extirpation of benign tumors already at day 3 of the postoperative period in all groups corresponded to the indexes of clinically healthy dogs, with the removal of malignant tumours – in experimental animals at day 3, control – at day 14. The content of malondialdehyde and ceruloplasmin against the background of pharmacological correction was restored by days 10–14, whereas in control animals – only with benign neoplasms by day 14. Postoperative pharmacological correction of the hemostasis system can significantly improve the results of treatment in cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION:The method of a bipolar high-frequency welding (HFEW) of soft living tissues of animals and humans has been used in various areas of surgery. However, it has not been utilized in endoscopic gastrointestinal procedures yet. HFEW has strong potential to be used in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures due to the competitive cost of generator devices and due to its proven ability to coagulate vessels of wide diameter as compared to standard electrocautery devices.AIM:To investigate the effectiveness of the endoscopic haemostasis using HFEW generator device - 300 PATONMED - in a porcine model of arterial gastrointestinal bleeding.MATERIAL AND METHODS:A porcine model of arterial gastrointestinal bleeding was created. A 300 PATONMED set to the "welding" regime and a flexible 7 Fr bipolar coagulation probe with two electrodes on the tip fashioned spirally attached to convey energy were tested. Once bleeding from the artery had been initiated, the bipolar probe was applied to coagulate the bleeding site. Animals were observed for clinical evidence of recurrent bleeding and subsequently were euthanised for histological examination.RESULTS:A total of 10 experiments were successfully completed. An optimal haemostatic effect was achieved with durations of cautery of five to eight seconds in all animals. Continuous observation after haemostasis revealed no evidence of re-bleeding. No systemic side-effects of the technique were observed. Histological examination has shown that the peripheral thermal injury area that surrounded the coagulation zone did not spread beyond the mucosal layer in depth and 2 mm in width.CONCLUSIONS:This animal study provided evidence for the safety of an HFEW in the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. The advantages of this technology are smokeless operative area, no tissue overheating, minimal necrosis and damage to surrounding gastric tissue, and the fact that the area of HFEW is confined to the area of the electrodes.