Currently, the most common ophthalmic pathology in cats is inflammatory processes. Pathologies are observed frequently and regardless of breed, sex, and age. The causes of the disease are the prevalence of infections affecting the visual analyzer, inadequate care of their pets by the owners, untimely visits to a veterinarian, etc. It is essential to diagnose the cause of inflammation of the ocular mucosa in time, as knowing the etiology of the disease is necessary to prescribe effective treatment, which can lead to complications. Bacteriological tests play an important role, allowing us not only to identify the pathogen but also to determine its sensitivity or resistance to a particular drug, to prescribe effective treatment in time, to reduce the economic costs of treatment, the treatment period, etc. Most of the microorganisms that can be found in the conjunctival sac are non-pathogenic, although some of them are opportunistic. The study was conducted at the VetExpert veterinary center on cats of all ages and sexes with signs of conjunctivitis during 2022–2023. Out of 473 cats examined, cases of eye disease were detected in 105 cats or 22.1 % of the total number of ophthalmopathology cases. According to the results of the research, it was found that conjunctivitis was caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Nonhaemolytic Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In treating conjunctivitis of bacterial etiology, topical application of the drug and systemic antibiotic therapy should be prescribed. In treating cats with bacterial conjunctivitis, systemic drugs, and antibiotic therapy should be prescribed. Antibiotics and antibacterial drugs should be prescribed only based on the results of bacteriological examination and antibioticogramа.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are currently frequently isolated from pets and farm animals. The long-term irrational use of antibiotics for the treatment of animals and humans is underestimated and requires further attention and research, including in Ukraine. The aim of our study was to identify bacterial isolates and study their sensitivity to antibiotics in urinary tract inflammation in dogs. According to the statistical data of the VetForce system of the BTNAU clinic, out of 202 dogs examined in the clinic, 15 (7.43 %) were diagnosed with diseases with signs of urinary tract inflammation. It has been established that a large number of microorganisms, mainly E. coli, Streptococcus urinae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, causes inflammatory processes of the urinary tract in dogs. A less common microorganism, Klebsiella pneumonia, proved to be resistant. It was found that bacterial cystitis (the first group of animals) prevailed 1.5 times more often than in animals with urolithiasis. In dogs of the first group of 6–12 years old and over 12 years old, the percentage of the disease was higher compared to the group from 0.6 to 1.6 years old by 10.2 and 22.2 %, respectively. Dogs of the second group, aged 1.6–12 years, suffering from urolithiasis (66.6 %), suffer from bacterial diseases 4 times more often compared to animals aged 0.6–1.6 years. Streptococcus urinae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and identified from the urine of dogs in this group. In the associated form, E. coli and Streptococcus pyogene predominated in the urine of dogs. A resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumonia to amoxicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and tetracycline was identified. Antibiotics should be used rationally, taking into account that for the treatment of animals it is necessary to determine the sensitivity of the pathogen with which the animal was infected. Antibiotic therapy should be carried out until complete elimination, which is sometimes achieved through prolonged treatment. Key words: microorganisms, distribution, pathogens, urine, dogs, resistance, antibiotics, urinary tract, bacteriological testing.

A complete understanding of the dynamic distribution of the intestinal microbiota in pigs is essential because microorganisms play a fundamental role in physiological processes, immunity, and nutrient metabolism by the macroorganism. Disruption of the gut microbiome can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and a cytokine storm. Gut microbiome dysfunction can be caused by short-term or long-term (environmental, nutritional, and stress) factors. The microbial ecosystem of the intestine is fundamental for the pig's proper nutrition, and physiological and immunological functions. However, the composition and function of a healthy microbial ecosystem have yet to be qualitatively and quantitatively determined to be used as a tool to maximize animal health and performance. As efforts are made to reduce the use of antibiotics in pig farming, the ability of the gut microbiota to increase disease resistance must be recognized. Generally, the genera Bacteroides, Escherichia, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella dominate in pre-weaning piglets. Then Prevotella and Aneriacter become the dominant genera, with Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus and Miscellaneous as relative minors in post-weaning piglets. Specific genera of bacteria, including Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Lactobacillus, can be detected in more than 90 % of pigs and three enterotypes – identified in animals of the same species but of different ages. This suggests the presence of a “core” microbiota in the gut of healthy pigs that may be a potential target for nutritional or health regulation. The scientists' scientific data help to determine the “optimal” gut microbial profile for evaluating or improving the performance and health status of pigs at different stages of growth. Although external and stochastic factors contribute to the individuality of the microbiota, the fundamental principles governing how environmental factors and host genetic factors combine to shape this complex ecosystem are largely unknown and require systematic study.

External mechanical problems contribute to a wider problem in the surgical field in dairy cattle. The frequency of early injuries is highest in the limbs, and the lowest in the posterior and tail area. Most often, cows have puncture wounds that are susceptible to infection. Infectious complications of injuries and improper care in the aggregate lead to a decrease in productivity, premature culling of animals, and even to their death. Therefore, the analysis of medical methods and their effectiveness in great horned cattle for the aggravation of a accidental wound with anaerobic infection is also relevant. We looked at the clinical episode of a cow of the 1st or 2nd lactation, which had a puncture wound in the sub-breast area, right next to the subscapular area. The cow tried to overcome the fence and was injured by the end of the rebar. The treatment protocol will first help to stop bleeding, wash the cavity of wound with an antiseptic, add antibacterial powder to it and close it with sutures, internally administer ceftioclene. After the development of infectious-flammable structure in the wound and bacteriological investigation, treatment included washing with H2O2, drainage with Levosin and Nitacid ointment, metronidozole, bicilin 3, and granulation with the granulation of wounds: hydrophobic ointments. This is the basis for the use of systemic antibacterial therapy, rational surgical tactics and drainage, local treatment of active pharmacological agents with antibacterial, analgesic and hyperosmodic agents. Key words: cow injuries, wounds, purulent inflammation, ointments on hydrophilic bases.

Among the mass distribution of gastrointestinal diseases in calves with signs of diarrhea, a significant share is occupied by infectious diseases. In the farm, the largest number of sick calves had polyetiological disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, which were caused by causative agents of rotavirus, corona virus infection, and Escherichia Coli K99. The complex etiological nature of the disease with the symptom of diarrhea, the variety of pathogenetic links involves all body systems in the pathological process and requires complex treatment. Treatment should include restoration of hydration and concentration of electrolytes, correction of metabolic acidemia, fight against opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms, intoxication, and restoration of digestive functions. Treatment of the experimental group of sick calves with diarrhea included antibiotic therapy using Colistin orally at a dose of 0.5 g/50 kg of body weight, twice a day, for 5 days; drinking colostrum in a dose of 30 ml once a day for 3 days; rehydration therapy by drinking energy electrolyte solution "Regidrobust" once a day for 3 days and infusion of 7.5% sodium chloride solution at a dose of 4 ml/kg of body weight, once. Calves of the control group did not receive an infusion of 7.5% sodium chloride solution. The research results showed that in the calves of the research group, complex therapy using a hypertonic 7.5% sodium chloride solution had a stronger therapeutic effect, positively changed the biochemical and morphological indicators of the blood, led to the normalization of metabolic processes, body functions as a whole, and restoration of calf activity. The calves of the experimental group on the 2nd day of treatment showed much more active interest in feed and consumed it and generally had a satisfactory general condition. This did not happen in the calves of the control group, whose condition remained depressed. Disappearance of the symptom of diarrhea in calves of the experimental group was noted on average on the 3rd day of treatment, in calves of the control group on 4-5 days. The proposed treatment scheme contributed to the reduction of the calf disease period by 1,5 times. Key words: diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, calves, hypertonic sodium chloride solution, hypertonic saline solution, treatment, rota virus infection, corona virus infection, colibacteriosis.

The poultry industry plays an important role in solving the food problem of Ukraine, as it provides the need for commercial production of eggs and poultry meat. Modern poultry farming is characterized by industrial high-tech production with the use of advanced energy-saving technologies, their mechanization and automation, specialization and concentration of production processes, targeted selection of highly productive poultry crosses, balanced feeding. However, the poultry farming industry suffers from salmonellosis. In poultry farms countries a salmonellosis is one of the most dangerous bacterial diseases of birds. Actuality of zoonotic disease is stipulated epizootologically, by epidemiology, ecological, socio-economic values and biosafety for a man, bird and animals. For a man the causative agents of salmonellosis cause the heavy forms of toxic infections. According to the results of microbiological monitoring for the detection of salmonellosis pathogens in patho- and biological material, poultry feed, raw materials, poultry products, and environmental objects of poultry farms for the period 2018–2022, a decrease in the infection rates of the studied objects was found from 0.06% in 2018 to 0.01–0.02% in the following years. Among the obtained salmonellosis isolates, a wide species spectrum of circulating salmonella (17 serovars) was established, with the dominant species Salmonella enteritidis isolated in 27.9% of cases from the studied objects. Salmonella of other species were isolated much less frequently: Salmonella give (9.0%), Salmonella infantis (6.4%), Salmonella anatum (2.2%), Salmonella derbi, Salmonella kambole and Salmonella isangi (1.7%). Salmonella typhimurium (1.3%), Salmonella indiana, Salmonella essen, Salmonella eastbourne, Salmonella agone, Salmonella livingston, Salmonella dyugu, Salmonella рortland and Salmonella aphi (from 0.4 to 0.9%) cases, respectively, among other isolated Salmonella species for the period 2018–2022. The results of the research prove the need to continue microbiological monitoring for the detection of salmonellosis pathogens at all stages of the production of poultry products in the territory of Ukraine for the purpose of human, animal and poultry biosafety and timely prevention of zoonotic diseases. Key words: poultry farming, microbiological monitoring, zoonoses, pathogens of salmonellosis, species spectrum, cheese products, Salmonella enteritidis, biosafety.

Basically, antibiotic resistance develops due to the incorrect use of antibiotics in various branches of animal husbandry, both during the treatment or prevention of diseases, and due to their long-term use as growth stimulants. As a result, costs for the treatment of farm animals and companion animals are increasing. Antibiotic resistance among microorganisms is a threat to every person, every patient, medical and veterinary worker. Also, this is a big challenge for the field of health care, veterinary medicine and agriculture as a whole. It is very difficult to solve the problem of resistance, because it is not one-sided. Medicines that were effective a few years ago are losing their positions today, and their use is being forced to be limited. According to data from the World Health Organization, the rapid increase in the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs threatens the scientific gains made by scientists during the last 50-70 years. The formation of antibiotic resistance is due to the genetic properties of microorganisms, as a result of their acquisition of new genetic information, or due to a change in the level of expression of the bacterial cell's own genes. An important factor in the fight against the spread of antibiotic resistance is the pharmacodynamic substantiation of the dosing regimens of antibacterial drugs and their use for specific microorganisms.There are guiding documents that control and recommend the reliability of determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, in particular - methodological recommendations of the European organization EUCAST, the data and material of which are periodically (annually) updated. These documents are developed primarily for routine use in clinical laboratories that do not cover technical procedures for identifying resistance mechanisms at the molecular level. However, a significant part of the given data, research on determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, is performed in national reference laboratories. There is a change in the sensitivity of the micro-flora to antibiotics, which is not covered by the screening of multi-resistant microorganisms, or the direct detection of resistance in clinical samples. Therefore, the study of the problem remains relevant and expedient. Key words: microorganisms, resistance, antibiotics, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, control, disease, spread, problem, treatment, animals.

We presented the effect of prebiotic "Bio-active" on preservation, increase of the body weight, the microflora composition in the distal small intestine, histological examination of the intestinal wall and liver of rabbits gray giant breed 45 days aged. Prebiotic "Bio-active" contains products of metabolism of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus bulgaricus delbrueckii adsorbed on zeolite. Our results proved the safety of this prebiotic for the rabbits. Optimal scheme for oral administration of the prebiotic was 2.0 g per 1 kg of body weight for 30 days. Such a course provided 95% of animal preservation and increase in the weight gain of the experimental animals, an average of 43.1% compared with the non-treated rabbits. In scarifies of distal intestine in 20% of animals that received the prebiotic and in 100% of those who did not receive it, Bacteria of Proteus genus have been detected. After the course of prebiotic we registered an increased number of Enterobacteriaceae (4.5–6.0 × 108 CFU) and Bifidobacteria (8 × 107–108 CFU) in rabbits’ intestines. We also mentioned the enhanced gram-positive/gram-negative ratio with a predominance of gram-positive (1:1.17 against 1:2.9 in control group). In case of prebiotic usage, the stimulation of goblet cells’ development was determined in the small intestine walls. Almost 100% of rabbits, who did not receive the prebiotic, had dystrophic changes in hepatocytes (74.5 % of the animals had fatty hepato-dystrophy and 25 % had protein granular dystrophy). We registered that only 25% of the animals had fatty hepato-dystrophy and 15% had protein granular dystrophy among those, which received the preparation.

Diseases of animals and people with anthrax continues to appear in traditionally endemic regions, indicating a real threat of disease in any territory: in Europe, Asia and other regions of the globe. Spores of the causative agent of anthrax are very stable in the environment. It is known that they remain viable for up to 300 years. Under favorable conditions, activation (mobilization of metabolic processes) of spores occurs within 1–2 minutes, followed by initiation and germination (20–30 minutes) and growth into a vegetative cell (60–90 minutes). Zoonotic anthrax disease is relevant not only for Ukraine, but also for most countries in Europe and around the world, as the incidence remains high, thousands of deaths are registered annually, large sums of citizens and states are spent on the treatment of patients, and producers of livestock products bear considerable economic losses due to the death of animals and carrying out anti-epizootic, anti-epidemiological and preventive measures. The article presents the results of determining the eff ectiveness of methods for isolating the spores of the causative agent of the strain Bacillus anthracis UA–07 from the soil. It was found that using the method using Tween-80, 1 % serum albumin in phosphate-buff ered saline and PLET agar, it was possible to increase the excretion of pathogen spores from the soil by 16.8 % (p <0.001). At the same time, it should be noted that with a slight contamination of the soil or material under study, there is probably a problem of obtaining an unreliable study result. According to our advanced methodology, only 2.5 g of soil is needed for the study, whereas according to the method № 1 – 60 g, according to the method № 2 and № 3 – 95, № 4 – 10 g. higher spin speed, uses 100% ethyl alcohol, which destroys the soil's vegetative and some spore like microfl ora (except for spores of Bas. anthracis). Key words: anthrax, spores, Bacillus anthracis, animals, soil, distribution, methodology.

Anthrax is one of the diseases that cause great damage to livestock and at the same time is a dangerous disease for humans. This disease under different names is known from ancient times. The source of the pathogen is diseased animals. However, an important factor in the transmission of the pathogen is the burial place of animals that died from anthrax. The pathogen can be stored in the soil for more than 100 years. Anthrax is one of the diseases that cause great damage to livestock and at the same time is a dangerous disease for humans. This disease under different names is known from ancient times. The source of the pathogen is diseased animals. However, an important factor in the transmission of the pathogen is the burial place of animals that died from anthrax. In Ukraine there is burial of dead animals from anthrax. Most of the Siberian burial ground is registered in Vinnytsia, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Ternopil, Lugansk and Kirovograd regions of Ukraine. In this regard, there is a need to study the issues of epizootology and improve diagnostic techniques, measures for general and specific anthrax prevention. The pathogen can be stored in the soil for more than 100 years. The purpose of these studies was to select the Bacillus anthracis spores for the influence of pH and different humus content in the soil. The pH and soil humus content were determined, which was used in experiments at the Laboratory of Agrochemistry of the Institute of Bioenergetic Cultures and Sugar Beet at the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The work was performed on the basis of the State Scientific-Control Institute of Biotechnology and strains of microorganisms. Used methodology in which soil sample – 2.5 grams grow. In studies, spores of the avirulence strain Bacillus anthracis were introduced into a sterile soil. Registered methods of separating the argument of anthracite from the soil are obsolete. The method allows distinguishing anthrax spores from soils with different pH and humus content. when 21.76 ± 0.94 spores were applied to sterile soil (which was 17.41 ± 0.75 s/gram), the amount of spores selected was 3.33 ± 0.27 spores/grams (19.13%). The amount of controversy in the experimental soil was lower (17.41 ± 0.75), compared with the amount of controversy submitted to the soil with a pH of 6.5 (P < 0.05), 6.7 (P < 0.05), 7.5 and 7.8, however, the number of allocated – higher – 3.33 ± 0.27 (19.1%). The introduction of 18.54 ± 1.29 spores/grams of soil (3.67% of humus content) amounting to 18% of the deductions. Isolation Bac. anthracis with different pH indicates that the most spores of the pathogen are released within the pH range of 6.7–7.5. The content of humus in the soil affects the number of selected spores. With a higher content of humus, fewer amounts of spores is released anthracis, optimum pH for spore selection – 7.0.

Більшість досягнень людства – це відкриття, що пов’язані із вакцинопрофілактикою, завдяки чому були ліквідовані або зведені до мінімуму виникнення більшості антропозоонозів. Серед інфекцій, що становить небезпеку для тварин і людей, залишається сибірка, збудник якої зберігається у вогнищі захворювання понад 100 років. Збудник сибірки відноситься до мікроорганізмів третьої групи патогенності особливо небезпечних інфекцій (ОНІ) (за класифікацією ВООЗ). У сучасній термінології особливо небезпечними називають інфекційні хвороби, які в зв’язку з високою контагіозністю та блискавичним поширенням здатні спричинити надзвичайну ситуацію з фатальними наслідками. Метою статті було описати останні випадки захворювання на сибірку собак та овець. Наведені історичні факти спалахів сибірки, шляхи зараження, клінічні та патологоанатомічні зміни у тварин, серологічний моніторинг, схеми та дози проведення антибіотикотерапії. Подано обґрунтування щодо подальшого вивчення питання випадків діагностики і захворюваності на сибірку у тварин на території України. Таким чином, собаки та вівці можуть бути носіями збудника та забруднювати навколишнє середовище, виділяючи збудника з фекаліями, сечею, слиною тощо. Фахівці ветеринарної медицини повинні це знати і розуміти, проводити нагляд за супутньою фауною та вміти діагностувати сибірку і, за необхідності, проводити профілактичні заходи серед тварин. На території нашої держави діють ефективні протиепізоотичні заходи щодо сибірки, що забезпечило зменшення кількості неблагополучних пунктів на території країни в цілому, а також існує тенденція щодо зниження кількості спалахів сибірки тварин паралельно зі зменшенням кількості поголів'я тварин, сприйнятливих до сибірки, що, можливо, значно посприяє поліпшенню епізоотичної ситуації. Таким чином, виникненню та вивченню захворювання сибіркою приділяється велика увага, проте лише одним із питань, у якому людство перемагає, є зменшення кількості випадків загибелі як тварин, так і людей, а збудник, надалі посідає перше місце у списку небезпечних біоагентів.

Long-term use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance in pathogens. In addition, there is a possibility of permanent genetic changes in strains due to environmental influences. Therefore there is a need for periodic study vaccine strains for sensitivity to antibiotics in order to study and control of their passport characteristics. The aim of our research was necessary to determine the sensitivity of the strain of Bacillus anthracis UA-07 to antibiotics. The results of studies of sensitivity of strain Bacillus anthracis UA–07 to 50 antibiotics were determined by the size of the diameter of the zones of growth retardation. Zone growth delay of 15 mm was considered a sign of a weak antibiotic sensitivity, zone 15–24 mm – a sign of sensitivity and area of more than 24 mm - a sign of the high sensitivity of the strain to this antibiotic. Lack of stunted growth areas points to the insensitivity of the strain to this antibiotic. The research results show that the strain of Bacillus anthracis UA–07 is highly sensitive to ofloxacin (Of5), ampicillin / sulbactam (A/S10/10), linezolid (LZ30), amoxicillin (AMX30), norfloxacin (NX10), cefalotin (CEP30), tetracycline (TE30). Not affect the development of the studied microorganism antibiotics, cefepime (SPM30), nystatin (NS100U) tsefuroksyn (CXM30) tsefeksym (CFM5), sulfadiazine (SZ300), metronidazole (MT4), cefazolin (Cz30).

The results of comparison of titers of antibodies anthrax in the serum of cattle immunized with a vaccine against anthrax strain of animals from Bacillus anthracis UA–07 "Antravak" are presented in the paper. The vaccine causes a stimulating effects in animals of all experimental groups, especially in the third, where the anthrax titers of antibodies were the highest. The lowest indicators of antibodies were found in the first group of animals. Indicators of the third group experimental animals blood serum (Lim 1:40 –1:160) were significantly higher by 0,55 lg2 (Lim 1:80-1:160) from the indicators in the first experimental group. The obtained results suggest the expediency of application of the animals anthrax vaccine of UA–07 Bacillus anthracis "Antravak" strain for cattle immunization.

Background: Over 9000 anthrax foci are registered in Ukraine with more than 4000 burials of animals died from anthrax. They are located national wide and have potential threat of animal anthrax outbreaks. Methods & Materials: Data of State Veterinary and Phytosanitary Service of Ukraine and State Statistical Committee have been used. Results: Preventive measures against anthrax consist mostly of total immunization of animals with spore vaccines. Mandatory vaccination of farm animals shown considerable morbidity reduction. Over the past 30 years the major number of outbreaks was observed in 1979 (33 outbreaks), in 1989 (32 outbreaks) and in 1994 (33 outbreaks). Since 1994 a stable decline of outbreaks number is observed. In 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2013 no animal anthrax cases have been registered in Ukraine. A tendency towards decline of outbreaks is observed along with reduction of livestock susceptible to anthrax. Thus, amount of cattle has been decreased by 20368.1 thousands over 1990-2010 years in Ukraine, which makes 80.85%; pigs - by 12370.1 thousands of heads (62.02%) and small ruminants – less by 7170.6 thousands (79.65%). Over the past decade anthrax was registered among cattle (250 heads), small ruminants (14 heads), pigs (17 heads), horses (7 heads), mink (18 heads) and 1 wild animal. In general during 1979-2012 years anthrax outbreaks were observed in 234 regions and city councils which is 44.5% from general number of regions and city councils in Ukraine. Herewith in the territory of 287 regions (55.5% from general number) anthrax outbreaks were not observed. Conclusion: Effective antiepizootic measures against anthrax are applied in Ukraine, which reduced number of anthrax foci in country in general, and revealed tendency towards reduction of anthrax outbreaks number along with decrease of livestock susceptible to anthrax which possibly might have contributed to improvement of epizootic situation.