The purpose of the study was an experimental assessment of the conditions for the formation and values of equivalent doses of irradiation of the lenses of the eyes, as well as the effective doses of irradiation of personnel in X-ray operating rooms of a cardiological profile. Particular attention to the control of eye lens irradiation is due to the need to harmonize domestic regulatory documents with the new IAEA safety standard GSR Part 3. The study was performed using a complex phantom, including an anthropomorphic phantom of a human head and a water phantom imitating the torso of an X-ray surgical team member. The results of assessments of individual eye lens irradiation doses, obtained both on the basis of integrated measurements by thermoluminescent dosimetry methods, and by calculation based on measurements of the ambient dose equivalent rate at the personnel workplaces, showed that at the maximum operating parameters of the X-ray tube (high voltage and a large number of frames per second), annual doses to the lenses of the eyes, even for assisting personnel, may exceed the new recommended dose limit of 20 mSv. The assessment of the ratio between the doses of irradiation of the whole body (chest), neck and lenses of the eyes showed the possibility of estimating the doses of irradiation of the lenses of the eyes of the assisting personnel of X-ray surgical teams using a thermoluminescent dosimeter placed over a protective apron in the neck area. For the category of personnel under consideration, the priority is to control the irradiation of the lenses of the eyes, and not the whole body.

The article describes a method for calibrating a gamma ray spectrometer using a three-dimensional simulation program for the transfer and registration of ionizing radiation. In the example of calibration of plane source counters (filter AFA-RMP20), this method allows one to determine the activity by using spectrometric equipment based on inorganic scintillation crystals. We proposed a method for parametric estimation of the identity of the calculated and experimental spectrum based on the Pearson agreement criterion. We then performed interlaboratory comparisons. The results demonstrate that the difference between measured values of the activity in the test samples of radionuclides using obtained calibration and values measured with a semiconductor based calibrated spectrometer do not exceed 20%.

In the case of radiation accident on a board of ships and vessels with nuclear power units, radioactive substances can be released into the environment and absorbed by the human body. The radioactive contamination is associated with a complex and rapidly disintegrating composition of radionuclides, which are products of nuclear fission and induced radioactivity. Therefore, the need for prompt post-accident control of internal exposure is justified. In the article, radiation accidents are classified in relation to ships and vessels with nuclear power units. As an example, one of the most severe accidents that occurred when nuclear fuel was transshipped on a nuclear-powered submarine in the Chazhma Bay in 1985 is considered. Methods for determining the incorporated radioactivity are described. Direct measurement of radionuclide content in a human body or an organ using human radiation spectrometers is shown to be the most accurate. The hardware-methodical support and the main measures for the postemergency individual control of the internal exposure of personnel of vessels with nuclear power plants are proposed.

The unified phantom UP-02T models children aged 2, 6 and 13 pears, and adults with a body mass of 70, 90 and 110 kg with incorporated radionuclides. It is intended for calibration of whole-body counters with the investigated person in the standing and lying positions as well as sitting straight or stooping down. The phantom consists of a set of polyethylene rectangular blocks with masses 0.88 and 0.40 kg. A set of solid rod radionuclide sources, 6 mm in diameter, are inserted inside the blocks. Two sources are inserted in each black. The blocks are connected by means of fixing arms. The principal advantage of the solid phantom as compared to the phantoms that contain radioactive solutions is the safety of operation and the possibility of replacement of the radionuclide sources if it is necessary. The unified phantom was verified against the BOMAB calibration phantom and compared to the REMCAL type phantom.