The purpose of the study was an experimental assessment of the conditions for the formation and values of equivalent doses of irradiation of the lenses of the eyes, as well as the effective doses of irradiation of personnel in X-ray operating rooms of a cardiological profile. Particular attention to the control of eye lens irradiation is due to the need to harmonize domestic regulatory documents with the new IAEA safety standard GSR Part 3. The study was performed using a complex phantom, including an anthropomorphic phantom of a human head and a water phantom imitating the torso of an X-ray surgical team member. The results of assessments of individual eye lens irradiation doses, obtained both on the basis of integrated measurements by thermoluminescent dosimetry methods, and by calculation based on measurements of the ambient dose equivalent rate at the personnel workplaces, showed that at the maximum operating parameters of the X-ray tube (high voltage and a large number of frames per second), annual doses to the lenses of the eyes, even for assisting personnel, may exceed the new recommended dose limit of 20 mSv. The assessment of the ratio between the doses of irradiation of the whole body (chest), neck and lenses of the eyes showed the possibility of estimating the doses of irradiation of the lenses of the eyes of the assisting personnel of X-ray surgical teams using a thermoluminescent dosimeter placed over a protective apron in the neck area. For the category of personnel under consideration, the priority is to control the irradiation of the lenses of the eyes, and not the whole body.
The article describes a method for calibrating a gamma ray spectrometer using a three-dimensional simulation program for the transfer and registration of ionizing radiation. In the example of calibration of plane source counters (filter AFA-RMP20), this method allows one to determine the activity by using spectrometric equipment based on inorganic scintillation crystals. We proposed a method for parametric estimation of the identity of the calculated and experimental spectrum based on the Pearson agreement criterion. We then performed interlaboratory comparisons. The results demonstrate that the difference between measured values of the activity in the test samples of radionuclides using obtained calibration and values measured with a semiconductor based calibrated spectrometer do not exceed 20%.
Despite considerable efforts and significant developments in radiation safety, the risks of radiation incidents in peacetime and wartime remain. Aspects of the ionizing radiation impact on the human body and the clinic of radiation pathology determine the specifics of medical care organization. The most important component of ensuring the readiness of medical institutions and establishments of various ministries and departments to respond to radiation emergencies is the training of medical personnel (health care organizers and doctors of diagnostic and treatment specialty) on radiobiology, clinical radiology, radiation hygiene during the additional professional education (advanced training). The needfor financial and time savings proves the relevance of the use of distance (online) learning technologies. The Institute of Additional Professional Education of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine” Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters has developed the educational program of professional development “Training of medical personnel of EMERCOM of Russia to assist victims of radiation accidents”. The program is included in the System of distance learning of the medical personnel. The program consists of educational and methodical facilities and electronic educational resource, which contain all teaching material and other content to ensure the effective work of students. The main part of the program is implemented remotely with mandatory entrance and intermediate control, and the final on-site part includes seminars, workshops and final certification.
Relevance. About 800 thousand citizens of the Russian Federation were affected as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, almost a quarter of them were liquidators of the consequences of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (LCDs). LCDs are among the most affected categories of Russian citizens. They usually have up to 12-15 somatic diseases and receive specialized inpatient treatment. Data on their morbidity structure and characteristics need to be generalized and are the basis for improving the organization of specialized medical care.Intention. To identify the characteristics of morbidity and the main classes of diseases in those suffered from the Chernobyl disaster in the remote period when providing specialized medical care in a round-the-clock hospital, from 2016 to 2018. Methodology. There were analyzed 4195 medical records of the LCDs who underwent inpatient treatment in multidisciplinary clinics of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, in the framework of the activities of the Union State in 2016–2018.Results and Discussion. The features of the morbidity of those affected by the Chernobyl disaster (LCDs and residents of radiation-contaminated territories) are shown. The main classes of diseases are presented in the distant period when providing specialized medical care in the round-the-clock hospital. The features of the organization of specialized medical care have been identified, in particular, the need has been substantiated for the provision of not only specialized therapeutic, but also specialized, including high-tech, surgical care, as well as medical rehabilitation in the preoperative and postoperative periods, after severe injuries and somatic diseases. The need for the creation and use of unified standards for the provision of special- ized therapeutic treatment to those affected by the Chernobyl disaster was confirmed. The necessity of providing specialized medical assistance to those affected by the Chernobyl disaster as part of the Union State target programs (Russia - Belarus) in addition to the State Guarantees Program for providing Russian citizens with free medical care using targeted methods of prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation is substantiated. The implementation of the proposals presented in this article will undoubtedly improve the availability and quality of specialized medical care for this cohort.Conclusion. The features of the morbidity rates and the main classes of diseases revealed and presented in the article for those affected by the Chernobyl disaster in the long-term period when providing specialized medical care in a round-the- clock hospital are the basis for planning the types of specialized medical care for this cohort within the framework of targeted programs and activities of the Union State.
Despite considerable efforts and significant developments in radiation safety, the risks of radiation incidents in peacetime and wartime remain. Aspects of the ionizing radiation impact on the human body and the clinic of radiation pathology determine the specifics of medical care organization. The most important component of ensuring the readiness of medical institutions and establishments of various ministries and departments to respond to radiation emergencies is the training of medical personnel (health care organizers and doctors of diagnostic and treatment specialty) on radiobiology, clinical radiology, radiation hygiene during the additional professional education (advanced training). The needfor financial and time savings proves the relevance of the use of distance (online) learning technologies. The Institute of Additional Professional Education of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine” Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters has developed the educational program of professional development “Training of medical personnel of EMERCOM of Russia to assist victims of radiation accidents”. The program is included in the System of distance learning of the medical personnel. The program consists of educational and methodical facilities and electronic educational resource, which contain all teaching material and other content to ensure the effective work of students. The main part of the program is implemented remotely with mandatory entrance and intermediate control, and the final on-site part includes seminars, workshops and final certification.
In the case of radiation accident on a board of ships and vessels with nuclear power units, radioactive substances can be released into the environment and absorbed by the human body. The radioactive contamination is associated with a complex and rapidly disintegrating composition of radionuclides, which are products of nuclear fission and induced radioactivity. Therefore, the need for prompt post-accident control of internal exposure is justified. In the article, radiation accidents are classified in relation to ships and vessels with nuclear power units. As an example, one of the most severe accidents that occurred when nuclear fuel was transshipped on a nuclear-powered submarine in the Chazhma Bay in 1985 is considered. Methods for determining the incorporated radioactivity are described. Direct measurement of radionuclide content in a human body or an organ using human radiation spectrometers is shown to be the most accurate. The hardware-methodical support and the main measures for the postemergency individual control of the internal exposure of personnel of vessels with nuclear power plants are proposed.
