严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)利用其刺突(S)吸附与穿入细胞,冠状病毒S蛋白为同源三聚体,每一条肽链分为S1和S2两个区,S1通过其受体结合域(RBD)与细胞膜上的受体结合,S2介导病毒包膜与细胞膜或内体膜融合使病毒核衣壳进入细胞质.冠状病毒疫苗设计的主要出发点是诱导机体产生针对S蛋白的中和抗体,从而阻止病毒对细胞的吸附与穿入.动物实验和临床试验都已证实,冠状病毒S蛋白能刺激机体产生中和抗体,后者对机体具有保护作用.基于S蛋白的新冠病毒疫苗可以是病毒载体疫苗、重组蛋白疫苗、DNA疫苗、mRNA疫苗或病毒样颗粒疫苗,可以针对S蛋白的全长设计或针对RBD或S蛋白的其他区域设计.

SARS-CoV-2, a member of the family coronaviridae, has triggered a lethal pandemic termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pediatric patients, mainly from families with a cluster of infection or a history of exposure to epidemic areas, get infected via direct contacts or air-borne droplets. Children (aged below 18 years) are susceptible to COVID-19, with an average incubation period of about 6.5 days. Most cases present asymptomatic or common cold symptoms such as fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue, which is milder than adult patients. Besides, most abnormal laboratory and radiologic findings in children with COVID-19 are non-specific. Since no specific chemotherapeutic agents have been approved for children, timely preventive methods could effectively forestall the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. To date, mostly studied cases have been adults with COVID-19, whereas data on pediatrics patients remain poorly defined. We herein conducted a literature review for papers published in PubMed and medRxiv (preprints) between December 2019 and December 2020 that reported on pediatrics patients (aged below 18 years) with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. In this review, we summarized and discussed the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical management of COVID-19 in pediatrics patients to improve our understanding of this new disease in children.

SARS-CoV-2, a member of the family coronaviridae, has triggered a lethal pandemic termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pediatric patients, mainly from families with a cluster of infection or a history of exposure to epidemic areas, get infected via direct contacts or air-borne droplets. Children (aged below 18 years) are susceptible to COVID-19, with an average incubation period of about 6.5 days. Most cases present asymptomatic or common cold symptoms such as fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue, which is milder than adult patients. Besides, most abnormal laboratory and radiologic findings in children with COVID-19 are non-specific. Since no specific chemotherapeutic agents have been approved for children, timely preventive methods could effectively forestall the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. To date, mostly studied cases have been adults with COVID-19, whereas data on pediatrics patients remain poorly defined. We herein conducted a literature review for papers published in PubMed and medRxiv (preprints) between December 2019 and December 2020 that reported on pediatrics patients (aged below 18 years) with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. In this review, we summarized and discussed the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical management of COVID-19 in pediatrics patients to improve our understanding of this new disease in children.

The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and rapid spread have continued to negatively affect the public health and global economy. It has been reported that the commonest symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, fatigue, sputum production, and shortness of breath. SARS-CoV-2, a novel enveloped RNA β-coronavirus, enters the host cell with the aid of SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, primed by TMPRSS2. Currently, the most effective method that lowers the risk of exposure to virus is isolation because the virus is transmitted person-to-person. Several studies have been conducted to determine drugs and vaccines likely to be effective against COVID-19. However, no specific medicine is reported for the prevention or treatment for SARS-CoV-2. This article not only reviews the clinical manifestations, epidemiology of COVID-19 and the infection mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, but also discusses potential treatments for COVID-19, including drug therapy, immune therapy (i.e., immunomodulator, neutralizing antibody therapy and convalescent plasma therapy) and vaccines. Our aim is to provide knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and promotes research through which more effective treatments and preventive measures can be developed.

Inside the cancer microenvironment, reduced O2 concentration, termed as hypoxia, is a common phenotype and leads to cancer progression. However, little is known about how and when those HIF members are dysregulated in distinct cancers. Here, by integrating a full range of data of thousands of patients, we comprehensively analyzed the genetics, epigenetics, and transcriptomic level of HIF genes and further defined pathways triggered by disrupted hypoxia-inducible factors. We reveal the expression landscape of HIF family genes and further demonstrate that copy number variations underlie such dysregulation. Further analysis indicates that HIF genes associate with cancer hallmarks such as cell cycle and DNA damage response. Drug resistance analysis showed that HIF globally impacts drug effectiveness such as docetaxel. In summary, the overall analysis reveals the landscape of HIF genes in pan-cancer and may assist mechanism research about hypoxia.