Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) technology has attracted increasing attention as a practical approach for producing cleaner fuel oil. This study synthesized a novel phosphomolybdic acid (PMoA) based mesoporous catalyst with a high density of oxygen vacancies using a facile one-pot method. The role of oxygen vacancies in the ODS mechanism was detailed and proposed through density functional theory (DFT) simulation. The ODS catalytic performance of different model oil compounds over the series of catalysts was systematically evaluated. Remarkably, dibenzothiophene (DBT) achieved a desulfurization efficiency of 99.5% within 10 min at 60 degrees C and an O/S ratio of 3 in a batch reactor using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant. The ODS reactivity order followed DBT > BT (benzothiophene) > 4,6-DMDBT (4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene). Furthermore, the ODS of Arabian Extra Light oil (AXL) was investigated under optimized conditions using an extraction-adsorption process. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) results revealed that O2S and O2S2 species with lower carbon numbers (<30) can be easily separated due to their higher polarity property for the AXL ODS experiment. DFT results confirmed that oxygen vacancies significantly enhance H2O2 adsorption, thereby improving the efficiency of the ODS process. This study provides theoretical insights into the rational design of ODS catalysts and demonstrates that the synthesized catalyst is a promising candidate for industrial ODS applications.

Hydrogen is a critical clean energy carrier in future energy systems, and developing greener production pathways is essential. In support of Singapore's National Hydrogen Strategy, this study assesses the environmental impacts and damages associated with hydrogen production via a methane membrane pyrolysis system and conventional methane steam reforming in Singapore using life cycle assessment (LCA). The analysis covers natural gas extraction, pipeline transportation, process operations, by-products' production, and key emissions within defined system boundaries. Results indicate that the membrane pyrolysis scenario has environmental advantages due to the co-production of valuable carbon materials, while the conventional steam reforming process leads to significantly higher emissions for the water consumption and the energy consumption for the capture of the yielded CO2. The global warming potential (GWP) for producing 1 kg of hydrogen is estimated at 2.22 kg CO2 eq for the membrane pyrolysis system and 6.18 kg CO2 eq for the steam reforming process. Environmental damage assessment shows single scores of-26.28 mPt and 115.66 mPt for the pyrolysis and reforming scenarios, respectively, indicating an overall environmental benefit for the former. These findings offer valuable insights for strategic decision-making toward sustainable hydrogen production in Singapore and beyond.

Rationally designing and developing high-performance catalysts for the two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e-WOR) to produce H2O2 is a significant challenge in electrocatalysis. ZnO has attracted considerable attention because of its high H2O2 selectivity, and reducing the ZnO particle size through support loading can enhance its catalytic performance. However, it inevitably increases surface oxygen defects, leading to excessively strong OHcatalyst interactions that compromise activity. Addressing this critical challenge, a cobalt doping strategy is used to tune the particle size and electronic structure of ZnO. A series of CoxZn1-xO (x = 0.05-0.3) were prepared via the sol-gel method. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that Co doping effectively reduces the size of ZnO particles while increasing their surface area and active sites; optimal Co-doping concentration tunes the electronic structure to maintain favorable OH-catalyst interaction (- 2.4 to - 1.6 eV), enhances charge transfer capability, lowers overpotential, and improves current density, thereby boosting 2e-WOR performance; Co Co0.15 Co0.15Zn Co0.15Zn0.85 Co0.15Zn0.85O exhibits optimal performance with an onset potential of 2.01 V (250 mV overpotential), H2O2 production rate of 37.5 mmol center dot min-1 1 center dot 1 center dot g 1 center dot g-1 1 center dot g-1, and Faradaic efficiency of 85 %. This study provides important theoretical and experimental insights for the rational design of Zn-based catalysts with high H2O2 activity and selectivity.

The electrocatalytic two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e-WOR) for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production is a promising alternative to the polluting anthraquinone process, but current catalysts still lack sufficient activity and selectivity for industrial applications. In this study, alkaline earth metal (Mg,Ca, Sr, Ba) stannates with isogenous central cations were synthesized via coprecipitation, and the regulatory mechanism of metal cations on the surface structure and 2e-WOR performance was systematically investigated. Electrochemical tests revealed that MgSnO3 exhibited optimal catalytic performance, achieving the H2O2 yield of 850 mg L-1 within 2 h and Faradaic efficiency of 83 %. The exceptional performance of MgSnO3 arises from the small radius and high electronegativity of Mg2+ as the central cation, which enhances Sn-O covalency, induces lattice distortion to generate abundant oxygen vacancies, and inhibits grain growth, yielding a high surface area and small particle size. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further demonstrated that Mg2+ effectively optimizes the interaction between surface hydroxyl groups and catalyst, thereby improving H2O2 productivity. This study elucidates the atomic-scale modulation mechanism of alkaline earth metal cations in stannate catalysts, providing theoretical foundations and experimental insights into designing high-efficiency 2e-WOR catalysts.

This study assesses the techno-economic viability of a palladium-based membrane reactor for catalytic decomposition (pyrolysis) of methane. A process simulation approach is employed to evaluate the reactor's performance and to design a complete catalytic decomposition plant. The membrane-based process is benchmarked against conventional steam methane reforming (SMR) in terms of the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) production. Results indicate that the membrane reactor process achieves an approximately 5% lower LCOH than SMR, primarily due to reduced capital costs and the elimination of carbon capture and storage (CCS) requirements. Additionally, the recovery and sale of valuable carbon byproducts-such as carbon black-further improve the economic feasibility of the process. From an environmental perspective, the membrane process presents a cleaner alternative by avoiding CO2 emissions and generating solid carbon instead. Overall, the palladium-based membrane reactor demonstrates strong potential as a transitional pathway toward more sustainable hydrogen production.

The two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e-WOR) offers a sustainable route for H2O2 production, yet inefficient catalysts with limited active sites and poor charge transfer hinder its industrialization. To address this, a Zn2SnO4/MXene heterostructure catalyst was designed and prepared by in situ growing Zn2SnO4 on MXene via hydrothermal synthesis. Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles (4.8 nm) are achieved through Ti-O-Zn interfacial bonding, suppressing particle agglomeration. XPS and Raman spectra confirm that the strong electronic coupling optimizes the coordination environment of Sn4+ and Zn2+ active sites. The optimal ZTO/MXene-1:3 exhibits exceptional performance: 41.91 mmol center dot min- 1 center dot g- 1 H2O2 production rate at 3.2 V vs. RHE, 96.2 % Faradaic efficiency, and a low overpotential (280 mV). This work presents a novel approach to designing high-performance catalysts and highlights the hybrid material systems for efficiently electrocatalytic formation of H2O2.

The sustainability of methane catalytic decomposition is significantly enhanced by the production of high-quality value-added carbon products such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Understanding the production yields and properties of CNTs is crucial for improving process feasibility and sustainability. This study employs machine learning technique to develop and analyze predictive models for the carbon yield and mean diameter of CNTs produced through methane catalytic decomposition. Utilizing comprehensive datasets from various experimental studies, the models incorporate variables related to catalyst composition, catalyst preparation, and operational parameters. Both models achieved high predictive accuracy, with R2 values exceeding 0.90. Notably, the reduction time during catalyst preparation was found to critically influence carbon yield, evidenced by a permutation importance value of 39.62%. Additionally, the use of Mo as a catalytic metal was observed to significantly reduce the diameter of produced CNTs. These findings highlight the need for future machine learning and simulation studies to include catalyst reduction parameters, thereby enhancing predictive accuracy and deepening process insights. This research provides strategic guidance for optimizing methane catalytic decomposition to produce enhanced CNTs, aligning with sustainability goals.

Catalytic decomposition and non-oxidative coupling of methane (CDM and NOCM) driven by plasma, especially non-thermal plasma, have been determined as strategic means for sustainable production of COx-free hydrogen and value-added chemicals. The ‘one-step’ direct CDM and NOCM bypass the need for intermediate syngas production to hydrogen and chemicals using the Fischer–Tropsch process, thus benefiting from energy savings, but nevertheless, are still plagued by poor yields and stability. Thermal, warm, and non-thermal plasma technologies have gained research momentum due to the efficacy for activation of strong C–H chemical bonds in methane. Herein, the current literature is firstly reviewed to elucidate the mechanistic insights and plasma synergies (with and without catalysts) for COx-free H2 production via methane conversion with a particular focus on CDM and NOCM reactions. Our review ascertains that while plasma-assisted methane activation can resolve the need for high energy activation and dissociation of C–H bonds, the governing reaction pathways and difficulties in tuning product selectivity with plasma alone warrant further research on the role of plasma-catalysis as a promising solution to tune reaction selectivity. Additionally, we explore strategies for catalyst design and the selection of plasma sources to improve synergistic interactions in plasma-catalysis. Selected examples of catalyst use and reactor design in plasma-catalytic setups are presented. Finally, drawing from recent advancements and our research perspective, an advanced plasma integrated system is proposed, especially a concept for a plasma-catalytic reactor featuring a membrane separator, which may serve as an effective unit for hydrogen production and purification.

Thestructure of the catalyst precursor and controlled sinteringof nickel nanoparticles govern the activity of nickel phyllosilicatesfor low-temperature methane decomposition. Catalytic methane decomposition (CMD) is a promisingtechnologyfor large-scale production of CO (x) -freeH(2) from natural gas that can also produce valuable carbonbyproducts. Although equilibrium conversions and reaction rates ofCMD generally increase with temperature, operation in a low-temperatureregime with simultaneous H-2 recovery could potentiallylead to operating cost and energy savings. Here, we report that well-dispersedNi-SiO2, derived from high-temperature reductionof nickel phyllosilicates, is active for CMD at temperatures below500 degrees C, with initial H-2 production rates of up to5.3 mol H-2/g(cat)center dot h at 25% CH4 conversion. This ability to achieve rates comparable to other well-establishedcatalysts is contrary to expectations that small (<ca. 10 nm) Ninanoparticles are inactive for CMD because of rapid deactivation andattributed here to an unusual mobility of nickel-silica interfacesin the presence of CH4 that leads to controlled sinteringof the originally well-dispersed Ni nanoparticles. We further showthat the ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 nickel phyllosilicates in the precursor,which governs catalyst reducibility and can be tuned by adding NH4F to the synthesis mixture, is a key descriptor of catalyticperformance. Our findings provide valuable insight into catalyst andprocess design for low-temperature CMD.

Polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) was used to fabricate polymeric nanoparticles via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) using diblock copolymer poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)‐block‐poly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PGMMA‐ PDMAEMA‐CTA) as the macro RAFT agent. The dispersion of polymeric nanoparticles with a final concentration of about 210 mg/g (solid content of 21%) was obtained via this efficient method (PISA). The resultant polymeric nanoparticles consisting of corona‐shell‐core three layers with weak polyelectrolyte PDMAEMA as the shell were used as sacrificial template to fabricate TiO2 hollow nanoparticles. The negatively charged titanium precursor was absorbed into the PDMAEMA shell via the electrostatic interaction, and hydrolyzed to form polymer/TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. Anatase TiO2 hollow nanoparticles were formed after removing the polymeric templates by calcination at 550 °C. The experiments of photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange showed that the resultant anatase TiO2 hollow nanoparticles had high photocatalytic activity and good reusability.

The research progress of PLA spunbonded nonwovens is systematically expounded from the preparation methods,product performance characteristics,factors and applications.And the preparation and performance of PLA spunbonded nonwoven with different strengthening method are also compared,including thermal bonding,needle punching and hydroentangling.The development trend and application prospect of PLA spun-bonded nonwovens are put forward.

Monometallic Pd and Rh catalysts supported on N-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC), mesoporous carbon (MC), pristine and nitric acid treated activated carbons (AC and ACN) were synthesized and applied in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Surface acido-basicity property of catalyst support was found to be a key factor influencing the catalytic performance. Zeta potential analysis revealed that NMC is basic, MC is neutral, AC and ACN are acidic. Both Pd and Rh catalysts on NMC showed higher activity and selectivity toward benzaldehyde than those on other carbon supports. The acidic support promotes the by-product formation, including hydrobenzoin and dibenzyl ether.