烟叶造碎除了与烟叶质量有关系外,还与初加工、专业分级、仓储调运等环节的操作方法及温湿度等有关.本文分析了商业环节中烟叶造碎的原因,并研究了如何降低烟叶造碎,旨在通过降低烟叶造碎,挖掘出收购经营环节中隐藏的经济效益,实现烟叶降损增效,提高烟农收入,提高烟叶原料可用性.

近年来贵州省食用菌产业持续裂变发展,已成功跻身全国第一梯队,正朝着建设食用菌产业强省的目标大步迈进.运用SWOT分析法对贵州省食用菌产业发展进行分析研究,从提升规模化、标准化、品牌化水平,加快产业结构优化调整,强化生产要素保障和科技人才支撑,健全产销对接和利益联结机制,推动产业绿色、融合发展等方面提出具体的对策建议,为助推贵州省食用菌产业持续健康发展提供参考.

贵州草海国家级自然保护区紧靠威宁自治县县城,高强度的人为活动对草海自然环境造成巨大压力,已严重威胁草海高原湖泊湿地生态系统安全.分析了草海保护区的保护管理现状,总结了草海保护区存在污染治理难度大、保护与发展矛盾、水土流失严重、管理体系不完善、科研监测能力弱等突出问题.提出保"草"治"海"、鸟进人退、拦沙固土、完善管理体系、提升科研监测能力水平、加强社区共管发展、防治有害生物、候鸟疫源疫病防控的保护对策,旨在维护草海高原湿地生态系统的稳定,提升草海保护区的科学保护和管理.

草海国家级自然保护区主要保护对象为草海高原湿地生态系统和以黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)为代表的珍稀鸟类.文章对贵州草海国家级自然保护区进行自然资源评价,并从多样性、稀有性、典型性、脆弱性、生态区位、潜在保护价值、科研价值等方面进行了保护价值评价,为科学全面认识草海国家级自然保护区价值提供依据,也为草海保护区有针对性开展保护管理工作提供参考.

对贵州省林菌产业发展的优势、现状及存在问题进行研究分析,提出因地制宜、突出重点,规划引领、加强指导,科技支撑、技术服务,强化扶持、绿色发展等方面具体的发展建议,为助推贵州省林菌产业持续健康发展提供参考.

利用闲置密集烤房控制器,对其程序进行升级,配套外部设备,以期实现育苗大棚温湿度的自动控制和调节,提高资产利用率,减工降本,提高育苗质量.

[Objective]From the angle of leaf photosynthetic physiology,discuss the response and adaptation of Typha orientalis and Scirpus tabernaemontani on water quality deterioration.[Method]Taking Typha orientalis and Scirpus tabernaemontani as the research object,set the test group(sewage growth environment training)and control group(water environment training),after 3 months,the photosynthesis,light response curve and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of plant leaves were measured by Li-6400 portable photosynthetic apparatus.[Result]Typha orientalis leaves' Pnmax,LCP,LSP,Yield,ETR,qP and NPQ were no significant differences under two different treatments(P>0.05),but the Rd of experimental group was significantly smaller than that of control group(P<0.05),AQY was significantly bigger than that of control group(P<0.05).Scirpus tabernaemontani leaves' Pnmax,AQY,Rd,LSP,Yield,ETR,qP were significantly bigger than that of control group(P<0.05),LCP was significantly smaller than that of control group(P<0.05),but NPQ was no significant differences each other(P>0.05).[Conclusion]The sewage that used in experiment exceeded V class,showing that Typha orientalis and Scirpus tabernaemontani all have strong tolerance abilities to sewage,Scirpus tabernaemontani's responses are more sensitive than Typha orientalis to certain range of water quality deterioration.

波尔多液是一种广谱、持效、保护性杀菌剂,可用于防治烟草不同生育期常见的多种病害,如烟草炭疽病、猝倒病、野火病、角斑病、赤星病等.研究了波尔多液在烟草生产中的施用效果,为波尔多液在烟草生产中的更广泛推广提供依据.

In the process of soil natural continuous drought, the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and corresponding soil moisture content of Zizania latifolia and Phragmites australis leaves were investigated to explore the photosynthetic physiological response of Z. latifolia and P. australis leaves to soil continuous drought stress. Pn, Tr, Gs of Z. latifolia leaves were first increasing and then decreasing, and those of P. australis leaves were gradually decreasing. Ci, Fv/Fm, NPQ, WUE, Yield, ETR and qP of Z. latifolia and P. australis leaves were the same change trend, Ci was gradually increasing, Fv/Fm, NPQ and WUE were first increasing and then decreasing, Yield, ETR and qP were gradually decreasing, with the soil moisture content gradually decreasing. It was showed that non-stomatal limitation was responsible for Pn reduction of Z. latifolia and P. australis leaves, confronting with severe drought stress. Drought stress threshold of Z. latifolia was between (2.17 ± 0.18)% and (1.66 ± 0.23)% of soil water content, that of P. australis was between (1.84 ± 0.17)%and (0.25 ± 0.07)%of soil water content, with 19%field capacity of growth substrate, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 28.14, 2.25 and 25.76 mg·kg-1 respectively, and pH 7.2.

To solve the problem that after transplanting tobacco plants growing in significant different forms lead to poor pest control using traditional plant protection machinery , this paper design a two-spray-mode-in-one tobacco sprayer which combined boom spray and tunnel spray sprayer .The sprayer is consisted of frame slip deformation mechanism , frame collapsed mechanism , frame lifting devices , liquid spray system and liquid collection and recirculation system . Frame slip deformation mechanism changes the form of spray frame through chain transmission and variable angle mecha -nism to achieve spray mode from boom spray to tunnel spray and on the contrary change .Frame collapsed mechanism is to achieve the transformation of machine from working condition to transport condition .After the liquid recirculation sys-tem collecting and filtering the tobacco liquid dripped from tobacco plants , and then the residual liquid is pumped back to the tank , in order to achieve efficient use of the liquid .The frame deformation and plant spraying are controlled by PLC based control system .Field experiments verify the effectiveness of the two-spray-mode-in-one tobacco sprayer .

Drought result in water level fluctuating led to large area lakeshore of wetland degenerate and disappear, the effects on wetland plants and communities had become one of the research hotspot in recent years,but the study on the growth(heights,relative growth rate,diameter,branches,relative moisture content)and resistance(the con-tents of MDA and proline)of Scirpus tabernaemontani that came from ground water level was zero(experimental group),compared with the S .tabernaemontani grew in normal water environment(control group,flooding about 20 cm),so as to reveal the impacts of S .tabernaemontani growth to zero ground water level(drought).The relative growth rate of S .tabernaemontani varied in different periods,the experimental group and control group were 2.00 cm·d-1 and 3.18 cm·d-1 in May,2.35 cm·d-1 and 2.44 cm·d-1 in early June,0.95 cm·d-1 and 0.99 cm·d-1 inlate June,0.02 cm·d-1 and 0.05 cm·d-1 after July respectively.The average number of branches of experimental group was 2.94 branches per plexus and control group was 4.86 branches per plexus.The diameter of experimental group was 5.15 mm and the control group was 7.33 mm.The relative moisture content of S .Tabernaemontani was 73.28% in experimental group and 75.28% in control group.The average content of MDA in the experimental group was 10.27 μg·kg-1 and the control group was 6.46 μg·kg-1 .The average value of proline content was 9.44 μmol· kg-1 in experimental group and the control group was 6.40 μmol·kg-1 .These indexes differences were all significant except for relative moisture content between experimental group and control group(The control group was better than that of the experimental group),which showed that zero ground water level was not conducive to S .tabernaemon-tani ’s growth,would decrease the productivity of wetland ecosystem that was mainly S .tabernaemontani ,and would accelerate this wetland ecosystem degradation succession.This article would provide scientific basis for revea-ling the serious effects on the growth of wetland aquatic plants and plateau wetland ecosystem result from climate chang(drought).

A new flue-cured tobacco variety Luyan 2 (previously CF90NF), bred from flue-cured tobacco variety Zhongyan 98, passed the evaluation by Shandong tobacco variety evaluation committee of the national tobacco variety approval committee in October 2012. Luyan 2 maintained excellent features of Zhongyan 98, such as high quality and yield, easy to cured, and overcomes some shortcoming of Zhongyan 98. Compared to NC 89, the variety has better comprehensive characteristics, especially in minor color difference of tobacco leaf back and face, and better exterior and interior quality. It has stable economic benefit and high industrial availability, and is suitable for Weifang and other similar ecology regions.

In the present study,Jianhu,a typical degraded plateau wetland in Northwesten Yunnan,is selected as the study site and for the efficiency assessment of an ecological restoration project. The aim of the this study is to provide a scientific basis for restoring degraded wetlands and treating water pollution problems in Yunnan Plateau area,and to maintain ecological stability of associated lake ecosystems. The result showed that after two years' ecological restoration effort,estuarine landscape structure has been greatly improved with diversified landscape and optimized spatial structure. Also,water quality has been improved,with the transparency of the water body increased by 101%,and the concentrations of TN,NH+ 4-N,NO-3-N,TP and COD significantly decreased by 62.5%,89.3%,62.5%,91.7% and 68.0%,respectively.The purification process of water suggests that the sediment treatment has improved the hydrological conditions in the estuarine environment,and the selection of plant species should be based on nutrient content of the sewage. Also,a high proportion of submerge plants could be used to enhance purification effect. However,the purification effect varied for wetlands with different plant communities,which suggest that aquatic plants have different preference to nitrogen and phosphorus,and they have established complex interactions. Also,once exposed to different nutrient content,the same plant species could display varying levels of water purification function. Therefore,to better deal with sewage problem,it is essential to select the right plant species for community assembly purpose according to water pollution levels. Meanwhile,it is necessary to adjust the composition of plant community according to the change of water quality so that plants could grow well,the stability of the wetland ecosystem could be maintained,and the recovery of ecosystem functions and services could be sustained. After the degraded wetland is restored,it would offer multiple ecosystem services each year,with the yield value of the water purifying effect estimated as RMB 1850000 yuan,the yield value of biodiversity conservation,ecological tourism and other ecosystem services estimated as RMB 327000 yuan,and the market value of the ecological agriculture system estimated as RMB 2700000 yuan. Therefore,the comprehensive benefits of economy,society and ecology could be accomplished,and the goal of demonstrating restoration feasibility of a degraded plateau wetland is fulfilled.

烟苗移栽是烟叶生产过程中的重要环节，也是目前全程机械化推进过程中的薄弱环节，目前鲜有成熟适用机型。2ZD-3型智能多垄移栽机采用机、电、液一体化设计、曲柄圆盘轨道机构、地面仿形传感装置控制液压系统和电磁控制的注水系统等先进技术，同时，独立栽植机构可根据地块大小灵活填减，以满足不同烟田移栽需要。试验结果表明，该移栽机田间适应性强，能够较大程度地提高烟苗移栽效率和移栽质量。

集约化、工场化是目前大规模烟草温室育苗的主要方式。本项目研制出一种手推式移动喷淋设备，在提高以往常用固定喷淋设备效率的同时，有效提高了大棚育苗肥水控制效果。

In the tobacco growing region in Linqu,Shandong Province,18typical sampling points were selected.In the sampling points,soil samples and tobacco samples were collected to analyze the concentration of As,Cd,Cr,Hg and Pb in the soil samples and tobacco samples.According to the interrelated criterion,the heavy metal risk in the tobacco growing region in Linqu was assessed.The result showed that the heavy metal concentration in the soil surface was significantly higher than that in the underlying soil.And the As,Cd,Cr,Hg and Pb concentration of the soil in Linqu tobacco growing region was lower than the levelⅡin"environmental quality standard for soils",and the soil heavy metal risk was in the"safe"grade.Hg was the relatively higher risk of heavy metal in soils.Tobacco heavy metal risk was also in low-risk status,and the heavy metal concentration in tobacco was changed between two years,especially the Hg concentration changed most greatly.The synthesizing pollution index in all the typical sampling points was all smaller than the levelⅠ,and the heavy metal risk in Linqu tobacco growing region was in the"safe"grade.But the synthesizing pollution index in some individual point was approaching levelⅠ which needs to pay attention to prevent heavy metal risk.The next step is to do a comprehensive analysis of soil environmental quality and the impact of factors on the tobacco heavy metal content.

为开辟烟叶烘烤新能源,本研究利用生物质气化导热油传导设备为密集烤房加热。初步结果表明:导热油烘烤能耗成本比燃煤式密集烤房略低,烤后烟叶质量基本相当;且使用该设备有利于烤房集中控制,供热稳定,升温灵敏,同时可有效避免燃煤烤房易发生的CO、SO2等毒害烟叶现象,具有一定的推广应用价值。