PURPOSE:To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of bone loss in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS:A retrospective case-control study was conducted. Patients with SCI in our hospital from January 2019 to March 2023 were collected. According to the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) at different sites, the patients were divided into the lumbar spine group and the hip joint group. According to the BMD value, the patients were divided into the normal bone mass group (t > -1.0 standard deviation) and the osteopenia group (t ≤ -1.0 standard deviation). The influencing factors accumulated as follows: gender, age, height, weight, cause of injury, injury segment, injury degree, time after injury, start time of rehabilitation, motor score, sensory score, spasticity, serum value of alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus. The trend chart was drawn and the influencing factors were analyzed. SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis. Correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between the BMD values of the lumbar spine and bilateral hips. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of osteoporosis after SCI. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS:The incidence of bone loss in patients with SCI was 66.3%. There was a low concordance between bone loss in the lumbar spine and the hip, and the hip was particularly susceptible to bone loss after SCI, with an upward trend in incidence (36% - 82%). In this study, patients with SCI were divided into the lumbar spine group (n = 100) and the hip group (n = 185) according to the BMD values of different sites. Then, the lumbar spine group was divided into the normal bone mass group (n = 53) and the osteopenia group (n = 47); the hip joint group was divided into the normal bone mass group (n = 83) and the osteopenia group (n = 102). Of these, lumbar bone loss after SCI is correlated with gender and weight (p = 0.032 and < 0.001, respectively), and hip bone loss is correlated with gender, height, weight, and time since injury (p < 0.001, p = 0.015, 0.009, and 0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:The incidence of bone loss after SCI was high, especially in the hip. The incidence and influencing factors of bone loss in the lumbar spine and hip were different. Patients with SCI who are male, low height, lightweight, and long time after injury were more likely to have bone loss.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the mean upper cervical spinal cord cross-sectional area (MUCCA) and the risk and severity of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). METHODS: Community-dwelling residents in Lishui City, China, from the cross-sectional survey in the PRECISE cohort study (Polyvascular Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Events) conducted from 2017 to 2019. We included 1644 of 3067 community-dwelling adults in the PRECISE study after excluding those with incorrect, incomplete, insufficient, or missing clinical or imaging data. Total and modified total CSVD scores, as well as magnetic resonance imaging features, including white matter hyperintensity, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, enlarged perivascular spaces, and brain atrophy, were assessed at the baseline. The Spinal Cord Toolbox was used to measure the upper cervical spinal cord cross-sectional area of the C1 to C3 segments of the spinal cord and its average value was taken as MUCCA. Participants were divided into 4 groups according to quartiles of MUCCA. Associations were analyzed using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, current smoking and drinking, medical history, intracranial volume, and total cortical volume. RESULTS: The means±SD age of the participants was 61.4±6.5 years, and 635 of 1644 participants (38.6%) were men. The MUCCA was smaller in patients with CSVD than those without CSVD. Using the total CSVD score as a criterion, the MUCCA was 61.78±6.12 cm 2 in 504 of 1644 participants with CSVD and 62.74±5.94 cm 2 in 1140 of 1644 participants without CSVD. Using the modified total CSVD score, the MUCCA was 61.81±6.04 cm 2 in 699 of 1644 participants with CSVD and 62.91±5.94 cm 2 in 945 of 1644 without CSVD. There were statistical differences between the 2 groups after adjusting for covariates in 3 models. The MUCCA was negatively associated with the total and modified total CSVD scores (adjusted β value, −0.009 [95% CI, −0.01 to −0.003] and −0.007 [95% CI, −0.01 to −0.0006]) after adjustment for covariates. Furthermore, the MUCCA was negatively associated with the white matter hyperintensity burden (adjusted β value, −0.01 [95% CI, −0.02 to −0.003]), enlarged perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia (adjusted β value, −0.005 [95% CI, −0.009 to −0.001]), lacunes (adjusted β value, −0.004 [95% CI, −0.007 to −0.0007]), and brain atrophy (adjusted β value, −0.009 [95% CI, −0.01 to −0.004]). CONCLUSIONS: The MUCCA and CSVD were correlated. Spinal cord atrophy may serve as an imaging marker for CSVD; thus, small vessel disease may involve the spinal cord in addition to being intracranial.

Objective: Hip subluxation is a common complication in children with spinal cord injury. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and influencing factors of hip subluxation and discuss prevention strategies.Methods: Medical records of children with spinal cord injury were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the patient was younger than 18 years old when injured; (2) absence of traumatic or congenital pathological changes of the hip at the time of injury. The migration percentage and acetabular index were selected to evaluate hip stability and acetabulum development. Influencing factors of sex, age, injury duration, severity, level, and spasticity were analyzed.Results: A total of 146 children were enrolled. Twenty-eight children presented with hip subluxation and were significantly younger at the time of injury than those with normal hips (P = 0.002). The incidence of hip subluxation increased with the prolonged injury duration. Injury before age 6, complete injury, and flaccid lower extremities were significant influencing factors (P = 0.003, 0.004, and 0.015, respectively). The risk of hip subluxation decreased by 18% for every year older in injury age (P = 0.031) and decreased by 85% in children with spasticity (P = 0.018) than those without. However, the risk of hip subluxation in children with injury duration longer than 1 year was 7.1 times higher than those with shorter injury duration (P < 0.001).Conclusions: The incidence of hip subluxation in children with spinal cord injury increased with the injury duration. Younger children had immature hip development. Due to complete injury and flaccid muscle, lack of protection around the hip may lead to subluxation. Follow-up and prevention of hip subluxation need the joint effort of medical staff and families.

目的:观察综合康复治疗对创伤性颈脊髓中央损伤综合征(traumatic central cord syndrome,TCCS)患者神经功能和生活质量的改善情况,并进行多维度疗效评价.方法:回顾性分析2016年1月～2021年12月我院收治的90例TCCS患者,其中男74例,女16例,年龄27～85岁(56.6±10.7岁),根据综合康复治疗前是否接受了颈椎手术分为术后康复组(82例)和单纯康复组(8例).两组患者在年龄、性别、脊髓损伤程度等方面均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).所有患者均接受1～3个月的物理治疗、作业治疗、膀胱管理等综合康复治疗.收集患者入院和出院时的美国脊髓损伤协会(American Spinal Injury Assosication,ASIA)残损分级(ASIA impairment scale,AIS)和运动评分(motor score,MS)、国际功能分类康复组合(ICF-RS)评分,并进行组间比较;统计患者膀胱功能变化和并发症情况,全面评估TCCS患者的神经功能恢复情况,多维度评价康复措施的疗效.结果:综合康复治疗前AIS分级C级48例,D级42例,治疗后27例患者C级改善为D级(术后康复组23例,单纯康复组4例),余63例AIS分级无变化,但治疗后下肢和上肢的MS较治疗前显著提高(P＜0.05).组间MS评分无统计学差异(P＞0.05).患者ICF-RS所有条目中,"b280痛觉"、"d240控制应激和其他心理需求"评分变化治疗前后无统计学差异(P＞0.05);余条目评分均较治疗前有提高,且有统计学差异(P＜0.05),组间比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).33例患者由导尿恢复至自主排尿.脊髓损伤并发症占比前2名的是痉挛(54.4％)和神经痛(23.3％),痉挛与MS恢复程度无显著相关性(P=-0.06).结论:综合康复治疗对TCCS患者神经功能恢复有明显促进作用,无论是术后康复还是单纯康复的TCCS患者其综合功能均获得了明显改善.ICF-RS条目细致,适于TCCS这一特殊类型脊髓损伤患者的评估.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical characteristics of children with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) admitted to a research rehabilitation center between 2011 and 2020, with a view to generate crucial data for understanding and prevention of pediatric traumatic SCI. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING The National Rehabilitation Research Center of China, Beijing, China. PARTICIPANTS Medical records and imaging data of children with traumatic SCI admitted to the rehabilitation research center from 2011 to 2020. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. OUTCOME MEASURES Data on age, sex, cause of injury, neurological level of injury, impairment scale of SCI and details of spine fracture or dislocation were all collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 351 patients were included in the study, including 133 males (37.9%) and 218 females (62.1%). There were 231 cases (65.8%) without spine fracture or dislocation. SCI without fracture or dislocation (SCIWORA) was the most common in children between the age of 5 and 14 years (77.9%), and injuries caused by sports were the most common in girls (90.8%). Among sports injuries, those due to a special dance movement called "Xia-Yao" in Chinese, which involves hyperextension of the trunk, constituted the majority, with the neurological level of injuries located predominantly in the middle (34.6%) and lower (44.2%) thoracic levels. CONCLUSION Girls between the ages of 5 and 14 years constituted the majority of SCIWORA injuries at the thoracic levels, which were caused mainly by "Xia-Yao". Overall, careful attention should be paid to prevent this kind of injury in children.

PURPOSE:The long-term situation of children with spinal cord injury (SCI) was investigated, and suggestions for helping them better return to the society were provided. METHODS:SCI patients less than 18 years old hospitalized in Beijing Boai Hospital from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Information including motor function, complications, characteristic changes, self-care abilities, school attendance and social participation were collected by telephone interview and electronic questionnaire. All the answers were statistically analyzed. RESULTS:A total of 86 cases were enrolled, 77 girls and 9 boys, with a median injury age of 6 years and 2 months. The follow-up time was 3-130 months. The main cause of trauma in these children was sport injury (66.3%), the thoracic spinal cord was involved the most (91.9%), and complete SCIs accounted for the majority (76.7%). In terms of complications, children with complete SCIs were more likely to have urinary incontinence, constipation and characteristic changes (p < 0.05); whereas the incomplete SCIs often have spasticity (p < 0.05). As to the daily living abilities, children with incomplete lumbar SCIs were more capable to accomplish personal hygiene, transfer, and bathing independently than those with complete injuries, or cervical/thoracic SCIs, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, children older than 9 years care more able to dress and transfer independently than the youngers (p < 0.05). Wheelchair users accounted for 84.9% and more than half of them were able to propel wheelchair independently, and those who move passively in wheelchairs were mostly introverted kids (p < 0.05). Almost all (93.8%) children with incomplete injuries were able to walk independently. Most (79.1%) children continued to attending school, and 41.9% participated in interest classes. Unfortunately, 67.4% of the children spent less time playing with their peers than before the injury. CONCLUSION:SCIs impair physical structures and function of children, affect their independence in daily living, and restrict school attendance and social interaction. Comprehensive rehabilitation after injury is a systematic work. Medical staff and caregivers should not only pay attention to neurological function, but also help them improve self-care abilities. It is also important to balance rehabilitation training and school work and social participation.

脊髓损伤后的功能改善能提高患者的生活独立性和质量,是康复训练的重点.外骨骼机器人是基于仿生学和人体工程学设计,并拥有末端牵引式的康复机器人,作为一种新兴治疗技术受到国内外的广泛关注.国内外相关文献报道中外骨骼机器人在脊髓损伤后康复训练中多用于提高步行功能,而较少关注上肢功能和其他躯体功能的改善.尽管外骨骼机器人在脊髓损伤后康复训练中的应用存在局限性,但已呈现出新的发展趋势.外骨骼机器人在脊髓损伤康复训练中的实用性和优效性尚需更多循证医学证据.