[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1738123.].

Background: Honeysuckle and gardenia are classified as cold-natured traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, with chlorogenic acid and gardenoside recognized as their major bioactive components. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed their antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. However, research on the microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for antiviral applications remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity against Goose parvovirus (GPV) of fermented TCM using Lactobacillus isolated from silage feed, and to explore its potential theoretical and practical value. Methodology: Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods, and its probiotic properties were evaluated. The in vitro antiviral activity of bacterial cells and their metabolites was assessed using cellular models, including the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and quantitative PCR (qPCR). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze changes in active components of TCM following lactic acid fermentation. In addition, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were performed to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action. Results: A strain of Lactobacillus plantarum with strong acid and bile salt tolerance (survival rate > 92%) was successfully isolated. The strain effectively inhibited pathogenic bacteria and demonstrated safety in mice. In vitro experiments showed that bacterial metabolites significantly suppressed GPV proliferation. Fermentation markedly increased the contents of active components, including chlorogenic acid and gardenoside, in honeysuckle and gardenia decoctions. Moreover, the fermented mixed decoction exhibited a highly significant anti-GPV effect. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses indicated that key active components, such as quercetin, exert antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects mainly through the regulation of Toll-like receptor-related signaling pathways involving targets such as IL-6 and TNF. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that L. plantarum, TCM, and their fermentation products effectively alleviate GPV infection and improve intestinal barrier function. HPLC and network pharmacology analyses suggest that fermentation-derived active components, including chlorogenic acid, gardenoside, quercetin, and organic acids, may synergistically enhance antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating IL-6/TNF-related signaling pathways and interacting with the gut microbiota.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an encouraging probiotic option to antibiotics in treating typical bovine diseases, including but not limited to, mastitis, inflammatory bowel disease, diarrhea, and endometritis. The review discusses the therapeutic mechanisms of LAB in a systematic manner including competitive exclusion of pathogens, synthesis of antimicrobial products such as organic acids, bacteriocins, and short-chain fatty acids, recovery of mucosal barrier integrity by regulating tight junctions, and suppression of pro-inflammatory pathways, such as NF-κB and MAPK, to modulate the host immune response. All these mechanisms lower the inflammation, improve the condition of the gut and mammary glands and increase the level of productivity. LAB are an effective and long-term solution to decrease the consumption of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. This review will form a theoretical basis of introducing LAB into veterinary practice and promote sustainable animal husbandry.

InroductionInfectious diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Akabane virus (AKAV), bovine norovirus (BNoV), bovine enterovirus (BEV), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) significantly threaten the cattle industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. These pathogens often present similar clinical signs, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and reproductive disorders in pregnant cattle, and frequent covert or mixed infections further complicate accurate diagnosis. Therefore, rapid, sensitive, and field‑deployable diagnostic methods are essential for effective disease surveillance and control in the cattle industry.MethodsIn this study, we report for the first time the establishment of a TaqMan‑based real‑time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay that enables simultaneous detection of these five bovine viruses. Multiple sequence alignment of conserved genomic regions was performed, and virus‑specific primers and probes were designed and optimized using Beacon Designer 7 software. Subsequently, a TaqMan‑based multiplex real‑time qPCR assay was established for simultaneous detection of BVDV, AKAV, BNoV, BEV, and BCoV. The established detection method was applied to 200 clinical samples collected from 10 farms in multiple regions of Jilin Province.ResultsThe results showed that the detection rates for BVDV, AKAV, BNoV, BEV, and BCoV were 33.50%, 0.50%, 4.50%, 7.50%, and 12.00%, respectively. Mixed infections were detected in 9 samples co‑infected with two of the five pathogens, with an overall mixed infection rate of 4.50%. Compared with conventional PCR, coincidence rates were 100% for BVDV, AKAV, BNoV, BEV, and BCoV.DiscussionThese findings indicate that the TaqMan multiplex real‑time qPCR assay developed here demonstrates favorable specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. This assay enables efficient detection and surveillance of bovine viruses, offering a reliable technical tool for the diagnosis and control of corresponding viral diseases in cattle.

Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii) and Aeromonas caviae (A. caviae) are important pathogens that affect various fish species. In this study, a whole-cell bivalent vaccine against A. veronii and A. caviae was developed to assess the immune response of Carassius auratus(C. auratus). Initially, the inactivation temperature and formalin concentration were investigated. After confirming safety, three different vaccine concentrations were administered via injection, and a random selection of C. auratus was subjected to tail vein blood collection. The serum levels of SOD, CAT, IgM, AKP, LZM, ACP, complement C3 and complement C4 were determined. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to measure gene expression in the liver, spleen, kidney, and intestinal tissues. On the 35th day, a challenge test was conducted to determine the immune protection rate of the vaccine. The results demonstrated that serum IgM antibody levels increased significantly in all vaccine groups after the initial immunization and continued to rise following the second booster immunization. Additionally, there was a notable increase in the levels of SOD, CAT, AKP, LZM, ACP, C3, and C4 in the serum after both immunizations, with peak values observed on Day 21. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed upregulation of IL-10, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α expression after both immunizations, with the maximum levels occurring on the 21st day, followed by a decrease on the 28th day. This study investigated the effect of different vaccine concentrations on the immunological protection rate of C. auratus, aiming to provide a fundamental theoretical basis for double-vaccine preparation.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) induces systemic inflammation in felines, posing a serious threat to feline health worldwide. Severe cases may lead to chronic stomatitis and other inflammatory conditions. However, the precise mechanisms underlying FCV-induced inflammation remain unclear. To investigate the involvement of toll-like receptors (TLRs), in vitro experiments assessed changes in TLR gene expression following FCV infection. FCV infection significantly upregulated TLR2 and TLR7 transcription, as well as expression of the NLRP3 gene. Functional assays revealed that inhibition or silencing of TLR2 markedly reduced FCV-induced transcription and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Conversely, TLR2 overexpression enhanced IL-1β transcription and secretion, further implicating TLR2 in FCV-mediated inflammatory signaling. Mechanistically, FCV infection increased the expression of TLR2 and MyD88, promoted IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, and facilitated NF-κB (p65) phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Disruption of TLR2 or MyD88 abrogated these events, thereby blocking NF-κB activation and downstream IL-1β expression. Inhibition of any component within the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB axis-including NF-κB or IκBα-similarly suppressed IL-1β transcription, expression, and secretion, establishing the central role of this pathway in FCV-induced inflammation. Further experiments demonstrated that FCV virus-like particles (VLPs) can induce IL-1β gene transcription through the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB axis but are insufficient to trigger IL-1β secretion. Dual-luciferase assays confirmed that FCV VP1 alone is capable of activating IL-1β gene transcription via this pathway and directly interacts with TLR2. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that FCV VP1 binds to TLR2, initiates IκBα phosphorylation through MyD88, promotes nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65), and activates the NF-κB signaling cascade. This cascade primes the inflammasome by inducing transcription of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β, as well as expression of the pro-IL-1β precursor, thereby initiating the first signal required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in FCV-infected cells.

As an acute and highly contagious enteric disease of swine, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused high piglet mortality and significant economic losses. Commercialized vaccines provide only partial cross-protection against the novel, highly virulent PEDV strains. Developing new vaccines against highly virulent PEDV strains would help protect the pig industry from the serious challenges posed by novel, highly virulent PEDV infections. Natural compounds and chemical and biochemical source-targeted drugs designed to act on specific proteins, enzymes, or mechanisms can complement each other’s advantages when used in combination, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of drug-based prevention in the control of highly virulent PEDV. Drugs targeting Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) can aid vaccines to compensate for interferon (IFN) secretory deficiencies to protect pigs from highly virulent PEDV infection. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of vaccines against highly virulent PEDV, natural compounds, and chemical and biochemical source-targeted drugs that have been explored in cell and pig models with clearly defined mechanisms. It also aims to provide comprehensive strategies for the prevention and control of highly virulent PEDV infections in pigs.

Exosomes are extracelluar vesicles that facilitate intercellular communication and are pivotal in post-transcriptional regulation within cellular gene regulatory networks, impacting pathogen dynamics. These vesicles serve as crucial regulators of immune responses, mediating cellular interactions and enabling the introduction of viral pathogenic regions into host cells. Exosomes released from virus-infected cells harbor diverse microRNAs (miRNAs), which can be transferred to recipient cells, thereby modulating virus infection. This transfer is a critical element in the molecular interplay mediated by exosomes. Additionally, the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) within exosomes plays a vital role in virus infection, with ESCRT components binding to viral proteins to facilitate virus budding. This review elucidates the roles of exosomes and their constituents in the invasion of host cells by viruses, aiming to shed new light on the regulation of viral transmission via exosomes.

An essential regulator of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the gut microbiota. Alterations in intestinal permeability brought on by gut microbiota dysregulation encourage neuroinflammation, central immune dysregulation, and peripheral immunological dysregulation in AD, as well as hasten aberrant protein aggregation and neuronal death in the brain. However, it is unclear how the gut microbiota transmits information to the brain and how it influences brain cognition and function. In this review, we summarized the multiple pathways involved in the gut microbiome in AD and provided detailed treatment strategies based on the gut microbiome. Based on these observations, this review also discusses the problems, challenges, and strategies to address current therapeutic strategies.

This study attempted to evaluate the potential for biofilm formation and the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the Carassius auratus intestine and to determine their antibacterial activity against crucial injurious bacteria of fish. The biological features test was carried out to obtain LAB with well-resistant pH, trypsin, bile and antibiotic challenge, and biofilm formation capacity. The most promising LAB isolates, y11 and y78 were identified as Lactobacillus johnsonii and Weissella confusa using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. We discovered that oral LAB additives improved immunity in the C. auratus by increasing immune-related expression of immunoglobulin M (IgM), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme (LYS) in serum and interleukins (IL-10 and IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in organs. After the introduction of Aeromonas veronii TH0426 for 15 days, the survival rate of C. auratus was determined as follows: the protection rate of group y11 was 45 %, and group y78 was 65 % when challenged with 109 CFU/mL density. This experiment successfully selected two LAB strains as the bioprotective agents and provided theoretical support for further LAB application in aquaculture.

Aeromonas veronii has serious implications for food safety and the aquaculture industry. The iron uptake system can effectively regulate the life activities and pathogenicity of microorganisms, and Fur is one of the key proteins. In this experiment, we constructed the Delta fur mutant strain of A. veronii TH0426 using the pRE112 suicide plasmid and the C- fur complementary strain using the pBBR1-MCS generalized host expression plasmid to research the effects of fur gene on the biological function and mechanisms of virulence regulation of TH0426. It was found that when the fur gene was deleted, the polar flagella of TH0426 was disrupted and the biofilm formation ability was significantly reduced, with consequent changes in motility, flagellation-related gene expression, drug resistance, and tolerance. Transcriptome analysis of TH0426 wild-type and Delta fur mutant showed that fur gene could directly or indirectly regulate bacterial flagella assembly, antibiotic resistance, growth and metabolism. In the pathogenic test, compared with the TH0426 wild-type, Delta fur significantly reduced the cytotoxicity to EPC cells at 30 min, 1 h and 2 h, reduced the adhesion and invasion ability to EPC cells by 2.38-fold (P <0.001), increased LD50 of zebrafish by 58.33-fold (P <0.001) and decreased bacterial load at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. Meanwhile, the result of C- fur was higher than that of Delta fur and lower than that of the TH0426 wild-type in all experiments. In summary, the fur gene is essential for flagellar assembly and biofilm formation and is able to indirectly affect some of the biological properties and animal pathogenicity of TH0426. This research helps to explain the function of the fur gene of the iron uptake system and its role in the pathogenesis of animal.

The interaction between intestinal microflora and host affects the progression of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. As a recognized next-generation probiotic, Akkermansia muciniphila has been shown to play a key role in the progression of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, but whether A. muciniphila can improve diabetes complicated with Alzheimer's disease and its potential mechanism are unclear.

Gosling plague caused by goose parvovirus (GPV), a highly infectious septic disease with high mortality, has caused substantial loss in the waterfowl industry. A method for the rapid detection of GPV is needed. In this study, we isolated the virus strain of GPV in May 2020 and applied it to the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. We designed five sets of primers for the goose parvovirus VP3 gene by LAMP. The GV-1 primer set was selected to detect GPV sensitively and rapidly. LAMP was more sensitive compared to PCR. In addition, the LAMP method could complete detection within 60 min which was faster than the PCR assay. The LAMP provided a convenient and effective experimental method for detection of GPV for inspection and quarantine departments and health care units in China, and it is expected to become a simple and routine detection method, especially suitable for goose farms.

Research on the environmental application of biochar from waste could lead to a greater extent of rational applications.

A group of DNA viruses called parvoviruses that have significant effects on cancer therapy and genetic engineering applications. After passing through the cell membrane to reach the cytosol, it moves along the microtubule toward the nuclear membrane. The nuclear localization signal (NLS) is recognized by importin-beta (impβ) and other proteins from the complex outside the nuclear membrane and binds to enter the nucleus via the nuclear pore complex (NPC). There are two main pathways for viruses to enter the nucleus. The classical pathway is through the interaction of imp α and impβ with NLS via NPC. The other is the NPC mediated by the combination of impβ and it. While the capsid is introduced into the nucleus through classical nuclear transduction, there is also a transient nuclear membrane dissolution leading to passive transport into the nucleus, which has been proposed in recent years. This article mainly discusses several nuclear entry pathways and related proteins, providing a reference for subsequent research on viral entry pathways.

The VP1 gene of goose parvovirus regulates the release of viral capsid proteins and daughter viruses. Screening host cells for proteins that interact with viral VP1 and probing the regulatory mechanisms of goose parvovirus replication provides a basis for outbreak control of goose parvovirus. In this study, a high-quality yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) cDNA library was constructed and validated using goose embryonic fibroblasts in order to screen for interaction partners of goose parvovirus VP1 protein in goose embryonic fibroblasts (GEFs). Self-activation of VP1 was detected by phenotypic screening, and positive clones were obtained by Y2H screening. Transformation experiments further validated this. Blast was used to analyze the sequences of the positive clones. Eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed after cloning eEF1a from the analyzed sequences. The interaction between VP1 and eEF1a was verified by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. The association of eEF1a with goose parvovirus replication was investigated by Real-time PCR, viral titer assay and Trypan blue staining. The results showed an interaction of eEF1a with VP1, and overexpression of eEF1a could promote the replication of goose parvovirus, and silencing of eEF1a could inhibit the replication of goose parvovirus. The results of this study provide a basis for further study of the replication mechanism of goose parvovirus. The presence of eEF1a interacting with the VP1 gene in GEFs and the presence of eEF1a is importantly associated with GPV proliferation.

Food safety is related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Fumonisins are widely found in animal feed, feed raw materials, and human food. This can not only cause economic losses in animal husbandry but can also have carcinogenicity or teratogenicity and can be left in animal meat, eggs, and milk which may enter the human body and pose a serious threat to human health. Although there are many strategies to prevent fumonisins from entering the food chain, the traditional physical and chemical methods of mycotoxin removal have some disadvantages, such as an unstable effect, large nutrient loss, impact on the palatability of feed, and difficulty in mass production. As a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly detoxification technology, biological detoxification attracts more and more attention from researchers and is gradually becoming an accepted technique. This work summarizes the toxic mechanism of fumonisins and highlights the advances of fumonisins in the detoxification of biological antioxidants, antagonistic microorganisms, and degradation mechanisms. Finally, the future challenges and focus of the biological control and degradation of fumonisins are discussed.

Parvoviruses affect both vertebrates and invertebrates, and can be both detrimental and benign to the host. Numerous studies about parvovirus-induced apoptotic cell death have been researched and reported. In most parvovirus infections, cell death heightens the virus dissemination and causes tissue damage, often leading to disease. Cell cycle arrest also induces cytopathic effects in infected cells and is sometimes a prerequisite to apoptotic cell death. Cell death mechanisms caused by parvovirus infections vary depending on the infecting parvovirus strain and the cell lines involved. Apo-ptosis, however, is a frequent form of cell death induced by parvoviruses. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a major contributor to parvovirus infection-induced cell death. However, other proteins such as the 11 kDa, NP1 and viral genome replication can also induce cell death. Understanding the mechanisms involved in parvovirus cell death, and host response is important in the development of treatment for cytopathic parvoviruses. This review article discusses parvovirus-induced apoptotic cell death and the mechanisms involved. Keywords: apoptosis; cell cycle arrest; cell death; parvovirus; viral protein.

Despite antimicrobial resistance, which is attributed to the misuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics, antibiotics can indiscriminately kill pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms. These events disrupt the delicate microbial balance in both humans and animals, leading to secondary infections and other negative effects. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are functional natural biopolymers in plants and animals. Due to their excellent antimicrobial activities and absence of microbial resistance, AMPs have attracted enormous research attention. We reviewed the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, as well as antitumor properties of AMPs and research progress on AMPs. In addition, we highlighted various recommendations and potential research areas for their progress and challenges in practical applications.