[目的]探究针叶樱桃嫩枝扦插的方法和插穗的生根规律,旨在为高效培育针叶樱桃苗木、促进热带地区经济林产业发展奠定理论基础.[方法]采用L9(34)正交设计开展针叶樱桃嫩枝扦插的育苗试验,研究基质类型和生根粉的种类、处理浓度、处理时间的不同水平和处理组合对针叶樱桃扦插生根的影响情况.[结果]不同处理组合的扦插生根率为16.67％～82.22％,平均根系数量为5.93～25.73条/株,平均根系长度为3.67～9.37 cm,最长根系长度为10.60～22.00 cm,平均根系直径为0.18～0.33 mm,最大根系直径为0.47～0.71 mm,生根效果指数为1.09～6.64,各处理组合对针叶樱桃扦插生根的影响均较大,且不同处理组合之间差异显著(P<0.05).影响针叶樱桃扦插生根率的主导因子是生根粉种类,ABT1生根粉能促进插穗生根;影响根系长度的主要因素是基质类型,"生土+河沙"基质能促进根系生长;生根粉处理时间是影响根系数量、根系直径、生根效果指数的主要因素,而生根粉处理浓度对针叶樱桃生根的影响最不显著.生根率与其他生根指标间均呈正相关,根系数量与平均根系长度、生根效果指数间均呈正相关,平均根系长度与基质类型呈正相关,生根效果指数与生根率、根系数量、平均根系长度、基质类型之间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而根系数量与平均根系直径呈负相关.[结论]生根率与各指标间有相互促进的作用,生根效果指数与生根率、根系数量、平均根系长度和基质类型之间均存在协同关系,根系数量与根系直径存在竞争关系.以"生土+河沙"为基质,以浓度为500 mg/L的ABT1生根粉处理插穗1 h,这一处理组合的生根效果最好.

为研究龙佳、宁香2个核桃品种果实经济性状及生长发育特性,为其配套栽培管理提供科学依据.以云南核桃龙佳、宁香为试验材料,定期测定果实纵径、横径、棱径的生长量,采用Logistics模型、二次多项式分别对2个品种核桃果实的3径值进行曲线拟合,并比较分析2个品种果实的经济性状.结果表明:(1)果实生长基本停止后,龙佳和宁香2个品种果实在坚果3径等指标上无明显差异,果实纵径、横径、棱径的大小为26～33mm.就不同方位上的果实大小而言,龙佳果实在东、南、西、北4个方位的大小无显著差异,而宁香果实纵径和横径在不同方位上差异显著.(2)龙佳核桃去青皮鲜果质量14.16 g,坚果质量8.11 g,仁质量4.83 g,出仁率达58.11％,出核率59.79％.宁香核桃去青皮鲜果质量13.04 g,坚果质量8.87 g,仁质量5.53 g,出仁率58.30％,出核率60.82％.(3)果实的生长呈现出"快—较快—慢"的趋势,在生长过程中,3径的累积生长整体上保持着纵径>横径>棱径的生长特点.2个模型拟合果实3径生长过程的结果表明,Logistics模型和二次多项式对果实纵径、横径、棱径3个指标的拟合决定系数(R2)为84.8～96.9.龙佳、宁香2个品种果实坚果种肩较平滑、种尖钝尖、果壳较薄、缝合线紧密、坚果扁圆形,结合果实的生长曲线和相对生长量曲线,根据试验分析的结果可将2个核桃品种的生长过程分成快速生长期、缓慢生长期和稳定生长期.

以引进的特色经济林品种嘉宝果、巴西樱桃、长果樱桃、针叶樱桃为试材,通过对树体生长量、物候期、开花结实特性、果实品质等进行调查和测定,研究其在云南热区的引种表现.结果表明:供试的4个特色经济林品种均能在云南热区正常萌芽、抽梢、开花、结实,并表现出明显的树种差异;树体能正常生长,树高、冠幅均呈正向增长趋势.4个品种的果形规整,果面光滑,果实颜色艳丽,外观品质较好;果实大小各不相同,单果质量存在差异,种子变异较大,可食率均为80％以上;果实品质各具特色,富含多种营养成分,整体果实品质较好.通过引种驯化表明,嘉宝果、巴西樱桃、长果樱桃、针叶樱桃4个特色经济林品种在云南热区表现良好,能正常生长结实并充分表现出各自的品种特性,适宜在云南热区推广和进一步的开发利用.

Chestnuts are popular edible nuts that are rich in starch. In order to enhance the transcriptomic resources and further understand starch and sucrose metabolism in maturing chestnuts, a comparative transcriptomic study of Chinese chestnut kernels was conducted at three ripening stages (70, 82, and 94 DAF). At 82 and 94 days after flowering (DAF), starch continued to accumulate, and the amylopectin/amylose ratio increased. Transcriptomic profiling of kernels at 70 (stage I), 82 (stage II), and 94 DAF (stage III) indicated that soluble starch synthase and α-1,4-glucan branching enzyme genes are actively expressed at 82 and 94 DAF. The starch degradation enzymes amylase, phosphoglucan phosphatase DSP4, and maltose exporter did not show differential gene expression, while glycogen phosphorylase-encoding unigenes were significantly down-regulated at 94 DAF. In addition to starch and sucrose metabolism, RNA transport, RNA degradation, pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, plant–pathogen interactions, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were found to be significantly enriched in all comparisons included in the study. As Chinese chestnut matured, the unique enriched pathways switched from ribosomal biogenesis and RNA polymerase of eukaryotes to endocytosis and spliceosomes. These genomic resources and findings are valuable for further understanding starch and sucrose metabolism in the Chinese chestnut.

以云南传统栽培品种漾濞泡核桃、娘青核桃、云新301、云新303为试材,通过去雄套袋、切除柱头处理,测定云南核桃无融合生殖率和果实生长情况.结果表明:云南核桃的无融合生殖率为2.77％～44.89％,其中云南传统栽培品种的无融合生殖率高于杂交品种的无融合生殖率,分别为2.77％～44.89％和3.79％～10.04％;切柱头处理的无融合率高于去雄套袋处理,分别为7.28％～44.89％和2.77％～6.8％;切柱头处理的果实生长与自然授粉基本一致,而去雄套袋处理的果实生长相对较慢.不同处理的无融合生殖率有显著差异,无融合生殖的果实发育晚于自然授粉,不同处理的无融合生殖果实生长量有很大差异.

根据漾濞泡核桃生长结实的特性,利用德尔菲法分别从气候、 土壤、 地形3个因素中选出9个因子构建适宜性评价体系,并对9个因子构建判断矩阵,使用层次分析法计算9个因子的权重,再采用权重叠加分析法结合ArcGIS软件制出大理州适宜性分布图,据此对大理州漾濞泡核桃的适宜性分布做出评价.结果表明,漾濞泡核桃最适宜区所占评价总区域的19.04％,适宜区占评价总区域的47.75％,不适宜区占评价总区域的32.26％.研究结果与实际生产及生长状况基本相吻合,符合漾濞泡核桃的生长发育规律.此方法节省人力物力、 评价周期短、 适合对州市以及县一级面积较小的区域的植被适宜性做出评级及研究.

The diversity and cluster analysis were studied using 20 quantitative and quality traits detected in 22 walnut varieties from western and central Yunnan province. The results showed that the quality characteristics showed abundant variation in nut shape, suture line and kernel color. The variation coefficients of quantitative characteristics on single fruit weight, shell thickness, kernel weight, ratio of kernel weight to total weight of nut and protein content were 20.26%, 19.46%, 22.85%, 21.88%, 17.22%, respectively. In 22 varieties stud-ied, there were 10 (45.45%) varieties reached the national special level standard in the single fruit weight, and 4 (18.18%) varieties in the ratio of kernel to total weight. Cluster analysis showed that the 22 varieties could be divided into two categories, and the two types could be distinguished from the shape of nuts. The nut phenotypes of 22 varieties from western and central Yunnan were abundant, not only meet the needs of different consumer groups, but also could provide valuable genetic material for the improvement of walnut varieties.

为了探清云南省核桃资源数量与分布,推动区域性良种选育,促进云南省核桃产业转型升级及可持续发展,2015年云南省林业科学院对全省16个市(州)进行了核桃种质资源调查,共收集种质资源1364份,涵盖了胡桃科3属9种,并完成了核桃种质资源初步评价、 种质资源标本库、 信息库及资源圃建设等工作.以期在核桃种质资源收集、 保存的基础上,加强核桃种质资源研究,发挥资源优势,促进核桃产业健康及可持续发展.

Setting the Juglans sigilltata cv. Lushui 1 in Lushui County as research object. Twenty-four sample trees which grew in 4 areas with different elevations were measured and analyzed the production capacity and nuts quality. Results shows that there were significant differences between the high yield and nuts quality of'Lushui 1'in different altitudes. The high yield at altitude range Ⅳ ( 2000~2200 m) was the highest, shoots increment was 196. 67%, shoots surviving ratio was 95. 67%, fruiting shoots rate was 79. 83%. The oil content rate, which was 69. 19%, at altitude range Ⅰ ( 1400~1600 m) was the highest, while coefficient of variation was 2. 67%. The protein content, which was 14. 71%, at altitude range Ⅲ (1800~2000 m) was the highest, while coefficient of variation was 9. 72%. Altitude was positively correlated with the mean value of 3 diameters, nuts weight, kernel weight, kernel rate, proportion of protein content, while is negatively correlated with nuts shell thickness, oil con-tent rate, fruit shape coefficient. In other words, with the increase of altitude, the mean value of 3 diameters, nut weight, kernel weight, kernel rate and protein content were increasing, while shell thickness, fruit shape coefficient and oil content rate were decreasing. Therefore, high yield, nut quality and product consistency were higher at altitude range Ⅲ and Ⅳ ( 1800~2000 m) .