‘Zuili’ is a distinguished plum (Prunus salicina Lindley 1830) originating from Tongxiang City, Zhejiang Province, China, and a nationally recognized geographical indication product. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of P. salicina cultivar ‘Zuili’. The genome has a circular structure of 157,935 bp containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,133 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,028 bp, and two inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,387 by each. It harbors 130 genes (111 unique genes), including 85 protein-coding genes (78 are unique), eight ribosomal RNA genes (four are unique), and 37 transfer genes (29 are unique). The phylogenetic analysis based on whole chloroplast genomes showed ‘Zuili’ was clustered with Prunus salicina cultivar ‘Wuyuecui’ (MW406461.1) and ‘No. 2 Guofeng’ (MW406472.1). This study provides valuable information that can contribute to the identification and further evolutionary analysis of Prunus salicina cultivar ‘Zuili’.

Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat 1792 cultivar 'Hangbaiju', also known as 'Hangzhou White Chrysanthemum', originates from Tongxiang City, Zhejiang Province, China. It is celebrated as one of Zhejiang's 'eight flavors'. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of Chrysanthemum x morifolium cultivar 'Hangbaiju'. The genome has a circular structure of 151,110 bp containing a large single-copy region (LSC) of 82,851 bp, a small copy region (SSC) of 18,351 bp, and two inverted repeats (IR) of 24,936 and 24,972 bp in length. It comprises 128 genes: 85 protein-coding gene, 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 35 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis, based on complete chloroplast genomes, demonstrates that Chrysanthemum x morifolium 'Hangbaiju' shares a close genetic cluster with Chrysanthemum x morifolium 'Fubaiju' (MT1919691.1). Notably, 'Fubaiju' was introduced to Macheng, Hubei Province from Tongxiang in 1968 according to public information. The chloroplast genome data, coupled with morphological and historical records, strongly suggest that they are the same variety known by different names based on their cultivation locations.

Continuous cropping in greenhouse cultivation often leads to increased pest and disease problems, reducing crop quality and yield. Crop rotation is a common strategy to address these issues. This study compared the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) following rotations with ginger (Zingiber officinale) and sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca). The Chinese cabbage exhibited normal growth following ginger rotation but showed abnormal growth after sponge gourd rotation. The study investigated the underlying causes by analyzing soil physicochemical properties and rhizosphere microbial communities of Chinese cabbage using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. The results revealed that soil from ginger-Chinese cabbage rotation had higher levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) and available phosphorus (AP), but lower total nitrogen (TN) and available potassium (AK). Despite similar alpha-diversity for both bacterial and fungal communities, distinct bacterial and fungal community structures between two rotation cropping systems were observed. This suggests that even if the alpha-diversity does not change, the composition of the microbial community can shift in ways that might influence soil health and plant growth. Furthermore, redundancy analysis revealed a significant correlation between microbial community structures and soil physicochemical properties of two rotation cropping systems. The SOC and TN were revealed to be the most significant of the investigated soil physicochemical parameters with respect to the variation of both bacterial and fungal assemblages, respectively. The identified biomarkers in bacterial community composition further emphasize the potential for specific microbes to influence crop health positively or negatively. We found that the indicator genera of the bacterial community composition of the ginger-Chinese cabbage rotation system were Amycolatopsis (genus), Pseudonocardiales (order), Pseudonocardiaceae (family), and Amycolatopsis mediterranei, which are known as producers of secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics. These findings highlight the importance of crop selection in rotation strategies for optimizing agricultural outcomes.

为明确不同药械+药剂组合对小麦赤霉病、叶锈病的防效,2020年在浙江省桐乡市的两个试验点开展了田间施药试验.结果表明:氟唑菌酰羟胺+丙环唑对赤霉病和叶锈病均具较高防效;肟菌·戊唑醇对叶锈病具较高防效;肟菌·戊唑醇、咪铜·氟环唑对赤霉病防效较高;四霉素对赤霉病的病穗防效与对照药剂多菌灵相近.在药械方面,使用植保无人机的效果更优,用水量少,作业效率高,以无人机喷施200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂+250 g/L丙环唑乳油防治上述两病害效果均较好,适合在桐乡市小麦赤霉病、叶锈病共防实践中推广应用.

为探明在稻麦生产中使用20%三氟苯嘧啶水分散粒剂、0.3%四霉素水剂、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂对家蚕养殖的影响,采用浸叶法,测定了这3种药剂对家蚕的急性毒性.结果表明,20%三氟苯嘧啶水分散粒剂、0.3%四霉素水剂、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂3种药剂对3龄家蚕的致死中浓度分别为129.877 mg/L、大于2 000 mg/L、0.072 mg/L,表明这3种药剂对3龄家蚕分别属于中毒类农药、低毒类农药、剧毒类农药,风险评估20%三氟苯嘧啶水分散粒剂为高风险性、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂为极高风险性.

The pathway mediated by jasmonic acid (JA), biosynthesized via 13-lipoxygenases (LOX), plays a central role in both plant development and defense. In rice, there are at least fourteen 13-LOXs. Yet, only two 13-LOXs have been known to be involved in the biosynthesis of JA and plant defenses in rice. Here we cloned a chloroplast-localized 13-LOX gene from rice, OsRCI-1, whose transcripts were upregulated following infestation by brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), one of the most important pests in rice. Overexpression of OsRCI-1 (oeRCI lines) increased levels of BPH-induced JA, jasmonate-isoleucine, trypsin protease inhibitors and three volatile compounds, 2-heptanone, 2-heptanol and α-thujene. BPHs showed a decreased colonization, fecundity and mass, and developed slowly on oeRCI plants compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, BPH-infested oeRCI plants were more attractive to the egg parasitoid of BPH, Anagrus nilaparvatae than equally treated WT plants. The decreased attractiveness to BPH and enhanced attractiveness to the parasitoid of oeRCI plants correlated with higher levels of BPH-induced 2-heptanone and 2-heptanol, and 2-heptanone, respectively. Compared with oeRCI plants, WT plants had higher plant height and 1000-grain weight. These results indicate that OsRCI-1 is involved in herbivore-induced JA bursts and plays a role in plant defense and growth.

通过开展大田施药试验,评价当前水稻田常用农药对稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟和纹枯病以及天敌蜘蛛的影响.结果表明:药后5 d,除氯虫苯甲酰胺外,其余杀虫剂处理均降低了稻飞虱数量,但药后45 d,除吡蚜酮外,其余杀虫剂处理的稻飞虱数量均超过了对照.药后45 d,氯虫苯甲酰胺处理区稻纵卷叶螟为害最轻,每丛卷叶数显著少于对照;而吡虫啉、吡蚜酮、嘧菌酯和噻呋酰胺4个处理区的每丛卷叶数多于对照.药后5～45 d,6个杀菌剂处理区的纹枯病指均显著低于对照,嘧菌酯和噻呋酰胺两处理区的病情指数最低.药后5 d,5种杀虫剂中氯虫苯甲酰胺和吡蚜酮对蜘蛛影响较小,6种杀菌剂中仅井冈霉素对蜘蛛影响较大;药后45 d,各处理与对照均无显著差异.

为明确浙江桐乡水稻纹枯病的发生流行规律,对2007-2019年病虫观测圃中纹枯病的系统调查数据进行了分析.结果 表明,桐乡地区水稻纹枯病一般在7月上旬初见,7月中、下旬搁田可以抑制纹枯病的发生;8月水稻处于拔节孕穗期,是纹枯病病丛率增加较快的时期.9月病丛率基本稳定,并在9月下旬略有下降.2009-2019年发病较重的田块纹枯病病丛率、病株率和病情指数时间动态符合Logistic拟合(决定系数R2分别为0.977、0.989和0.975,p＜0.001).对2009-2019年水稻纹枯病发生情况与气象因子做回归分析发现,9月上旬日照时数和降雨量是影响稳定期病情指数的关键因素.

为研究浙北桐乡地区梨锈病的发生规律、防治适期,筛选有效药剂,特开展桧柏上冬孢子角形成和成熟监测、不同时间施药的药效、8种药剂田间防治效果比较等试验.结果表明,冬孢子角的成熟高峰期在3月中旬;梨锈病的防治适期为3月下旬开始的前2次降雨的雨前;80％代森锰锌WP 500倍、30％唑醚·戊唑醇SC 800倍和10％苯醚甲环唑WG 800倍对品种玉冠和翠冠上的Ⅰ类芽叶上梨锈病的防治效果分别为89.62％、99.46％、99.38％和89.62％、96.90％、88.53％;Ⅱ类芽上叶与Ⅰ类芽上叶相似,但80％代森锰锌WP 500倍防治效果增加.3种药剂都可以很好地防治梨锈病,但结合不同药剂对果实品质的影响,10％苯醚甲环唑WG800倍最佳.梨锈病的防治最关键的还是要掌握好防治适期,前两次雨为关键时期且雨前防治为最佳.

豌豆修尾蚜是近年来浙北桐乡地区蚕豆上发生最重的害虫,对蚕豆及大巢菜2种寄主上豌豆修尾蚜的发生进行观察,并测定了吡虫啉对豌豆修尾蚜的防治效果和对蚕豆产量的影响.结果表明,3月中旬豌豆修尾蚜零星聚集于大巢菜顶部为害,而3月下旬早播的蚕豆顶部才出现豌豆修尾蚜聚集为害;4月以后为害逐渐加重,4月下旬豌豆修尾蚜在蚕豆、大巢菜上已经随处可见;5月蚕豆上以有翅豌豆修尾蚜为害为主.喷施10％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂防治蚕豆上豌豆修尾蚜速效性好,5 d后防效达100％,10 d后防效达98％.相比对照株,喷施10％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂的每株豆荚数、每荚豆粒数、每豆粒鲜重无显著性差异,但每荚鲜重数显著大于对照.吡虫啉可用于蚕豆上豌豆修尾蚜的有效防治.

通过大面积化学防控试验比较水稻绿色防控下的化学防效,结果表明,3个化学防控区域病虫害发生显著低于空白对照区,其中6％阿维·氯苯酰悬浮剂、20％四唑虫酰胺悬浮剂等防治稻纵卷叶螟效果好,20％三氟苯嘧啶水分散粒剂防治稻飞虱效果好,325 g·L-1苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治纹枯病效果好,且3个防控区域天敌蜘蛛的种群数量与空白对照区无显著性差异.在四(2)代稻纵卷叶螟大发生年份,绿色防控的作用极其有限,不能完全取代化学防治,选择低毒高效长效的化学农药对农药减量意义重大.

通过10％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂和70％啶虫脒可湿性粉剂灌根处理进行梧桐木虱的防治,旨在明确梧桐木虱在当地的发生与防治方法.观察显示,梧桐木虱发生为害的主要时间为5月上中旬,5月20日之后梧桐木虱的蜡质分泌物逐渐减少,飘落渐少,5月25日之后基本不再飘落.药剂试验表明,施用吡虫啉和啶虫脒灌根防治梧桐木虱效果均不佳,不建议直接灌根防治.施用吡虫啉和啶虫脒灌根防治梧桐木虱,还与梧桐树地表种植情况有关,且差异显著.

总结了2020年浙江桐乡水稻稻纵卷叶螟发生早、发生重,褐飞虱发生期早、零星冒穿的发生特点,分析认为水稻播种过早,对三(1)代稻纵卷叶螟未及时防治,水稻封行后用植保无人机防治褐飞虱是其重发原因.提出了推行适时播种,以切断三(1)代稻纵卷叶螟的食料来源,减少下一代稻纵卷叶螟基数;加强病虫害监测预警,特别要注重早期水稻"两迁"害虫迁入监测;以药剂的选择与防治适期的确定为重点,对种植大户、农资店开展科学用药培训;在水稻封行以后,禁止植保无人机用于防治稻飞虱.大面积水稻田可以采用担架上喷雾器防治稻飞虱等防控对策.

通过2018年和2019年两年对桐乡市农药使用量情况的抽样调查,初步掌握了全市农药使用现状.调查结果显示,水稻上散户平均农药使用量较三类主体及规模以上种植户大.不同类型农药中除草剂使用量最大.井冈霉素依然是水稻病害防治中投入最多的杀菌剂.在水稻和经济作物上依靠科学用药来减少农药使用量的空间还很大.在化学农药还是防治病虫害最主要方式的条件下,如何选择高效、低毒、低残留农药来降低农药使用量是亟待解决的问题.强调病虫害的抗性问题和药剂的交替使用,加强部门合作,从补贴,农业保险等方面进行综合调控,鼓励稻虾共生,稻鸭共生等复合种养,继续做好统防统治与绿色防控融合推荐工作,注重关键技术的集成和创新,推广更多先进适用的绿色防控技术和产品,真正达到农药减量控害增效的目标.

为进一步明确浙北桐乡地区油菜菌核病的发生规律及主要影响因子,笔者分析了2005-2019年移栽油菜系统测报调查中油菜菌核病的病叶率、子囊盘抽生消长动态及茎病株率等数据.结果 表明:①15年中油菜菌核病平均最大病叶率4.69％(幅度1.68％～ 10.59％),年度间差异较大,同一年份不同田块间差异也较大;②平均子囊盘抽生总数为23.40个/年,菌核埋入土1 cm的穴较3 cm的子囊盘抽生数多,差异显著(P＜0.05);子囊盘抽生的始盛期在3月26日,高峰期在4月2日,盛末期在4月9日.经相关性分析发现,油菜菌核病病情稳定期茎病株率(y)与子囊盘抽生数量(x1)、4月下旬降雨量(x2)、4月下旬日照时数(x3)和3月下旬日照时数(x4)之间存在多元线性回归方程:y=11.693 1-0.020 2x1+0.013 3x2-0.086 8x3-0.070 9x4(R2=0.602 5,p＜0.05).当地菌核病最终病情(茎病株率)的首要影响因子是气象因子中的4月下旬日照时数.

稻纵卷叶螟[Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée)]是浙北桐乡地区水稻上的主要害虫.本文对浙北桐乡地区2007-2018年的稻纵卷叶螟灯诱和大田调查数据进行分析,明确了各代次的发生期和发生程度.其中,7月上旬的四(2)代迁入峰是迁入当地的主要虫源,是影响全年主害代发生量的关键因子.五(3)和六(4)代大田蛾量(y1和y2)与四(2)代迁入虫源(灯下蛾量x)具较好的线性相关性.其回归方程分别为y1=4.96x+64.08(R12=0.650 7,p=0.001 5)和y2=8.28x+950(R2=-0.858 7,P=0.000 2).

为筛选适用于防治茭白胡麻斑病的药剂,选择6种杀菌剂开展大田防病试验.通过调查田间病情,并在采摘盛期测定茭白商品性和检测农药残留水平,分析供试药剂的有效性.结果 表明,6种杀菌剂对茭白胡麻斑病均有一定防控效果.其中,42.4％唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂和80％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂表现最好,第2次药后14 d的病斑防效分别为88.53％和86.11％.调查施药对茭白的影响发现,苯甲·丙环唑处理区茭白株高显著低于对照;各药剂处理区收获茭白的净茭长、壳茭重与对照相比均无显著差异.在采摘盛期收集的各处理区茭白样品中,均未检测到相应农药残留.在茭白胡麻斑病一般发生或者重发年份,可在发病初期施用42.4％唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂2 000倍液或80％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液,间隔7～10 d用药两次;轻发年份则不建议施药防治.

选择8种药剂开展棚室甜瓜白粉病防治试验,调查比较各药剂的应用效果.结果 发现,5％已唑醇悬浮剂、25％乙嘧酚磺酸酯微乳剂、43％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和29％比萘·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的防病效果较好,第2次药后14d防效分别为96.42％、94.10％、86.28％和82.14％.其中,25％乙嘧酚磺酸酯微乳剂速效性较好,5％己唑醇悬浮剂、43％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂持效性较好.安全性观察发现,25％乙嘧酚磺酸酯微乳剂处理区出现了一定程度的药害.因此建议在棚室甜瓜生产中使用5％己唑醇悬浮剂、29％比萘·嘧菌酯悬浮剂或43％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂防治白粉病.

黏虫(Mythimna separate Walker)是重要的迁飞性害虫.本文对浙江省桐乡市1979-1990年与2010-2017年的草把诱卵量及大小麦田幼虫发生量等调查数据进行了分析.结果表明,1979-1990年浙北地区黏虫迁入产卵的始盛期一般在3月中旬,高峰期在3月下旬,卵块孵化高峰期在4月中旬,3龄幼虫高峰期在4月下旬,年度间有差异;2010-2017年黏虫迁入产卵期均与1979-1990年一致,但大田黏虫发生期(3龄幼虫)略有提前.浙北地区2010-2017年的黏虫平均每草把诱卵量为1.29块,显著地少于1979-1990年的10.83块,同时2010-2017年大小麦上黏虫发生量也明显较1979-1990年减少.回归分析表明,大麦田、小麦田黏虫发生量与草把诱卵量具有较好的线性关系,其回归方程分别为y1=0.047 5x+0.216 2(R=0.719 5,P＜0.01)和y2=0.071 2x+ 0.049 8(R=0.842 6,P＜0.01).说明浙北地区黏虫迁入产卵量是影响幼虫发生量大小的关键因素.