愤怒是因愿望落空、目标受挫或边界被犯而产生的负性情绪，指向他人的愤怒即为人际愤怒。人际愤怒对接收者的影响有争议，有人认为人际愤怒弊端极大，有人认为人际愤怒是可资利用的工具。这种分歧可能源于评价指标、参照对象和应用场景的不同，有必要用元分析系统考察人际愤怒的利与弊。本研究对67篇文献，总样本量为15462人的185个效应值进行了分析，结果发现：人际愤怒会让接收者让步更多、亲社会行为减少、问题解决行为提升，同时情境不公平感增加，对愤怒表达者的态度和能力评价均降低，这些效应受接收者文化背景和相对权力大小的调节。这提示人际愤怒利弊相依，能改变愤怒接收者的某些行为，却增加对表达者的消极评价，应视情景谨慎使用。

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused profound consequences on people’s personal and social feelings worldwide. However, little is known about whether individual differences in empathy, a prosocial trait, may affect the emotional feelings under such threat. To address this, we measured 345 Chinese participants’ personal emotions (e.g., active, nervous), social emotions (i.e., fearful and empathetic feelings about various social groups), and their empathy traits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the representational similarity analysis (RSA), we calculated the pattern similarity of personal emotions and found the similarity between the positive and negative emotions was less in the high vs. low empathy groups. In addition, people with high (vs. low) empathy traits were more likely to have fearful and sympathetic feelings about the disease-related people (i.e., depression patients, suspected COVID-19 patients, COVID-19 patients, flu patients, SARS patients, AIDS patients, schizophrenic patients) and showed more pattern dissimilarity in the two social feelings toward the disease-related people. These findings suggest a prominent role of trait empathy in modulating emotions across different domains, strengthening the polarization of personal emotions as well as enlarging social feelings toward a set of stigmatized groups when facing a pandemic threat.

People are more likely to make choices themselves than delegate to an agent, even when it may not be the most optimal decision based on a cost-benefit analysis. Previous studies have demonstrated that retaining authority and controllability might be the primary reason for preferring self-choice. The current study asks whether impairment of controllability associated with self-choice can increase the rate of delegation and whether there are self-other discrepancies in self-choice preference. In three studies, we directly manipulated participants' controllability associated with choice through literal instructions (experiment 1) and visual presentation (experiments 2 and 3). We found that participants showed a robust propensity to under-delegate even when they were aware of their impaired controllability associated with self-choice. Moreover, only 40% impairment of controllability (but not 20%) can decrease the propensity to under-delegate. This trend differed between decision-for-self and decision-for-other. These findings suggest that pursuing a sense of control cannot fully explain self-choice preference and appears to occur equally in decisions for oneself as well as for others.

本研究用互动决策游戏和脑电技术考察阈下情绪反馈对结果加工的影响.结果表明输钱相对于赢钱诱发更大的FRN/RewP和更小P300,同时阈下愤怒反馈可以延缓赢钱之后下一次选择的反应时,并在女性被试中诱发更负的FRN/RewP,但对反馈相关P300没有显著影响.这些结果说明阈下情绪反馈可影响决策结果评价早期对刺激动机性意义的快速评估,但对晚期的深度评估没有显著影响,且这种影响在女性被试中更为明显.