为明确黄淮麦区现有强筋小麦品种遗传组成,本研究利用SDS-PAGE、KASP技术和35K SNP芯片技术对黄淮麦区具代表性的27个强筋小麦品种进行了高分子量谷蛋白鉴定、品质相关基因检测及遗传多样性分析.HMW-GS鉴定结果显示,供试品种在Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点优质亚基分布频率分别为85.2％、74.1％和81.5％.从位点间亚基组合看,含有三个、两个及两个以下优质亚基的品种数为14个、10个和3个,分别占比51.9％、37.0％和11.1％.1BL/1RS、PPO活性和黄色素含量基因鉴定结果显示,优势单倍型非1BL/1RS、Ppo-A1b(低PPO活性)、Ppo-D1a(低PPO活性)、Psy-A1b(低黄色素)和Psy-B1b(低黄色素)分布频率分别为66.7％、66.7％、29.6％、48.1％和51.9％.同时含两个低PPO活性单倍型(Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1a)的品种有7个,占比25.9％;同时含两个低黄色素单倍型(Psy-A1b/Psy-B1b)的品种有9个,占比33.3％.籽粒硬度基因鉴定显示,供试品种基因型较为单一,除西农529(Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b)外,其余品种基因型均一致(Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b).从多基因聚合结果看,供试品种中未检测到聚合了以上所有优势单倍型的品种,表明现有的强筋小麦品种在遗传上仍有较大改良潜力.遗传多样性分析结果表明,供试强筋小麦品种遗传背景较为狭隘,品种间遗传距离为0.028～0.495,平均仅为0.397;供试品种分为三大类,分别有11个、7个和9个品种,聚类结果基本符合地域来源和亲缘关系特征.

KLW1 was localized to a 0.6 cM interval near the centromere of chromosome 4B and found to be dominant in conditioning longer kernels and higher kernel weight. Kernel weight is a major wheat yield component and affected by kernel dimensions, filling process and kernel density. Because of this complexity, the mechanism underlying kernel weight is still far from clear. Qtgw.nau-4B or KLW1 was a major kernel weight QTL identified in the Nanda2419 × Wangshuibai population. We showed that introduction of the Nanda2419 allele into elite cultivar Wenmai6 resulted in longer kernels as well as higher kernel weight, without affecting other traits such as spike number per plant, plant height, spike length, spikelet number per spike, and kernel number per spike. KLW1 was dominant in conditioning higher kernel weight and functioned mainly through affecting kernel length. Using F2 plants derived from KLW1 NIL, a high-density genetic map covering the QTL was constructed. KLW1 was consequently confined to the 0.6 cM Xwgrc4219-Xwgrc4067 interval by evaluating the recombinant lines in three field trials. KLW1 is complementary to KT1, the QTL on chromosome 5A of Nanda2419 for thicker and heavier kernels, in producing larger kernels with higher commercial value, augmenting its usefulness in wheat breeding.

[目的]创制黄淮麦区抗赤霉病新材料,为该地区抗赤霉病育种提供亲本.[方法]利用甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl Methane Sulfonate,EMS)创制淮麦33突变群体,早代(M2和M3代)采用单花滴注法进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,筛选抗性显著提高的突变体.世代稳定后(M4),对目标材料进行农艺性状和品质性状分析,筛选农艺性状和品质指标符合黄淮麦区育种需求的抗赤霉病新材料.[结果]赤霉病抗性鉴定结果显示,M2代有73份穗行出现抗感分离;M3代进行抗性验证,最终筛选到17份赤霉病抗性明显提高(平均严重度≤3.10)的稳定突变家系,其中8份达到中抗水平(1.45＜平均严重度≤2.55),9份为中感水平(2.55＜平均严重度≤3.10).M4代中选突变体农艺性状调查结果显示,有4份株高极显著变矮(P＜0.01,下同)、1份单株穗数显著增加(P＜0.05,下同)、1份穗粒数极显著增多、8份千粒重极显著增加、2份产量显著提升.品质相关性状鉴定发现,部分材料品质指标与淮麦33差异显著,筛选到2份品质指标显著提升(偏强筋类型)、1份品质指标显著下降(偏弱筋类型)的优异突变体.[结论]以育种应用为出发点,创制出一批赤霉病抗性显著提升且农艺性状符合育种需要的新种质,可作为黄淮麦区抗赤霉病品种选育的亲本材料.

In order to understand the composition of functional genes related to important traits of wheat varieties（lines） in Huaibei wheat area of Jiangsu Province, high-throughput KASP marker technology was used to analyze the genes related to yield, quality, disease and insect resistance, and pre-harvest sprouting of 74 wheat varieties（lines）. The results showed that the high grain weight allelic variation of TaSus1-7B, TaSus2-2A, TaGS3-D1, TGW6-A1, TaGW2-6A, TaCwi-A1, TaCWI-4A and TaCWI-5D accounted for more than 60% of the tested materials, and the distribution frequencies were 94.59%,75.68%,90.54%,100%,98.65%,86.49%,82.43% and 100%,respectively. The distribution frequency of high-molecular-weight glutenin（HWM-GS） genes Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 were 82.43%,2.70% and 47.30%,respectively. The distribution frequency of non-1B/1R translocation was 31.08%. The non-waxy allelic variation Wx-B1a was detected in all tested materials, while the high protein content allelic variation Gpc-B1 was not detected in the tested materials. The genotypic frequencies of grain hardness-related genes Pina-D1, Pinb-D1 and Pinb2-V2 were 1.35%, 63.51% and 25.68%,respectively.The frequency of low activity allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase gene TaPpo2-2D was 18.92%,while the low activity types of TaPpo2-2A was not detected.The frequencies of allelic variation of yellow pigment content genes TaPsy-A1, TaPsy-B1, TaPsy-D1, TaPds-B1, TaLyc-B1, TaZds-A1 and TaZds-D1 were 36.49%,62.16%,93.24%,44.59%,83.78%,16.2% and 100%,respectively. Among the Fusarium head blight resistance genes, the frequencies of Sumai 3 Fhb1 and UMN10 Fhb1 were 4.05% and 2.70%,respectively.The stripe rust gene Yr15 counted for 4.05%,and the leaf rust genes Lr14a and Lr68 counted for 27.03% and 40.54%,respectively. The cereal cyst nematode gene Cre8 counted for 39.19%. Among the pre-harvest sprouting resistance genes, the frequencies of TaPHS1, TaMFT-A1, TaVP1-B1 and TaSdr-B1 were 67.57%,31.08%, 67.57% and 12.16%,respectively.

The different tolerance of wheat varieties to herbicides is one of the reasons for phytotoxicity. This study used the determinate methods of indoor seed and whole plant and field trials to investigate the tolerance of Huaimai 44 to three ALS inhibitor herbicides, mesosulfuron-methyl, sulfentrazone-ethyl and flucarbazone-na. The results showed that the tolerance of Huaimai 44 to three ALS inhibitor herbicides varied with the growth period of crops. The tolerance of Huaimai 44 to mesosulfuron-methyl gradually increased in the overwintering period and decreased significantly in the early spring tillering period. The tolerance to pyroxsulam and flucarbazone-na increased significantly with the growth of wheat, and that to flucarbazone-na increased most significantly. In Huaimai 44 planting area using ALS inhibitor herbicides to control weeds, mesosulfuron-methyl and pyroxsulam could be applied from the early growth of wheat to the overwintering period, while the flucarbazone-na is prohibited in this period. In the early spring tillering stage of Huaimai 44,pyroxsulam and flucarbazone-na could be used to weed while mesosulfuron-methyl would be reduced to apply.

为探究小麦新品种"淮麦44"在江苏省淮北地区生产上的适宜播期与播种密度,特进行了不同播期和播种密度对"淮麦44"产量及其构成因素的影响试验.结果表明,"淮麦44"在淮北地区的最佳播期为10月15日-25日,且以每667 m2基本苗数为21万苗时,小麦产量较高.

Wheat production is increasingly threatened by the fungal disease, Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium spp. The introduction of resistant varieties is considered to be an effective measure for containment of this disease. Mapping of FHB-resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) has promoted marker-assisted breeding for FHB resistance, which has been difficult through traditional breeding due to paucity of resistance genes and quantitative nature of the resistance. The lab of Ma previously cloned Fhb1 , which inhibits FHB spread within spikes, and fine mapped Fhb4 and Fhb5 , which condition resistance to initial infection of Fusarium spp., from FHB-resistant indigenous line Wangshuibai (WSB). In this study, these three QTLs were simultaneously introduced into five modern Chinese wheat cultivars or lines with different ecological adaptations through marker-assisted backcross in early generations. A total of 14 introgression lines were obtained. All these lines showed significantly improved resistance to the fungal infection and disease spread in 2-year field trials after artificial inoculation. In comparison with the respective recipient lines, the Fhb1, Fhb4 , and Fhb5 pyramiding could reduce the disease severity by 95% and did not systematically affect plant height, productive tiller number, kernel number per spike, thousand grain weight, flowering time, and unit yield (without Fusarium inoculation). These results indicated the great value of FHB-resistance QTLs Fhb1, Fhb4 , and Fhb5 derived from WSB, and the feasibility and effectiveness of early generation selection for FHB resistance solely based on linked molecular markers.

淮麦45(参试名称为淮麦1403)是江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所以淮麦28和淮麦25杂交选育出的小麦新品种,2019年通过江苏省审定.2014年在江苏省预备试验中,比对照淮麦20增产11.07％;进入2015—2016年区域试验,平均产量为9215.4 kg/hm2,比对照淮麦20增产2.87％;进入2016—2017年区域试验,平均产量为9721.9 kg/hm2,比对照淮麦20增产7.48％;推荐进入2017—2018年生产试验,平均产量为7846.5 kg/hm2,比对照淮麦20增产5.49％.淮麦45不仅产量潜力高,而且植株较矮,株型松散适中,抗逆性强,推广应用前景巨大.

为实现良种与良法配套,提高“淮麦39”的产量和品质,进行了不同播期与氮肥用量及运筹对“淮麦39”产量和品质的影响试验.结果 表明,“淮麦39”在淮北地区种植,其最佳播种期为10月15日 27日;在每667 m2氮肥施用量为18 kg,氮肥运筹为基肥∶平衡肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2时,“淮麦39”的产量较高,经济效益较好.

为给小麦新品种“淮麦35”的高产栽培提供技术依据,进行了不同基本苗数、下同氮肥用量及运筹对“淮麦35”产量和品质的影响研究.结果 表明:不同基本苗数、下同氮肥用量及运筹对“淮麦35”的产量和品质有不同程度的影响,以每667 m2基本苗数为15万苗、每667 m2纯氮用量为18 kg、氮肥运筹为基肥∶平衡肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶4时,“淮麦35”能获得较高的产量和品质.

为明确高产小麦品种优质、高产、高效栽培的群体调控和氮肥管理策略,以‘淮麦33’为材料,采用2个裂区设计,播期密度试验主区为5个播期,裂区为3个密度;氮肥试验主区为2个氮肥用量,裂区为4个氮肥运筹方法,对其籽粒产量和品质指标进行分析.结果 表明,播期和密度对‘淮麦33’的籽粒产量均有显著影响.5个播期中,10月11日播种的籽粒产量最高,10月1日、10月21日也取得较高产量,10月31日播种产量明显下降,11月10日播种产量下降最多.密度为225万/hm2时产量最高.蛋白质含量随着密度的增加和播期的推迟呈上升趋势.增加氮肥用量和后期施肥比例不仅可以提高‘淮麦33’产量,亦可以增加蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值.综合分析,在本试验条件下,10月11日播种、225万/hm2基本苗、施氮量300 kg/hm2、氮肥运筹5∶3∶2时高产品种‘淮麦33’产量最高,品质最好.

为给强筋小麦“淮麦30”作直播稻茬口高产栽培提供技术依据,研究了不同播种密度、不同氮肥用量及运筹对“淮麦30”产量和品质的调控效应.结果表明,不同播种密度、不同氮肥用量及运筹对“淮麦30”直播稻茬口的产量及品质有不同程度的影响,以每667 m2基本苗数为21万苗、氮肥用量为19 kg、基肥∶平衡肥∶拔节孕穗肥=5∶1∶4时,能获得较高产量和较佳品质.

分析淮麦44参加江苏省区域试验产量及构成因素,并对其产量进行静态稳定性和平均动态稳定性分析,旨在为该品种的合理利用提供依据.结果表明:淮麦44在参加4年的试验中,产量位次均居本组参试品种第一位,增产点率100％,两年的变异系数CV分别为6.29％、10.07％,适应度均为100％,Shukla变异系数为3.30％、4.69％,CV和Shukla变异系数在本年份参试品种中相对较小,表明淮麦44在不同年份和不同试点间稳产性较好.

为了解黄淮麦区小麦品种资源在江苏淮北地区的品质表现并筛选适于江苏淮北地区种植的优质小麦品种,利用多功能近红外分析仪检测了296份小麦品种的品质.结果表明:面团形成时间、稳定时间和面粉沉淀值的变异系数较大,而籽粒容重、出粉率和面团吸水率的变异系数较小.籽粒蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量、沉淀值、形成时间、稳定时间呈极显著正相关;容重与湿面筋含量呈极显著负相关.聚类分析将品种分为5类群,其中第Ⅰ类群集中了大部分强筋品种,第Ⅱ类群大部分为中筋品种,第Ⅳ类群为弱筋.陕西、河南、江苏和安徽选育品种在品质性状上有显著差异.通过对全部品种各项指标进行筛查,40份品种符合强筋优质标准,其中河南17份、江苏11份、陕西10份、安徽2份.

淮麦44(原代号淮麦302)是江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所2004年以百农9711/淮麦95079的F1为母本、淮麦9701为父本配置杂交组合,经多年系谱选育而成的高产、抗病、中早熟小麦新品种.2017年11月通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为:苏审麦201700010. 1 特征特性 淮麦44属半冬性多穗型中早熟品种,全生育期215.8d,较对照淮麦20早1～2d.幼苗半匍匐,叶片短小,叶色淡绿色,抗寒性好,分蘖力强,成穗数多.株型紧凑,旗叶挺.平均株高79.4cm,茎秆弹性好,抗倒伏能力强.穗纺锤型,长芒,白粒,籽粒角质.成熟期落黄早,灌浆快,熟相好.平均成穗数636.0万·hm-2,穗粒数33.3粒,千粒重44.1g.

【目的】解析高产广适小麦新品种淮麦33的遗传构成,探讨双亲烟农19和郑麦991对其产量相关性状的遗传贡献,为小麦品种改良及亲本选配提供依据。【方法】利用部分农艺及品质性状、高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及覆盖小麦21条染色体的625个SSR分子标记分析淮麦33及其双亲的遗传构成;比对已知的产量性状相关QTL,分析双亲的产量相关区段对淮麦33的遗传贡献。【结果】淮麦33的每平方米穗数和千粒重均介于两亲本之间,穗粒数和小区产量均显著高于两亲本;与烟农19相比,其株高显著降低。淮麦33的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成为（1、17+18和2+12）,其中1和17+18亚基均来自于母本烟农19,2+12亚基来自于父本郑麦991。SSR分子标记分析表明,双亲对淮麦33的遗传贡献和理论值相比出现了较大偏离,淮麦33分别继承了烟农19和郑麦991两亲本73.9%和26.1%的遗传物质。淮麦33与烟农19具有较大的遗传相似度,遗传相似系数为0.78。在不同基因组和染色体水平上,双亲对淮麦33的遗传贡献率差异较大,其中,烟农19在A、B和D基因组水平的遗传贡献率均较高,分别为75.1%、69.4%和68.7%;除6A染色体外,烟农19在其他20条染色体上的遗传贡献率均高于郑麦991,其中在2A染色体上达到100%,在1A、3A、2B、3B和4B等5条染色体上均超过90%。在遗传距离大于5 c M的染色体区段中,淮麦33来源于烟农19和郑麦991的染色体区段分别有34个和7个,其中在2D染色体上来源于烟农19的染色体区段最多,在5A染色体上来源于郑麦991的区段最多。淮麦33有38个不同于双亲的特异位点,主要分布在1B、1D、2A、2B、2D、3A、3B、3D、4A、4B、5A、5B、6B、6D和7A等15条染色体上。比对已知产量性状相关QTL,共发现10个产量相关区段,有6个来源于烟农19,分别位于1A、2D、3B、4B、4D和7A染色体上;3个来源于郑麦991,分别位于4A和5A染色体上;1个为淮麦33特异区段,位于6D染色体上。【结论】明确了小麦新品种淮麦33的遗传构成,其更多地继承了母本烟农19的遗传物质;发现淮麦33中来源于不同亲本的产量相关区段。

To clarify the situation of wheat kernel hardness and the distribution of puroindoline genes in wheat cultivars from Huaibei region of Jiangsu province,a total of 112 wheat cultivars (74 wheat cultivars from Huaibei region of Jiangsu province and 38 breeding parents from Yellow-Huai valley wheat region) were used to test the kernel hardness by a Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS).The puroindoline genotype detection was performed in tested cultivars with KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) markers and gene sequencing.The results indicated that the range of kernel hardness was much wider in tested cultivars,and hard wheat was a dominate type with the frequency of 70.5%.Compared with breeding parental cultivars,the percentage of soft wheat in bred cultivars from Huaibei region of Jiangsu province was higher (34.3%),which was decreased to 20.5% in advanced lines.Four puroindoline genotypes were detected in tested cultivars,including Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a,Pina-D1b,Pinb-D1b and Pinb-D1p with the frequency of 25.0%,2.7%,67.9% and 4.5%,respectively.Among them,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a and Pinb-D1p mainly distributed in Huaibei region of Jiangsu province.The kernel hardness showed difference among different puroindoline genotypes,among which,the kernel hardness index of Pina-D1b was significantly higher than that of other genotypes.Varieties with Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a showed the lowest kernel hardness index,but there were not significant difference between Pinb-D1b and Pinb-D1p.In addition,at the Pinb-2 locus,25 cultivars including 21 hard wheats,two soft wheats and two mixed wheats with Pinb-B2b allele were detected,with the average hardness index of 63.8.

Forty-nine main rice cultivars of Jiangsu were tested for resistance to rice blasts by inoculating through spraying in seedling stage and by inoculating through injection in booting stage. And 14 molecular markers were used to analyze the genotype and genetic diversity of blast resistance gene. The results showed that no rice cultivar tested exhibited high resistance to leaf blast and neck blast. Among the 49 materials, 5 cultivars exhibited resistance, 7 exhibited moderate resistance, 14 exhibited moderate susceptibility, 12 exhibited susceptibility and 11 exhibited high susceptibility to neck blast; 2 cultivars exhibited resistance, 8 exhibited moderate resistance, 6 exhibited moderate susceptibility, 9 exhibited susceptibility and 24 exhibited high susceptibility to leaf blast. Only 4 cultivars simultaneously exhibited resistance and moderate resistance to leaf blast and neck blast (8.2%). Thirty-five alleles had been tested by 14 molecular markers, variation range of polymorphism information content was 0.0000-0.5375, with an average of 0.3398. Two to eight resistance genes were found for each cultivar, at least five resistance genes were found in 39 materials (79.6 %). The cluster analysis result showed that the 49 cultivars were clustered into 3 groups, and the similarity distance variation range was 0.0000-0.8571, with an average of 0.4039. And 49 rice cultivars dispersed in the clustering figure, indicating frequent exchanges between germplasm resources and high sharing rate of valuable genes.

以淮麦33、淮麦29、淮麦20和周麦184个小麦品种为试验材料,研究在干旱胁迫下不同小麦品种幼苗的生理响应.结果表明,在20％PEG6000(w/v)渗透胁迫下,不同小麦品种的生理响应具有显著差异,幼苗地上部的生物量、叶片中叶绿素的含量、细胞膜脂氧化产物MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量在不同品种间有显著差异.其中淮麦33明显优于其他品种,说明淮麦33小麦幼苗具有较强抗干旱的生理特性.