The thermal runaway characteristics and the internal components of three lithium-ion batteries (GoPro, KingMa, and TELESIN) for sport cameras were comparatively investigated. Besides using calorimetry to examine the TR features of these LIBs, instrumental methodologies such as SEM, EDS, TGA and XRD were used to analyze the physical and chemical properties of LIBs’ constituents and post-mortem residues. The results showed that, as the SOC increases, the risk of thermal runaway of the battery increases, while the thermal stability decrease for these batteries. The cathode materials of the LIBs were characterized to be LiCoO2 and the composed separators made of polyethylene. For 50% SOC, the thermal runaway parameters were ranked as the following sequence: the exothermic onset temperature, Tonset, KingMa > Tonset, TELESIN > Tonset, GoPro; the crucial temperature, Tcr, GoPro > Tcr, TELESIN > Tcr, KingMa; the maximum temperature, Tmax, TELESIN > Tmax, GoPro > Tmax, KingMa; the maximum self-heat rate, (dT/dt)max, GoPro > (dT/dt)max, TELESIN > (dT/dt)max, KingMa. A “knee-like” curve on the plot self-heat rate versus temperature is first identified from the decomposition of SEI among these sport camera LIBs. All these three LIBs used in sport camera possess risk because of their fire hazard (Tmax > AIT of carbonate), rate hazard ((dT/dt)max > 1000 °C/min) and potential pressure hazard under possible abuses in extreme sports.

A physical phenomenon encompassing the transitions of open circuit voltage (OCV), internal resistance, temperature, pressure, and auto-ignition near crucial point is identified. This study has demonstrated the distinctive feature to be very similar among pouch NMC532, pouch LCO and cylindrical 21700 NCA batteries. The observed transient sequence less than 1.4s and in the temperature range of 1.3 ℃ is ranked as follow: pressure transition (TP3) → gas eruption associated with ejecta (Teruption) → resistance/OCV change (TR3/TV2) → auto-ignition (Tig) associated with a blue-purple flame. A unique Tcr has been captured earlier or later than pressure behaviors related to TP3, Teruption, and Pcr. These results provide a new perspective for the understanding of intrinsic safety design and the mechanism of TR.

Isoprene is one of the most produced diolefins and C5 products, and it is worth investigating its thermal characteristics and assessing its potential risk in the petrochemical industry. Thermal-induced bulk polymerization is first discovered to have three distinctive stages: oligomerization (115-310 degrees C), polymerization of oligomers (310-380 degrees C), and decomposition (>380 degrees C). For neat IP, the potential risk is demonstrated by the earliest onset temperature (T-onset = 118.3 degrees C), highest exothermic enthalpy change (Delta H= -1342.3 J g(-1)), maximum temperature (T-max = 446.5 degrees C), maximum self-heat rate ((dT/dt)(max) = 9.0 degrees C min(-1)), maximum pressure (P-max = 81.0 bar), and a relatively short time-to-maximum rate (TMR) of 24 h at 80.1 degrees C. The thermal runaway of isoprene can be influenced by the contaminants of trace Fe3+ and Cl- in industrial processes. Methods of Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Starink, Flynn/Wall/Ozawa, Borchardt & Daniels, and Townsend, combined with calorimetric data, have been used to determine the thermal kinetics. The reaction mechanism of the oligomerization was precisely deduced to be a 1.65th order reaction using the Coats-Redfern approximation and eighth approximation. Thermal risks of IP have been demonstrated to be thermal hazards from the oligomerization associated with polymerization and the pressure hazard from decomposition.

InfoMetricsFiguresRef. ACS Chemical Health & SafetyASAPArticle This publication is free to access through this site. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookX (Twitter)WeChatLinkedInRedditEmailJump toExpandCollapse ORIGINAL ARTICLE. This notice is a correction.Addition/CorrectionJanuary 7, 2025Correction to "Explosion in a Chemical Plant Producing Methyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane and Vinyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane from 2-Butanone Oxime"Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!Yuchong GaoYuchong GaoMore by Yuchong GaoJie LiuJie LiuMore by Jie LiuGending YuGending YuMore by Gending YuLei WangLei WangMore by Lei WangZhikun HuangZhikun HuangMore by Zhikun HuangRui LiRui LiMore by Rui LiLingzhu GongLingzhu GongMore by Lingzhu GongJiulai HuangJiulai HuangMore by Jiulai HuangJiale Huang*Jiale HuangMore by Jiale Huanghttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-5739Yih-Shing Duh*Yih-Shing DuhMore by Yih-Shing Duhhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-7229Open PDFACS Chemical Health & SafetyCite this: ACS Chem. Health Saf. 2025, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXXClick to copy citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00133https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00133Published January 7, 2025 Publication History Received 3 December 2024Published online 7 January 2025correction© 2025 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsThis publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society. ACS Publications© 2025 American Chemical SocietyThe first paragraph of section 3.3 (Analysis of the Explosion) is corrected to the following. An new reference is added and is identified by the asterisk. The new citation is provided below.Figure 1 shows that the synthesis of methyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane and vinyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane involves the breaking 3 O–H and 3 Si–Cl bonds, producing 3 Si–O and 3 H–Cl ones. The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics36 and Silicon Compounds: Silanes and Silicones* note that the bond energy of O–H is 429.7, Si–Cl is 397.5, Si–O is 464.4, and H–Cl is 431.4 kJ mol–1. According to the principle of energy conservation and the ratio of each reactant from the stoichiometric chemistry, the common enthalpy change of methyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane and vinyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane is −205.8 kJ per mole of vinyl silicon trichloride. Besides, the additional heat of solution of H–Cl in the solvent (2-butanone oxime) combined with the heat in forming an adduct from 2-butanone oxime hydrochloride (a type of salt of Lewis acid and base) is hard to evaluate exactly.(*) Walsh, R. Bond dissociation energies in organosilicon compounds. In Silicon Compounds: Silanes and Silicones, 3rd ed.; Arkles, B.Larson, G., Eds.; Gelest, Inc.: Morrisville, PA, 2013; 163–166.Author InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Corresponding AuthorsJiale Huang; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-5739Yih-Shing Duh; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-7229AuthorsYuchong GaoJie LiuGending YuLei WangZhikun HuangRui LiLingzhu GongJiulai HuangCited By Click to copy section linkSection link copied!This article has not yet been cited by other publications.Download PDFFiguresReferences Get e-AlertsGet e-AlertsACS Chemical Health & SafetyCite this: ACS Chem. Health Saf. 2025, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXXClick to copy citationCitation copied!https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00133Published January 7, 2025 Publication History Received 3 December 2024Published online 7 January 2025© 2025 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsArticle Views-Altmetric-Citations-Learn about these metrics closeArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.Recommended Articles FiguresReferencesThis publication has no figures.This publication has no References.

This work integrates and assesses the thermal runaway features of non-cylindrical and 18650 lithium-ion batteries under the condition of external heating. Non-cylindrical batteries include large format (LF), prismatic, pouch, and smart phone lithium-ion batteries (SPLIB). Calorimetry can provide characterization data that includes exothermic onset temperature, crucial temperature, maximum temperature, maximum self-heat rate, quantity of non-condensable gas, and enthalpy change. Thermal runaway characteristics play a key role in analyzing and distinguishing these batteries. Most non-LiFePO4 batteries act similarly with a maximum self-heat rate exceeding 5000 °C per minute and a crucial temperature occurring at approximately 200 °C. The 18650 LiFePO4 battery has the highest exothermic onset temperature, the lowest maximum temperature, the lowest maximum self-heat rate, the least non-condensable gases, and the lowest enthalpy change, which indicates that it is relatively safer than others. However, the thermal hazard data among non-cylindrical lithium-ion batteries scattered due to differences in capacity, shape, and battery chemistry. This study provides a review of the recent state of the art and suggests future perspectives. A systematic database is provided by the extensive review of commercial batteries that experience thermal failures, which can be used to conduct extensive experiments, theoretical studies, and design safer batteries.

As a prominent lithium salt used in lithium-ion battery, lithium difluorosulfimide (LiFSI) has been highly prized for its excellent performance and pseudo safety. However, its potential hazards in industrial production have been regrettably overlooked and never reported. Based on the calorimetry applying DSC, ARC and VSP 2, the detailed risk assessments of LiFSI under diverse conditions have been investigated. The thermal characteristic parameters of the systems containing water and mixed with organic solvents are verified and assessed. A maximum self-heat rate of 470.2 degrees C min-1 is extremely severe, even the mass of 1.03 g of 95 m% LiFSI with a thermal inertia being 3.930 studied by ARC. The maximum pressure up to 80 bar poses a great challenge to the chemical industry. To ensure inherently safer production of LiFSI, a design of emergency relief systems has been proposed for the first time through a comprehensive study of the industrial production of LiFSI using VSP 2. For a practically industrial case with a 10 m3 reactor, the risk management of the proper evaluations for a vent area, a suitable knock-out drum and a disposal system have been undertaken under the consideration of two-phase flow with the feature of hybrid system. Effective safety measures to deal with the extremely dangerous case of neat LiFSI were discussed.

As one of the typical organic peroxides (OPS), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) was extensively investigated to identify thermal hazards of industrial OPS and well accepted as a standard compound to calibrate calorimeters. In this work, the reactive hazard evaluation methodology based on calorimeters (DSC, ARC, C80) was adopted to comprehensively investigate the thermal hazards and decomposition kinetics of DTBP. The effect of thermal inertia on the thermal runaway reaction was studied and the kinetic parameters under different conditions were calculated by using ASTM standard and software package. Meanwhile, the detailed mechanism (including transfer of alpha-H atoms) during the decomposition of DTBP in toluene was revealed by the solvent effect using CCl4, benzene and toluene. Besides, the mechanism of isotopic substitution on aromatic ring or methyl group in the critical step was verified, which has been demonstrated by three and five deuterium-substituted toluene. In combination with the applications of GC-MS and GC/FID, the decomposition pathway and decomposition products of DTBP in toluene were explored and assessed.

On August 3, 2020, a disastrous explosion demolished the Lanhua Organosilicone Ltd. plant in Xiantao county, China, causing six deaths, four injuries, and a loss exceeding US$2 million. We performed an extensive case study with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). The calorimetric methodology can obtain thermal hazard data, such as the exothermic onset temperature, enthalpy change, maximum temperature, maximum self-heat rate, maximum pressure, maximum pressure-rising rate, adiabatic temperature rise, and time-to-maximum rate. The ARC assessed a simulation of the incident vessel by storing the product solution of vinyltris-(methylethylketoxime)-silane with a thermal inertia of 1.87. The thermal runaway phenomena can be scaled up directly to an industrial vessel with good adiabaticity under such low thermal inertia. An official report announced the time of explosion as 33.2 h, which agreed with the ARC-determined time-to-maximum-rate (TMR) of 28.7 h. A (dT dt( -1))(max) is as high as 801.4 C-degrees min(-1), revealing that once the decomposition goes through the critical point, the severe thermal runaway cannot be mitigated or hindered effectively. Therefore, the explosion of the process vessel shows that the maximum pressure under thermal decomposition largely exceeded the design pressure of static tank #1 without adequate relief under overpressure. This paper not only provides a lesson learned for producing chemical products using 2-butanone oxime and alkyl silane but also stands as a guide for an inherently safer processes in similar chemical industries.

This review gathered and discussed the available results on the thermal hazards, thermal kinetics, decomposition mechanism, autocatalytic behavior, thermal explosion, deflagration ability, and incompatibility hazards associated with the thermal decomposition of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO). The present review constructed a diagram showing all activation energy Ea and log A values for the thermal decomposition of MEKPO. Some disagreement exists in the values of Ea and log A (unit: s-1 M1-n) derived from differential scanning calorimetry; thus, more extensive studies must be conducted to resolve disputes. Nearly no literature exists on the thermal explosion and deflagration ability of MEKPO, and the reactions of MEKPO with incompatible contaminants remain unclear. Concerning the complex decomposition mechanism of MEKPO, experimental determination and identifications of intermediates have not been obtained. Available technology must be improved to enable the collection of accurate data on thermal hazards, thermal kinetics, decomposition mechanisms, explosion and deflagration phenomena, autocatalytic behavior, and incompatibility. This review has integrated an up-to-date summary of the most recent approaches and offers perspectives regarding future research. These current findings can serve as a reference for completing subsequent experimental investigations, theoretical studies, and designs of inherently safer measures for producing or handling MEKPO.

On 12 August 2015, Tianjin port, Tianjin City, China, a catastrophic explosion of Ruihai International Logistics Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China) killed 173 and hurt almost 798 people, accompanying a financial loss of almost USD 2 billion. The ignition of the first fire due to the autocatalytic decomposition of nitrocellulose was verified by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) isothermal tests. A crater with a diameter of 97 m was created by the second explosion. For the second catastrophic explosion, an amount of 577 tons of trinitrotoluene was determined by the average through scaling law, crater inverse analysis and blast effects on structures. The overpressure against distance for consequence analysis was conducted using Baker’s, Sadovski’s and Alonso’s methodologies. A distinctive scenario of “two-successive-sympathetic detonations-following-a-fire” was proposed and discussed. Isothermal time-to-maximum-rate was validated to be approximately 9 days for the nitrocellulose inside the containers with an internal temperature of 60 °C stored at Tianjin port. A fatality radius chosen at the overpressure of 0.6 bar was ascertained to be nearly 410 m from the explosion origin.

On August 4 in Beirut Port, Lebanon, a catastrophic explosion occurred at a warehouse, claiming 204 deaths and injured more than 7000 individuals, with a property loss of approximately US$ 15 billion. An extensive consequence analysis based on the crater size and physical effects for the estimation of the quantity of exploded ammonium nitrate was performed. By using satellite images and integration methods, the crater diameter was determined to be 112.9 m. From the scaling laws, overpressure effect on structures, and inverse analysis, the trinitrotoluene equivalent mass of exploded ammonium nitrate was approximately 950.3 tons. Based on the results of the consequence analysis performed by three methodologies, it can be concluded that the warehouse not only stored a substantially large quantity of ammonium nitrate but was also located too close to the adjacent communities and residential districts without an adequate safety distance. Judging by the simulation results of overpressures and explosive blast on structures, a fatality radius is determined to be about 487 m from the explosion center. Some more lessons related to the time to explosion, phenomena of sympathetic detonation, arrival time of blast, safety distance, fatalities/injuries versus the equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene and a maximum allowable quantity of 30 tons have been learned to be the important guides for safety measures and revisions for limiting the amount of ammonium nitrate under storage.

TDI's synthetic plant generates about 5 mass % of tar by phosgenation process, which has been currently a bottleneck needed to be broken through for the worldwide TDI companies. At present, the reduction fraction of TDI tar is up to 48% relative to the mass of tar and renders the residue of solid crust known as TDI char. In this study, a suasive and effective reduction method has been found, the supercritical methanol is executed to depolymerize the TDI char, and in short, the char can be readily methanolyzed at supercritical state of methanol. With the outstanding depolymerization capability than various existing approaches, the destruction fraction can achieve 81 mass % at supercritical point. A best value as high as 95 mass % is first discovered at 270 °C, exceeding the efficiency at supercritical state. Characterizations of the intrinsic properties of raw char and char remnant after methanolysis have been implemented by TGA, DSC, FT-IR and SEM-EDS. For industrial applications, the diverse methodologies for recovering TDI or related components by alkaline hydrolysis, distillation, vacuum distillation and thermolysis are also discussed and compared with methanolysis in order to recognize the optimal abatement technique.

A review summarizes and characterizes the calorimetric results of commercial 18650 lithium-ion batteries under thermal runaway. The cathode materials of 18650 batteries include LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNixMnyCozO2, LiNi0.8-Co0.15Al0.05O2, and LiFePO4. Characterization data obtained from calorimetry encompass the exothermic onset temperature, crucial temperature, maximum temperature, maximum self-heat rate, quantity of non-condensable gas, and enthalpy change. Maximum pressure and pressure-rising rate are not taken account of consideration because of the significant dependence on volume of the test system. A hexagonal radar plot is newly proposed for the presentation of runaway hazards aforementioned and associated with respective cathode chemistries. By integrating all the hazard data in the literature into hexagonal plots, the ranking of the hazard potential of commercial 18650 batteries is clearly assessed as follows: LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 > LiCoO2 > LiNixMnyCozO2 > LiMn2O4 >> LiFePO4. The LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 battery displays the worst case scenario among all the 18650 batteries owing to these highest maximum temperature, maximum self-heat rate, maximum pressure, quantity of non-condensable gas, and enthalpy change under thermal runaway. Differential characteristics of thermal runaway among LiCoO2, LiNixMnyCozO2, and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 batteries are discriminated and discussed. All the non-LiFePO4 batteries act similarly with a maximum self-heat rate exceeding 10000 degrees C min(-1) and a crucial temperature occurring at approximately 200 degrees C. The 18650 LiFePO4 battery holds the highest exothermic onset temperature, lowest maximum temperature, lowest maximum self-heat rate, least non-condensable gases and lowest enthalpy change, indicating that the 18650 LiFePO4 battery is relatively safer than others. On the state of the art, a review is detailed herein and future perspectives are propounded as well. This integrated review of 18650 batteries under thermal failures provides a systematic database for extensive experimental investigations, theoretical studies and designs of safer batteries.

提出以甲醇超临界流体用于TDI Char制备消解液体燃料的技术.研究了制备技术条件并进行表征.结果表明,反应温度270℃,反应时间120 min条件下,TDI Char的消解率达95％.氧弹量热仪实验揭示,所得单位液体燃料的燃烧热值较直接燃烧TDI Char增加了2.3倍.

In this study, supercritical methanol (SCM) process was successfully used for the preparation of ultrafine copper materials from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) after nitric acid pretreatment. Waste PCBs were pretreated twice in nitric acid. Sn and Pb were recovered by the first nitric acid pretreatment. The leach liquor with a high concentration of copper ions after the second nitric acid leaching was subjected to SCM process. The mixture of Cu and Cu2O with poor uniformity of particle size was formed due to the effect of ferric iron contained in the leach liquor of waste PCBs, while more uniform and spherical Cu particles with high monodispersity and smaller size could be prepared after the removal of Fe. The size of Cu particles increased obviously with the decline of SCM temperature, and particles became highly aggregated when the reaction temperature decreased to 300°C. The size of Cu particles decreased markedly with the decrease of initial concentration of copper ion in the leach liquor of waste PCBs. It is believed that the process developed in this study is simple and practical for the preparation of ultrafine copper materials from waste PCBs with the aim of recycling these waste resources as a high value-added product.

Detection of ultralow concentration of heavy metal ion Hg2+ is important for human health protection and environment monitoring because of the gradual accumulation in environmental and biological fields. Herein, we report a convenient chemiluminescence (CL) biosensing platform for ultrasensitive Hg2+ detection by signal amplification mechanism from positively charged gold nanoparticles ((+)AuNPs). It is based on (+)AuNPs charge effect and aptamer conformation change induced by target to stimulate the generation of CL in the presence of H2O2 and luminol without high salt medium. Notably particularly, the typical problem of the high salt medium from (-) AuNPs system, like influencing aptamers' bind with target and hindering CL reaction can be effectively addressed through the direct introduction of (+)AuNPs. Therefore, the proposed biosensing exhibits a high sensitivity toward target Hg2+ with a detection limit of 16 pM, which is far below the limit (10nM) defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in drinkable water, and is about 10-fold lower than the previously reported aptamer-based assays for Hg2+. This sensing platform provides a simple, rapid, and cost-effective approach for label-free sensitive detection of Hg2+. Moreover, it is universal for the detection of other targets. Undoubtedly, such a direct utilizing of (+)AuNPs' charge effect will provide a new signal amplification way for label-free aptamer-based CL analysis.

In this study, a novel reutilization method for waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) as flame retardant and smoke suppressant for poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) was successfully testified. A supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process was applied to treat waste PCBs before they could be used as flame retardants of PVC. The results indicated that SCWO conditions had a significant effect on the flame retarding and smoke suppressing properties of waste PCBs for PVC. Cu2O, CuO, and SnO2 were the main active ingredients in waste PCBs-derived flame retardants. A conversion of Cu elements (Cu(0)→Cu(+)→Cu(2+)) during SCWO process with the increase of reaction temperature was found to be the key influence factor for the flame retarding properties of SCWO-treated PCBs. The experiment results also showed that there was a synergistic effect of flame retardancy between Cu(+) and Cu(2+). After the optimized SCWO treatment, SCWO-treated PCBs significantly improved the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PVC. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) and char yield (CY) increased with increasing SCWO-treated PCBs content in PVC, while smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD) decreased markedly. The mechanical properties of PVC samples were influenced in different degree by adding different content SCWO-treated PCBs.

The pretreatment of wastewater of some industrial park in Fuzhou city with coal-tar was conducted by micro-electrolysis combined with Fenton oxidation process.Through the single factor experiments and orthogonal test,the influencing factors were investigated and the optimal conditions were determined.The results show that the main influential factors are in the order of the dosage of H2 O2 ,iron-carbon ratio and pH value when the wastewater CODCr is 59,600 mg/L,BOD5 is 7,748 mg/L.When the reaction time for the micro-electrolysis is 1 h,the pH value is about 3.0,the reac-tion time for the Fenton oxidation is 1 h and the dosage of H2 O2 (30%)is 4 mL/L ,the removal rate of CODCr reaches about 80.0 % while the B /C increases from 0.13 to 0.32.The results indi-cate that the treatment may contribute to biological treatments.