In the context of global climate challenges and China's ambitious "dual carbon" goals, understanding the complex dynamics of energy structure transition and identifying effective policy-technology collaborative pathways is critically important for sustainable development. This study constructs a multi-scenario dynamic simulation model for China energy structure transition from 2020 to 2060 based on system dynamics theory. By establishing a fully coupled dynamic system incorporating economic development, policy regulation, technological innovation, and electricity demand, and implementing a market-based feedback system with green certificate trading mechanism. The research precisely quantifies the synergistic effects of different policy intensities and technological innovation rates on power structure transition processes, renewable energy utilization efficiency, and carbon emissions. Quantitative analysis demonstrates that policy-technology collaborative driving modes accelerate renewable energy adoption significantly, creates 4.5 times more renewable capacity growth than policy or technology advancement alone.

Driven by the global energy transition and the urgent “dual carbon” goals, regional integrated energy system (RIES) planning is undergoing a paradigm shift from carbon reduction to negative carbon emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the theoretical frameworks and technical pathways for RIES planning from a carbon-centric perspective. A key contribution is the proposed Carbon-Energy-Economy (CEE) triple-dimensional governance framework, which endogenizes carbon factors into planning decisions through emission constraints, trading mechanisms, and capture technologies. We first analyze the fundamental characteristics of RIES and their critical role in achieving carbon neutrality, detailing advancements in multi-energy coupling models, energy router concepts, and standardized energy hub modeling. The paper further explores multi-energy flow analysis methods, and systematically compares the applicability and limitations of various planning algorithms, with emphasis on addressing uncertainties from renewable integration. Finally, we highlight the integration of artificial intelligence with traditional optimization methods, offering new pathways for intelligent, adaptive, and low-carbon RIES planning. This review underscores the transition towards data-physical fusion models, cooperative uncertainty optimization, multi-market planning, and innovative zero/negative-carbon technological routes.

With rapidly increasing levels of renewable energy penetration, flexibility resources play an ever more critical role in the future power system. This paper describes a two-stage stochastic mixed integer second order cone (MISOC) method for flexibility resource planning (VFRP) considering source-grid-load-storage interactions. Considering renewable energy penetration levels and flexibility resource characteristics, this study quantifies the extent to which the share of renewable energy generation affects cost performance, and assesses the priority and potential of investing in flexibility resources. Moreover, the multi-type flexibility resource portfolio allocation method and energy storage only approach are compared in terms of socio-economic benefits. A multi-cut Benders-based approach is used for decomposing large-scale stochastic expansion planning problems to reduce the computational burden. Numerical simulation tests on the modified energy test systems I39G20 and F213G20 verified the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed flexible resource planning models and solution algorithms. The simulation results show that retrofit of coal-fired units for better flexibility has a higher investment return. Still, energy storage presents a tremendous investment prospect and potential. Finally, the multi-type flexibility resource portfolio allocation method is more cost-effective than an energy storage only approach.

Integrated energy system (IES) is considered as an effective system to integrate high penetration of intermittent renewable generation and achieve China's national goal of reaching peak carbon emission by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. As a result, there have been significant advancements over the recent years in IES modeling, planning, and operation, especially the treatment of uncertainty factors. This paper reviews the development of IES planning approaches focusing on modeling of uncertainty factors. Firstly, coordinated IES planning frameworks, processes and techniques are surveyed and categorized including their application scenarios, advantages and disadvantages, they are then compared with traditional grid planning. Secondly, the modeling of uncertainty factors was systematically reviewed and summarized. IES planning methods under uncertainty are further divided into a number of categories, such as probability optimization, stochastic optimization, robust optimization, possibility and mixed probability-possibility optimization. The uncertainty modeling methodologies are summarized and compared, including applications of uncertainty models in different situations. Finally, discussions on development trends, challenges and research directions in uncertainty modeling for IES planning are presented and recommendations are made.

我国正在加快构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,需要配备大量的调节电源,而抽水蓄能电站作为最具大规模开发条件的绿色低碳高效灵活调节电源,具有广阔的发展前景.抽水蓄能电站启动和工况转换迅速,能够快速响应负荷波动,可灵活平衡系统功率,持续提供调节能力.在新型电力系统中,抽水蓄能可在调峰、调频调相、事故备用及黑启动、支撑新能源消纳、节能减排等方面发挥重要作用,支撑新型电力系统安全稳定运行.截至2021年,我国抽水蓄能占电源总装机的比重仅1.4％,与发达国家相比差距较大.可喜的是,从"十四五"开始我国抽水蓄能将会得到长足发展.未来在技术方面,应推进抽水蓄能电站向高水头、高转速、大容量和可调速方向发展,研究广泛应用地下和海洋抽水蓄能技术的可行性.在经济方面,要进一步理顺抽水蓄能电站的电价机制,推动抽水蓄能电站参与电力中长期合约市场、电力辅助服务市场和现货市场,进一步推进抽水蓄能电站投资运营主体的多元化.

Frequent occurrence of extreme events caused serious losses to the power system. This paper takes typhoon disasters as an example to establish the optimal planning model of energy storage system (ESS). The proposed model is a scenario-based two-stage stochastic MILP model. Fully considering the uncertainty of failure scenarios under typhoon and load, the first stage is to select the location and capacity of ESS with line hardening strategy under a limited budget; in the second stage, the charging and discharging strategy of ESS is optimized with distribution system operation strategies to minimize system losses and investment costs. The model is tested on a modified IEEE33 system. Results indicates that the combined planning of allocating ESS and hardening lines can significantly improve resilience of distribution system under extreme events.

Integrated energy system (IES) is an effective new energy form in dealing with challenges of global energy and environment problems, and is becoming one of the hot research topics in recent years. This paper established an extended model for IES planning, which includes power, gas, cold, heat and its loads. CCHP (Combined Cooling Heating and Power) and HP (Heat Pump) are used to realize the conversion between different energy forms. In addition, different heterogeneous source and load uncertainties, such as multi-energy loads, wind and photovoltaic generation, are considered, the correlation between multivariate source loads, wind and photovoltaic power output is modelled using Johnson’s algorithm. The improved Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and K-means method used to reduce the dimension of the planning and construct scenarios. A test system consisting of modified IEEE 39 node electrical test system, 20 node gas network, 14 node heat and 14 node cold network has been constructed and used to test the proposed method. Planning consequent demonstrated the validity and effectiveness of the proposed IES expansion planning model. It proves that it can’t only efficaciously decrease the overall investment and operating costs, but also improve the energy utilization efficiency and the level of renewable generation integration.

以新能源为主体的新型电力系统的概念是在"双碳"目标下,为了适应当前新能源快速发展而提出的.目前对新型电力系统概念还没有统一的定义,但可以肯定,构建新型电力系统是能源绿色低碳发展、实现"双碳"目标的核心,是我国电力行业的发展趋势和方向.与传统电力系统相比,新型电力系统在其主体地位、特征、实现目标等方面都发生了很大变化.目前我国在加快能源清洁低碳转型与现有以煤电为主的电源结构之间存在矛盾,煤电如何发展,是"双碳"目标下需要面对的问题.电网对大量新能源的消纳,新能源的高渗透率对电网的调度、运行带来了风险和挑战.如何发挥储能在新型电力系统中的作用,确保电力供应的"质"和"量",是电力行业必须面对的又一挑战.针对这些问题,建议今后要清洁高效发展煤电,有序减少煤电份额,准确把握煤电定位;保持新能源发展势头,重视海上风电建设;建设以抽水蓄能电站为主的调峰电站,确保电网的安全稳定运行;集中式和分布式相结合,就地消纳新能源发电;建立"源网荷储"一体化协调发展系统,解决清洁能源消纳过程中电网波动性问题.

Power system planning must be prepared to match the growing percentage of intermittent renewable energy sources and current demand for electrical energy. The problem of deciding new generation resources and transmission lines that should be added to an existing power network in order to satisfy the growing demand efficiently, is one of the main strategic decisions in power systems and has a serious impact on the stability of the system. The traditional impact factor such as load variability, demand growth and electricity market prices plus the recent developments in power network, such as renewable distributed generations, demand side management and reserve availability have increased considerably the complexity of this problem. For the last several decades, a vast array of research works that deal with the different theoretical and practical aspects of the problem. This paper firstly gives a complete overview of coordinated power system planning considering source-source, source-network, source-load, source-network-load and source-storge respectively. According to the different aspects of integrated network planning, it proposes a taxonomy of solution methods for the coordinated planning problem. Moreover, not only traditional approaches, but also those involving uncertainties in generation and demand, reliability assessment, electricity markets, and energy storage are highlighted to establish a complete background. This is followed by a discussion of additional challenges and their solutions in the context of coordinated network planning. These alternatives are critically compared, providing with insights that can guide researchers or practitioners when undertaking this kind of studies.

为推进调频辅助服务市场的建设,南方电网在中东部主网和云南电网分别建成基于网省交互的统一调频控制区.云南电网统一调频控制区试运行期间,中标机组采用了"计划出力+带宽限制"的AUTOR模式,当中标机组响应频率的调节速率过慢,调峰速率过快,易导致调峰和调频任务的失配,进而使系统频率在49.95 Hz和50.05 Hz附近悬浮.为此提出了提高系统调频速率、优化分配日前调峰任务等优化策略,有效缓解了系统频率悬浮现象,为调频辅助服务市场的运行奠定基础.

云南电网是一个典型的高比例水电大规模直流送出系统,运行中多次发生自动发电控制(automatic generationcontrol,AGC)过程不稳定导致的频率振荡现象.结合云南电网实际,建立包含AGC控制环节的频率稳定性分段线性化分析模型,通过特征值分析方法研究云南电网运行方式变化对系统小干扰稳定性的影响,揭示在水电机组一次调频死区以内AGC系统超调是引起云南电网分钟级频率振荡的原因.提出高比例水电系统AGC频率偏差系数的整定方法,通过设置次紧急区区域控制偏差(area control error,ACE)反向抑制策略和紧急区恒定频率控制(flat frequency control,FFC)切换策略,兼顾小干扰下的稳定性以及大扰动下的速动性.研究成果已在云南电网实际运行中验证,云南电网频率合格率显著提高.

在电力系统中,当变压器的容量不足时,通常会采用两台或两台以上的变压器并联运行.变压器并联运行必须满足的一个严格条件就是,并联的变压器联结组别必须一致,否则会出现严重的环流,因此准确判断变压器的联结组别至关重要.变压器联结组别判定是电类专业学生必须学习的知识,同时也是中级工、高级工、技师和高级技师认定考试的重点内容.判定联结组别时,文献资料上有的采用电压相量、有的采用电势相量,首末端的符号和相量图的画法也不尽相同,增大了学习难度.文章将改进的相量图下标与变压器的绕组实际联结关系一一对应,由浅入深,叙述判定过程,降低了难度,取得理想的教学效果.

云南异步联网试验中部分频率振荡现象发生在调速器死区附近,为分析此问题,文中建立了考虑调速器死区的分段线性系统模型.通过稳态和动态行为分析阐明了调速器死区对频率稳定性的影响.研究结果表明,增强型死区可能导致系统不存在平衡点,引起频率在死区附近振荡;同时分段线性化系统的稳定性由各频率区间对应的线性系统特征值决定,系统的负阻尼效应也会导致频率失稳,采用简化系统模型和云南电网实际模型均能仿真再现试验中的不同频率振荡现象.

Yunnan power system is the first asynchronous operation system sending by multi-HVDC, which adopts multi-Frequency Limit Controllers (FLC) to control frequency of sending part. At the HVDC single-polar block experiment of Yunnan asynchronous system, the Frequency dynamic process of muti-HVDC asynchronous system was exposed: First, FLC absorbed most of the unbalanced power; and the Primary Frequency Control (PFC) of unit act to release the FLC adjustment; lastly, the system frequency reached at a steady state value (depends on Speed-droop characteristic). In order to avoid long-term overload of frequency and HVDC, the impacts of FLC reserve arrangement, dead-band and parameters on Frequency dynamic process of muti-HVDC asynchronous system are studied, which conclude an optimized setting for FLC reserve arrangement, dead-band and parameters. The results of simulation and system operation show that the Frequency dynamic process of muti-HVDC asynchronous system were obviously improved after setting optimized.

水电主导调频的系统容易发生频率振荡现象,故在整定水轮机调速器 PID参数时,往往以频率的小干扰稳定为目标进行优化.本文基于阻尼转矩法,分析了 PID参数对频率振荡转矩和低频振荡转矩的影响,并通过四机二区系统进行了验证,研究结果表明,调整 PID参数抑制频率振荡的同时,可能会加剧系统的低频振荡.最后提出一种适用于水电主导调频系统的 PID参数整定方法,该方法在提高系统频率稳定性的同时,不会恶化弱阻尼低频振荡模式.

The current research shows that turbine governors will introduce a very low frequency mode into the system, which may cause ultra-low-frequency oscillations (ULFO) in Hydro-Dominant power system. However, some ULFO happened near the dead band of turbine governors. So it is necessary to take into account the function of the dead band when studying ULFO. In this paper, to ULFO in Yunnan power grid, we provide a piecewise-linear system model considering the dead band. The oscillation waves of different types of dead bands and the damping of the frequency modes are studied. The results show that the step-response dead band will cause the frequency to oscillate near the dead zone even when the damping of the frequency mode is positive. And the no-step response dead band will cause the frequency to oscillate near the dead zone when the negative damping of the frequency mode is weak, and the oscillation will aggravate when the negative damping is strong. To avoid ULFO, the whole system needs to quit the step-response dead band, and ensure the positive damping of the frequency mode in power grid.

太阳能光伏组件表面积灰污染影响其发电效率,然而清洁光伏组件又增加发电成本,通过对同类型清洁和未清洁的光伏组件发电成本的对比分析,得出清洗后光伏组件日等效小时数平均提高0.06结果,经济效益明显,并给出合肥地区对于组件平铺安装的光伏电站在春秋冬季清洁周期为两个月一次结论.

针对电站燃煤锅炉等离子点火系统运行中经常存在燃烧器结焦、阴极头寿命短等问题,以某600 MW超临界燃煤锅炉为例,介绍了该点火系统分系统调试方案及锅炉启动过程中点火系统调试方案,可为同类机组提供参考.

针对电站燃煤锅炉运行中存在的结渣问题,笔者根据引起燃煤锅炉结渣的因素,阐述了锅炉结构以及锅炉运行工况对结渣的影响,利用模糊数学原理建立燃煤锅炉多层次综合判断模型,并根据运行经验,给出各层次权重值,以判断运行燃煤锅炉结渣程度.