Candida albicans is a critical foodborne contaminant that causes rapid spoilage within 24-48 h and poses infection risks to immunocompromised populations, yet current detection methods are constrained by lengthy culture periods (3-5 days) and interference from complex food matrices. To overcome these limitations, we developed an aptamer-based SERS biosensor featuring a "three-in-one" probe design, where Raman reporters and C. albicans-specific aptamers are co-assembled onto gold nanostars (AuNSs). The biosensor achieves outstanding specificity and robust signal stability for the rapid detection of Candida albicans.Upon target recognition, a characteristic Raman peak at 1074 cm-1 exhibits a significant signal enhancement factor of 1.66 & times; 10(Liang et al., 20248). The biosensor enables rapid and quantitative detection of C. albicans in complex food matrices within 30 min, with limits of detection (LOD) of 1.14 CFU center dot mL-1 in drinking water, 1.21 CFU center dot mL-1 in jam, and 1.17 CFU center dot mL-1 in milk. The SERS-based method demonstrated excellent agreement with conventional plate-counting methods, with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 10% and recovery rates consistently falling within the range of 90-110%. These results validate the method's high sensitivity and accuracy, positioning it as a promising rapid detection tool for the routine monitoring and control of foodborne microbial contamination.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg (TDG), a traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plant, is historically used for liver injury treatment. Despite its ethnopharmacological significance, systematic studies on how processing affects its composition and efficacy remain lacking. Aim of the study This study aimed to compare the chemical profiles and hepatoprotective effects of extracts from TDG processed with three different Paozhi (TCM processing) methods (fresh, freeze-dried, and hot-air drying) and explore their mechanisms against drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Materials and methods Chemical constituents were analyzed via UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Hepatoprotection was evaluated using an acetaminophen (APAP)-induced human normal hepatocytes (LO2) cell model. Network pharmacology and molecular docking identified targets and pathways. Results Thirty-two compounds were identified across TDG extracts, with 13 shared and 19 unique to specific formulations. All extracts alleviated liver injury, but freeze-dried TDG (TDG-b) showed the strongest effect. Quercetin, procyanidin B1, catechins, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin emerged as key active constituents in TDG-b, targeting DILI through cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1), and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) signaling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed robust binding between these compounds and core therapeutic targets. Conclusions TDG-b, a freeze-dried extract, optimally preserves bioactive constituents and demonstrates superior anti-DILI activity, validating traditional processing wisdom. This study bridges ethnopharmacological knowledge and mechanistic evidence, guiding TDG-based therapeutic optimization.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different particle sizes of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg (TDG) powders on physical properties, dissolution, in vitro antioxidant activity, and in vivo hepatoprotective properties. Methods: The particle size of TDG coarse powders (TDG-CP), TDG fine powders (TDG-FP), and TDG micro powders (TDG-MP) were measured by a laser particle size analyzer. The physical properties were measured according to the latest version of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Committee Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020). The content of the total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and rutin of TDG powders were determined using the NaNO2-Al (NO3)3 colorimetric method, the sulphate-phenol colorimetric method, and HPLC, respectively. In vitro dissolution and antioxidant activity were determined by the paddle method in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and the DPPH radical scavenging method, respectively. In addition, the liver tissue pathology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and the AST and ALT activities were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) activities were measured by using commercial analysis kits. Results: As the particle size decreases, the fluidity of TDG powders decreased and the porosity increased. In addition, there were no significant differences in physical properties between low temperature pulverized powders and room temperature pulverized powders. The final dissolution rates of the four bioactive ingredients in TDG-MP were found to be 85.06%, 85.61%, 83.88%, and 83.26%, respectively, whereas in TDG-CP, the dissolution rates were significantly lower at 18.79%, 17.96%, 22.46%, and 24.35%. The EC50 values of TDG-CP, TDG-FP, and TDG-MP on DPPH scavenging activity were 0.82, 0.31, and 0.10 mg/mL, respectively. The AST and ALT activities of the TDG-FP group and the TDG-MP group were significantly decreased and the SOD, CAT, and GSH activities were significantly increased when compared with that of the model group. The inflammatory cell infiltration and vacuolar degeneration of liver cells in the TDG-FP group and the TDG-MP group were significantly improved. Conclusions: The particle size of TDG powders had a significant effect on the physical properties and in vivo bioactivity. TDG pulverized to a fine particle size or smaller is a promising approach for clinical applications with improved physicochemical and biological properties.

Crocetin (CCT), a natural bioactive compound extracted and purified from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb saffron, has been shown to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly depression. However, due to challenges with solubility, targeting, and bioavailability, formulation development and clinical use of CCT are severely limited. In this study, we used the emulsification-reverse volatilization method to prepare CCT-loaded nanoliposomes (CN). We further developed a borneol (Bor) and lactoferrin (Lf) dual-modified CCT-loaded nanoliposome (BLCN) for brain-targeted delivery of CCT. The results of transmission electron microscope (TEM) and particle size analysis indicated that the size of BLCN (∼140 nm) was suitable for transcellular transport across olfactory axons (∼200 nm), potentially paving a direct path to the brain. Studies on lipid solubility, micropolarity, and hydrophobicity showed that BLCN had a relatively high Lf grafting rate (81.11 ± 1.33 %) and CCT entrapment efficiency (83.60 ± 1.04 %) compared to other liposomes, likely due to Bor improving the lipid solubility of Lf, and the combination promoting the orderly arrangement of liposome membrane molecules. Microplate reader and fluorescence microscopy analysis showed that BLCN efficiently promoted the endocytosis of fluorescent coumarin 6 into HT22 cells with a maximal fluorescence intensity of (13.48 ± 0.80 %), which was significantly higher than that of CCT (5.73 ± 1.17 %) and CN (12.13 ± 1.01 %). BLCN also exhibited sustained function, remaining effective for more than 12 h after reaching a peak at 1 h in cells, while CN showed a significant decrease after 4 h. The uptake mechanisms of BLCN in HT22 cells mainly involve energy-dependent, caveolae-mediated, and microtubule-mediated endocytosis, as well as micropinocytosis. Furthermore, BLCN displayed a significant neuroprotective effect on HT22 cells in glutamate-, corticosterone-, and H2O2-induced models. Tissue fluorescence image analysis of mice showed that BLCN exhibited substantial retention of fluorescent DiR in the brain after nasal administration for 12 h. These findings suggest that CCT has the potential for cellular uptake, neuroprotection, and targeted delivery to the brain following intranasal administration when encapsulated in Bor and Lf dual-modified nanoliposomes.

This study introduces an innovative approach for the valorization and protection of anthocyanins from 'Benihoppe' strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) based on acidified natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Choline chloride-citric acid (ChCl-CA, 1:1) was selected and acidified to enhance the valorization and protection of anthocyanins through hydrogen bond. The optimal conditions (ultrasonic power of 318 W, extraction temperature of 61 degrees C, liquid-to-solid ratio of 33 mL/g, ultrasonic time of 19 min), yielded the highest anthocyanins of 1428.34 mu g CGE/g DW. UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS identified six anthocyanins in acidified ChCl-CA extract. Stability tests indicated that acidified ChCl-CA significantly increased storage stability of anthocyanins in high temperature and light treatments. Molecular dynamics results showed that acidified ChCl-CA system possessed a larger diffusion coefficient (0.05 m(2)/s), hydrogen bond number (145) and hydrogen bond lifetime (4.38 ps) with a reduced intermolecular interaction energy (-1329.74 kcal/mol), thereby efficiently valorizing and protecting anthocyanins from strawberries.

The most promising active ingredient of Crocus sativus L., crocetin (CCT), has been demonstrated to possess many biological activities. However, only a few studies have been conducted on CCT formulation, especially in oral formulation, mainly due to its insolubility in water, which limits its application for oral administration. This article reports an equilibrium saturation solubility and single-pass intestinal perfusion studies conducted to classify the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) of CCT. To enhance in vitro dissolution and in vivo oral bioavailability, ternary solid dispersions of CCT (CCT-SDs) with soluplus (SOL) as hydrophilic carrier and meglumine (MEG) as alkalizer were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) experiments. Four different preparation methods were evaluated using the optimal formulation, including solvent evaporation, ball milling, spray drying, and freeze-drying. Prepared formulations were characterized by TG-DSC, FTIR, X-RPD, and SEM; the pharmacokinetic studies were performed in rats after oral administration. The cumulative dissolution rate of CCT-SDs containing SOL and MEG prepared by the ball milling method was 97.1

Aflatoxin is one of the most toxic mycotoxins and causes server threaten to human health and food safety issues. It is crucial to develop efficient materials to remove and degrade aflatoxins. In this work, we adopted PVP modified ZIF-8 as precursor to prepare novel ZnO@NPC core-shell heterostructures (NPC is N-doped porous carbon) via "pyrolysis-in situ transformation-pyrolysis" strategy and used it as catalyst for degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Various technologies were adopted to characterize to the structures and properties of the catalyst, such as XRD, SEM, BET, and TEM. The results show that the coating of N-doped porous carbon on ZnO can extend its light absorption wavelength to 800 nm, enhancing its photocatalytic activity for degradation of AFB1 (94.8%). The synergetic effect of high absorption capacity on N-doped porous carbon and excellent photocatalytic activity on ZnO was proven to contribute high degradation performance of ZnO@NPC. ZnO@NPC also shows excellent reparation and reusability. The photocatalytic activ

Ibuprofen (IBU) was a widely used NSAID (a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) worldwide, and many drug deliveries had been reported to enhance bioavailability. However, higher bioavailability would increase the danger of renal injury caused by oxidative stress. This study prepared IBU-Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (IBU-PSP) drug delivery system via mechanochemical method. Due to drug delivery and renal protection effect of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP), the solubility of IBU-PSP was increased 8.22 times, and the bioavailability was increased 2.52 times compared with IBU, carrageenin-induced rat paw edema test also increased. Meanwhile, short-term and long-term renal injuries induced by IBU were notable decreases. In conclusion, IBU-PSP was a multifunctional drug delivery system with superior anti-inflammatory and renal protection effects. It will benefit from developing high-efficiency NADIs preparations with safer clinical applications while providing an efficient and energy-saving technology for polysaccharide drug delivery.

Due to their safety features, nature adsorbents for heavy metal removal have attracted increasing concerns in food and pharmaceutical applications. Herein, an edible complex prepared by nature polysaccharide Acacia and L-cysteine using a ball mill at 20 Hz vibration rate for 20 min under 7.9% fill factor. The obtained complex was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that the carboxyl group in acacia and amino group in L-cysteine formed a super-molecular complex by hydrogen bone directly in solid and solution. Interestingly, this super-molecular complex exhibited the effective adsorption ability of Pb(II), Cd(II), As(III), and Cr(VI). The pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models better described the batch adsorption behavior. A further application has shown that this complex delivers an outstanding performance in removing heavy metals in different herb medical extraction without any activity agent loss. In brief, the present results develop a safe and low-cost adsorbent for removing heavy metal ions in the food and medical industry.

本研究将L-门冬酰胺酶基因与人血清白蛋白基因融合后,在毕赤酵母中成功高效表达,体外活性结果证明,融合蛋白具有L-门冬酰胺酶的杀伤急性淋巴细胞活性,为进一步开发长效L-门冬酰胺酶提供参考.

This study aimed to overcome the current challenges of active oil encapsulation, such as the complex preparation process, low encapsulation efficiency, and poor water solubility. Using mechanochemical method prepared celery seed oil/methyl-beta-cyclodextrin nanocapsule (CsNIs). The entrapment efficiency was determined by UV-vis spectrophotometry, and characterized by DLS, FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TEM. A mouse model of hyperuricemia induced by potassium oxate (PO) was used to investigate the antihyperuricemia and nephroprotective effects of the CsNIs. CsNIs formed by hydrogen bonding of Celery Seed Oil (CsO) with Me beta CD had high encapsulation efficiency (98.39%), and had more stable antioxidant activity under sunlight exposure. The water solubility was improved by 30-fold. CsNIs will self-assemble into nano-spheres in aqueous solution and be slowly released to 77.2% in 48 h. Uric acid levels and the degree of renal injury were significantly lower in hyperuricemia (HUA) mice. In this study, the water solubility and stability of celery seed oil were improved. And it provides a green, simple, and efficient encapsulation strategy for the encapsulation of active oils.

目的 建立UPLC-MS/MS方法测定固培牛樟芝粉末中4种黄曲霉素含量,考察方法的适用性和可行性.方法 Acquity BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm),流动相乙腈-0.1％ 甲酸水.采用不同浓度黄曲霉素B1、B2、G1、G2对照品溶液进样,获得校正曲线,进行方法学考察,测定固培牛樟芝粉末中的黄曲霉素B1、B2、G1、G2含量.结果 本测定方法的精密度、稳定性、重复性及加样回收率良好,采用该法对6批固培牛樟芝粉末进行分析,结果表明:固培牛樟芝粉末样品中不含黄曲霉素.结论 U PLC-M S/M S方法分析时间短,结果可靠,可用于固培牛樟芝粉末中黄曲霉素的质量控制.

Purpose This study aims to overcome the challenges of the current oral targeted drug delivery system, such as the complex preparation process, poor biocompatibility, and delayed drug release. Methods Here, a non-covalent polymer hydrogel was prepared using the mechanochemical method, and the solid phase loading of 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) was realized. Results The results obtained from the thermodynamics study, particle size analysis, and electron microscopy show that chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA) form a pH-sensitive hydrogel under the mechanochemical force and also maintain good stability in aqueous solution. Fluorescent tracers study showed that the pH-sensitive hydrogel could achieve the targeted drug release in the colon and the retention time was over 12 h. Next, in vivo efficacy studies, change in mice body weight, DAI (disease activity index) score, thymus, and spleen index, and the diseased state of the mice colon revealed that the pH-sensitive hydrogel is an improved drug delivery system over 5-ASA API commercial preparations as observed in the efficacy and toxicological studies. Conclusion This method uses an innovative preparation technology that without the need of cross-linking agent to produce an efficient colon-targeted drug delivery system for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

To avoid irreversible stationary phase adsorption and tedious and time-consuming separation steps, high-speed countercurrent chromatography was employed for the preparative separation of anti-tumor compound antroquinonol from solid fermentation culture of Antrodia camphorata for the first time. A Box-Behnken experimental design, based on three parameters including liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction time, and extraction temperature, was applied to optimize the ultrasonic extraction procedure. The optimal extraction condition was set as follows: liquid-to-solid ratio: 49.57:1; extraction time: 55.76 min; extraction temperature was arranged as 44.21 degrees C. Meanwhile, an optimized solvent system containing petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water (4:1:4:1, v/v/v/v) was selected for the preparative separation of antroquinonol at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. The yield of isolated antroquinonol was determined to be 6.0 mg from 0.67 g of ethyl acetate extracts. The isolated antroquinonol was elucidated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy, and by comparison with literature data. The purity of isolated antroquinonol was determined to be 97.12%. This study confirmed that high-speed countercurrent chromatography was powerful and cost-effective for the preparative separation of the high-potently anti-tumor compound antroquinonol from solid fermentation culture of A. camphorata.

Antrodia camphorata (AC) is a precious medicinal mushroom native to Taiwan and famous for its excellent pharmacological activity. A ball mill assisted mechanochemical extraction method was applied in the extraction of triterpenoids from Antrodia camphorata. Compared with the ethanol hot thermal reflux method, mechanochemical-assisted extraction afforded an increased yield of triterpenoids to 1.82 ± 0.04% under conditions of mixing with 10 WT% NaHCO3, milling for 20 min, and extracting with water and chloroform. Triterpenoids from Antrodia camphorata extracted by the mechanochemical-assisted extraction method (TAEM) resulted in stronger pharmacological activity as compared to that extracted by ethanol (TAEE). HPLC and LC-MS/MS results showed that the mechanochemical method could extract triterpenoids which were barely extracted by ethanol extraction. The results of this study could provide valuable ideas and a basis for the application of the mechanochemical-assisted extraction method in the extraction of triterpenoids from AC.