农作物品种展示示范评价是现代种业提升工程中一项重要的工作,核心是对新审定和登记的农作物品种进行复核式试验,使其丰产性、稳产性、适应性、抗逆性、抗病性乃至品种缺陷等得到充分体现,从而筛选出综合性状较好、适应当地栽培的优良品种[1-3],品种展示示范是加快优良品种推广、破解优良品种推广"最后一公里"难题的重要抓手,是推动科技成果转化、促进农业增产农民增收的有效手段.在长期实践探索中,山东省青岛市形成了比较成熟的品种展示示范模式,为加快优良品种推广应用发挥了重要引导和推动作用.

有性杂交是花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)育种的重要途径,真杂种鉴定对于遗传群体的构建以及新品种选育至关重要.花生含油量的表型鉴定极易受到环境条件的影响,且目前缺少可用的分子标记.本研究选用高油及普通油酸亲本宇花14号与低油及高油酸亲本LOP215杂交构建含油量相关遗传群体.宇花14号含有AhFAD2A及AhFAD2B位点,基因型为AABB,LOP215含有AhFAD2a及AhFAD2b位点,基因型为aabb.以宇花14号为母本、LOP215为父本杂交,收获F1杂交籽仁,采用竞争性等位基因特异性PCR(Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR,KASP)检测AhFAD2基因型,剔除AhFAD2基因型为纯合的籽仁,选留FAD2基因型为杂合的F1真杂种.F1真杂种单粒播种收获后,单株检测含油量,对于F2表型无明显分离的株系,取各单株叶片等量混合后提取DNA,进行AhFAD2基因型检测再次确认AhFAD2位点的杂合性.经二次验证后的F2籽粒经连续自交6代后选育出包含460个家系的重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines,RIL)群体,其含油量呈连续正态分布,可作为含油量基因定位的有效分离群体.本试验以AhFAD2作为选择标记能简单高效地筛选出真杂种,构建目标性状分离群体,为花生含油量基因定位及高低油花生品种选育提供材料.

Peanut pod shape is a heritable trait which affects the market acceptance of in-shell peanut products. In order to determine the genetic control of pod shape, six component traits of pod shape (pod length, pod width, pod length/ width ratio, pod roundness, beak degree and constriction degree) were measured using an image-based phenotyping method. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 181 lines was phenotyped across three environments. Continuous distributions and transgressive segregations were demonstrated in all measured traits and environments. Significant correlations were found among most component traits with broad-sense heritability ranging from 0.87 to 0.95. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis yielded 26 additive QTLs explaining 3.79 to 52.37% phenotypic variations. A novel, stable and major QTL region conditioning multiple shape features was detected on chromosome 2, which spans a 10.81-Mb genomic region with 543 putative genes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed several candidate genes in this region. In addition, 73 pairs of epistatic interactions involving 92 loci were identified for six component traits explaining 0.94-6.45% phenotypic variations. These results provide new genetic loci to facilitate genomics-assisted breeding of peanut pod shape.

Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important crop used for oil production, and oleic acid is a major factor in determining oil quality. Alterations in the oleic acid content can improve the nutritional quality and oxidative stability and prolong the shelf life of peanut products. The objective of this study was to develop a peanut variety with a high-oleic-acid content and high yield. One elite variety, “huayu22,” was hybridized with the high-oleic-acid “KN176” donor and backcrossed for four generations as the recurrent parent using fad2 marker-assisted backcross selection. Based on the Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) screening of fad2 markers, the oleic acid content of advanced generations derived by selfing was assessed by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The genetic background recovery rate of four BC 4 F 4 lines showed an average of 92.34% and was confirmed by genotyping using the Axiom_ Arachis 58 K SNP array. Across these superior lines in BC 4 F 6 generations, one line with a high-oleic-acid content and high yield was detected and named “YH61.” In particular, yield comparison experiments showed that YH61 exhibited high and stable yield at three different locations and was moderately resistant to leaf spot disease. The distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing for two consecutive years suggested that YH61 reached the standard for variety rights application. The use of the peanut variety YH61 contributed to the expansion of the cultivation area due to its high value in the oleic acid market and the proven economic benefits in China. This study demonstrated that the marker-assisted backcross strategy based on a cost-effective KASP assay and SNP array for the detection of mutations in fad2 and genetic background evaluation can be used to create efficient peanut breeding programs and contribute to oil quality and high-yield stability.

农作物种业是国家基础性、战略性基础产业,种业发展直接关系着农业发展和农民增收及乡村振兴.对青岛农作物种业创新发展的现状进行了分析,总结青岛农作物种业近几年取得的成就,提出了加强市场监管、推进体系建设、强化科技创新、强化种业企业主体地位是实现种业创新发展的路径.

在花生优质食用坚果类作物定位上升、高油酸花生油的健康特性不断被挖掘的新花生生产形势下,对近年青岛高油酸花生新品种推广实践,高油酸花生绿色、高质、高效定位推进的瓶颈问题及有益探索加以思考总结,并对今后高油酸花生产业绿色、高质、高效定位发展提出对策建议.

为研究花生油酸含量与AhFAD2基因型的关系,选用低(小于50％)、中(50％～70％)、高油酸(大于75％)含量的16个品种(系)进行分析.通过竞争性等位基因PCR(kompetitive allele spe-cific PCR,KASP)和直接测序法对AhFAD2进行分型,结果表明低油酸品种(系)的基因型均为AABB,中油酸品种(系)的基因型为aaBB,高油酸品种(系)的基因型为aabb.7个高油酸品种(系)的AhFAD2B突变为F435突变,即442位A碱基插入,而06B16的AhFAD2B突变为665位205 bp MITE转座子的插入.对16个花生品种(系)控制油酸基因型的鉴定,尤其是高油酸种质06 B16基因型的确定将为高油酸花生分子育种提供理论参考.

根据青岛市2021年春季种子市场供需情况,分析了青岛市春季主要农作物种子(玉米、花生、马铃薯、蔬菜等)的供求余缺,并进行调度,提出加强种子市场监管的建议.

通过调研摸清青岛市花生生产的基本情况和青岛地区发展花生产业的区位和育种优势,从科学分析花生生产存在的主要问题入手,探索青岛市花生产业发展的对策与建议,对支持花生新品种、新技术、新装备、新模式研发推广应用,推动花生绿色高质高效生产集成技术推广应用,稳定花生种植面积,提高单产,推动花生规模化种植、产业化发展,提高油料产能,保证农产品供给等有重要作用.

Yuhua91 is a new peanut variety with high oleic acid content bred by Qingdao Agricultural University. The crossing was conducted with Luhua11 as female parent and with Kainong1715, an F435-type variety with high oleic acid content as male parent. The real F1 hybrids were screened by sequencing on PCR amplification products, and those homozygotes with bb genotype in F2 populations were screened by the same sequencing method as above. The content of oleic and linoleic acid was measured on the kernels harvested from F2 single plants by near infrared ray method, and those kernels whose content of oleic was above 80%, oleic and linoleic acid ratio was above 10.0 were obtained and planted into a row, with pedigree method for subsequent selection breeding. Yuhua91 has some characters of small pod, light and obvious pod texture, 148.06 g per 100 pods, 63.31 g per 100 kernels, 75.15% shelling percentage, long elliptic seed kernel, pink seed coat, without crack, white endotesta. Its content of protein, oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid was 26.57%, 52.72%, 80.40%, 2.50% and 5.57% respectively. Yuhua91 has other characters of strong seedlings, compact pod areas, and moderate resistance to leaf spot disease and bacterial wilt. Average pod yield is 215.79 kg per Mu, 15.27% higher than the control variety Huayu20. Average seed kernels yield is 157.33 kg per Mu, 21.64% higher than the control variety Huayu20. Yuhua 91 has been registered on department of agriculture in 2018, and the registration No. is GPD peanut (2018) 370210, fit for growing in Shandong Province.

本研究以花生品种‘花育20号'作为诱变材料,以平阳霉素作为诱变剂添加于体胚诱导培养基中进行离体诱变,将存活并已形成体胚的外植体转移到添加羟脯氨酸的体胚萌发培养基中定向筛选高油突变体.再生植株经嫁接移栽田间,从突变体后代中获得了一批高含油率突变品系,并育成了‘宇花9号'(含油率61.05％)等高产高油新品种.以突变品系及其亲本作为试验材料,测定突变体品系籽仁含油率与干旱胁迫后花生叶片水势,并研究了二者的相关性.结果 表明,经干旱胁迫处理的叶片水势与籽仁含油率呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.9121.本研究结果可为花生高油育种过程中含油率的鉴定提供简易的鉴定方法,并开辟了新的花生高油育种方法.

通过对青岛地区种业发展现状开展广泛调研,阐述了青岛在现代种业建设中所采取的基本策略,分析了在政策支持与科技支撑领域存在的问题,提出了解决问题、推动种业现代化发展的主要对策.

花生是青岛市主要油料作物和经济作物,同时也是重要的出口创汇农产品,但若贮藏不当,会影响花生生产的发展和花生种子经营企业的经济效益.根据花生种子的贮藏特性,分析了影响花生种子安全贮藏的因素,在此基础上,结合多年花生种子贮藏实践,研究制定出花生种子安全贮藏规范技术.

将不同败育程度的雄性不育系及正常可育材料20余份，采用花药形态学观察、碘-碘化钾染色进行花粉细胞学鉴定、套袋自交测试结实率3种方法相结合进行育性鉴定，通过方法之间的相互印证，确定几种方法对大葱雄性不育鉴定的有效性。同时，对12个不育系的光温敏感性进行了鉴定，所筛选出的3个不育系，育性不受光温影响，基本能够稳定遗传，具有进一步利用价值。

通过对大面积应用的花生近似近缘品种花育16号与9616系统的调研、鉴定,结果表明继续提优有效提高了品种的纯度、抗逆性、丰产性,品种内选择的过程是品种基因型不断纯化一致的过程,也是基因型潜在变迁的过程,这在DNA分子水平得到了验证。虽然这种一致与变迁是有限的,很难实现显著的、突出的种质创新,但对保持甚至提高品种的丰产性、抗逆性及延长品种使用寿命是非常有意义的,这种情况在一些优良品种累年大面积应用过程中普遍存在。在实施知识产权保护与推广模式转型的现实条件下,为了保护育种者首创权益(知识产权)、鼓励品种经营者对品种进行提优改良,提出了近似近缘品种推广应用管理对策。

对大面积应用的花生近似品种花育16号与9616开展了系统的调研、形态学鉴定、DNA分子鉴定研究,鉴定结果表明品种继续提优是有效的。提优的过程是品种基因型不断纯化一致的过程,也是基因潜在变迁的过程,但是这种一致与变迁均是有限的,很难实现显著的、突出的种质创新。同时针对近似品种应用现状,提出了品种管理对策。

简要介绍了青岛市开展农作物新品种区域安全性评价的具体做法和主要成效,并就如何进一步发挥农作物新品种区域安全性评价的作用提出了几点见解和建议。

Under the field condition,the growth dynamics and physiological characteristics of spring peanut were studied at the yield level of 9 ton per hectare.The results showed that the vegetative growth of peanut mainly concentrated in the earlier growing stages.The leaf age,number of branches,stem height and lateral branch length reached the peak during 50~60 days after emergence and basically stopped increasing during 90 ~ 100 days.The leaf area index reached the peak on the 90th day after emergence with the peak value of 5.8.The days with the leaf area index greater than or equal to 3 were about 65.The chlorophyll content and dry matter accumulation also reached the peak on the 90th and 100th day respectively after emergence.The variation of SOD,POD and CAT activities and soluble protein content in leaves were basically uniform showing a single peak during the growth period,while the content of MDA increased gradually.

Under the condition of dryland or leanness soil,effects of foliar-spraying of boron fertilizer and molybdenum fertilizer on growth and development and yield of peanut sown in spring and in summer were studied.The results showed that main agronomic characteristics of peanut sown in spring and in summer under fertilizer treatment were better than CK,and there were significant differences among different fertilizer treatments.Furthermore,a combined application of boron and molybdenum fertilizer had more significant effect in improving the nutritional characteristics than single application of any kind of fertilizer.Single application of molybdenum fertilizer was helpful to increase the pod number.Single application of boron fertilizer could increase the pod number.Combined application of boron and molybdenum fertilizer or single application of boron fertilizer had favorable effect on improving double-kernel plump pod rate of peanut sown in summer,and single application of molybdenum fertilizer had no significant effect in yield characteristics.Compared with CK,the yield of peanut sown in spring and in summer was remarkably increased by 12.0% after combined application of boron and molybdenum fertilizer,and single application of boron fertilizer could increase the yield by 7.0%.Compared with CK,single application of molybdenum fertilizer could increase the yield of peanut sown in spring by 5.6%,whereas it had no visible effect on yield of peanut sown in summer.Therefore,combined application of boron and molybdenum fertilizer should be noted in peanut production.

花育28号是山东省花生研究所新选育的高产油用小花生新品种,其主要特点是早熟、产量高和含油量高.通过试验示范,总结出一套花育28号高产栽培技术,包括种子处理、配方施肥、田间管理技术等.