In order to effectively delay the deterioration of frying oil quality, peanut oil quality was investigated during frying process after using rosemary fat-soluble compound antioxidant. Rosemary fat-soluble extract（carnosic acid, carnosol and ursolic acid）, vitamin C, L-ascorbyl palmitate were used for ternary blends, and then compared with synthetic antioxidants TBHQ. The investigated indexes included acid value, peroxide value, malondialdehyde value, sconjugated diene value, conjugated triene, light transmittance, color value, sensory evaluation. Results showed that under 160℃ for 24 h of intermittent fried, ternary blends inhibited acid value and malondialdehyde value, only 50.8% and 55.8% of the blank respectively. Moreover, compared with blank, value of conjugated diene and conjugated triene decreased by 0.263 and 0.992 respectively, which effectively led to the degradation of conjugated diene and conjugated triene compounds during high temperature frying. No significant change in color value was found. Compared with chemical synthesis antioxidant TBHQ, ternary blends（rosemary fat-soluble extract + vitamin C + L-ascorbyl palmitate） showed better advantages in improving the frying stability of peanut oil, and could effectively delay the oil deterioration and prolong its edible life.
The discovery and utilization of major QTLs for root development in rapeseed is of great significance to clarify the mechanism of root development and provide guidance for high-yield breeding in rapeseed from the perspective of root morphogenesis.In the previous study,a major QTL locus RT.C08 controlling root development was obtained by QTL scanning in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population （ZS11×4D122）,which could explain up to 14.1%of the total root volume phenotypic variation.On this basis,7 residual heterozygous lines （RHLs） covering the whole located interval were selected by SNP genotyping,and F 2 and F 3 segregation populations of these RHLs were constructed for further mapping.Ten kompetitive allele specific PCR （KASP） markers in the RT.C08interval were developed according to the SNP and InDel differences between two parents.Combined with phenotypic and genotypic analysis,it was found that in the separation lines of RHLs R53,R107 and R260,lines with genotype B （4D122 genotype） were superior to lines with genotype A （Zhongshuang 11 genotype） in shoot fresh weight（SFW）,root fresh weight （RFW）,total root length （TRL）,total root surface area （TSA） and total root volume（TRV）.Consistent with the previous result,the synergistic allele of RT.C08 were derived from the parent 4D122.Other RHLs did not appear this difference.Using recombinant lines R53-F 3 -5 and R107-F 3 -8,the RT.C08 locus was further located between KASP markers NC8-6 and C8-24663,this locus was co-segregated with three markers,namely NC8-7,C8-1 and C8-24013.According to the B.napus Darmor genome,the physical interval was about 2.24 Mb.Based on the resequencing data and gene expression profile analysis,66 candidate genes were screened in this interval,and 12 genes such as BnaC08g21500D （CYCLIN D3） have been reported to regulate root,leaf and/or hypocotyl growth.This study laid a foundation for molecular marker assisted selection breeding and cloning of important genes for excellent root system in rapeseed.
Molecular breeding depends mostly on rapeseed genetic transformation for this crop. To optimize the process of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system（hypocotyl as explant） based on hygromycin selection, we used cultivar Zhongshuang 6 as material by changing the state of the selection medium and adding liquid medium for selection. After 21 days of culturing in traditional solid selection medium, callus was re-selected for 3 days in the liquid selection medium. Compared with traditional methods, the regeneration seedlings formed about one week earlier with ～6.94% increment of formation rate. In addition, the positive rate of transgenic plants increased by about 15% and the total transgenic efficiency increased by about 6%. In conclusion, the optimized method reported here will provide effective technical support for gene function analysis and transgenic breeding in rapeseed.
Transgenic maize Ruifeng 125 is one of the first series of transgenic maize varieties requesting safety certificate in China. To improve the supervise efficiency by rapid detection for Ruifeng 125, recombinase polymerase amplification（RPA） technology was developed. RPA primes were designed according to the junction border between insertion DNA and the host genome. Meanwhile, the screening procedure, reaction temperature, time and primer concentration were also optimized. Results showed that developed RPA method had a wide range of temperature from 30℃ to 45℃, and could be implemented within 20 min, showing less time cost than PCR. The best primer concentration of 0.35 μmol/L was adopted for obtaining satisfactory assay performance and better amplification efficiency. The results demonstrated that the PRA method was capable for rapid amplification of Ruifeng 125 with high specificity and sensitivity. The detection limit of this method was 36 copies. This work provides a promising platform for the detection of Ruifeng 125 or other commercial transgenic crops, and expects to develop of point-of-care identification.
To better understand natural flavor in sesame oil, content of vanillin, ethyl vanillin and methyl vanillin in 42 commercial sesame oil and blend oil products were investigated, thus to provide reference for quality monitoring of edible oil. Results showed that vanillin was detected in 22 samples（52.4%） with a content ranging from 103 to 839 μg/kg. At the same time, the detection rates of vanillin in sesame oil and blended oil were both 100%,while ethyl vanillin and methyl vanillin were not detected in any sample. To exploring the source of vanillin in sesame oil, the content of 3 vanillin compounds in 12 freshly squeezed sesame oils were detected. The results showed that vanillin was detected in all samples with a content ranging from 210 to 640 μg/kg, while methyl vanillin and ethyl vanillin were not detected. In summary, it could be concluded that the background of vanillin found in sesame oil was natural.
Seed size is important to peanut yield. In order to study the genetic basis of seed size, trait investigation and QTL mapping of seed length and seed width in 5 environments and hundred-seed weight in 6 environments were performed using a recombinant inbred lines（RIL） population derived from Zhonghua 5 ×ICGV 86699. The results showed that seed size-related traits showed continuous variation and normal distribution in RIL population, and there was a very significant positive correlation among traits. A total of 7, 10 and 15QTLs related to seed length, seed width and hundred-seed weight were identified in multi-environments, respectively. There were 9 QTLs with the explained phenotypic variance（PVE） more than 10%, and the QTL qSWA05.1 for seed width had the largest PVE（33.22%）. The stable major QTL qSLB06.1 and qSLB06.2 for seed length were repeatedly detected in 4 environments, explaining the phenotypic variation of 9.02%-21.53%and 12.54%-26.55% respectively. The stable major QTL qHSWB06.1 and HSWB06.2 for hundred-seed weight were repeatedly detected in 3 and 6 environments, explaining the phenotypic variation of 5.89%-14.75% and 6.09%-17.89% respectively. There were 3, 2 and 1 colocation intervals for seed size-related traits on chromosomes B04, B06 and B10, respectively. This study laid a theoretical foundation for fine mapping and genetic improvement of yield traits in peanut.
为明确紫苏种质资源性状特点与遗传多样性,对保存的528份紫苏种质资源11个基本农艺性状进行了遗传变异、相关性、主成分和聚类分析.结果表明,528份紫苏种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,果穗数和单株产量的变异系数最大(分别为54.27%和53.44%),种子含油率变异系数最小(11.62%),单株产量遗传多样性指数最高(2.05),平均遗传多样性指数为1.89.相关性分析结果显示,单株产量与千粒重、分枝数、果穗数、种子含油率、主穗长及粒色6个性状均呈极显著正相关.主成分分析结果显示,株型、产量、籽粒数和粒色4个主成分代表了71.89%的性状信息.通过聚类分析将这些紫苏种质划分为5个类群,各类群间农艺性状差异明显,其中类群I具有单株产量高、种子含油率高的特点,具有较高的育种利用潜力.本研究明确了528份紫苏种质资源的遗传多样性特征和各性状间的关联性,筛选出一批性状特异的种质,可为紫苏遗传育种中亲本选配及优良种质资源的挖掘提供依据.
Very-long-chain fatty acids（VLCFAs） are important molecules that play crucial physiological and structural roles in plants, and have great application potential in food, industry and medicine. In the present study,74 Arachis wild species were tested for VLCFAs content in 2017-2018. The total content of VLCFAs in the Arachis species was 5.84%-14.21%, with an average of 7.21%, significantly higher than that of cultivated peanut（6.61%）.Three accessions with high VLCFAs content of 14.21%, 11.03% and 11.27% were identified. The content of behenic acid is the highest（2.98%±0.27%） in VLCFAs, followed by arachidic acid（1.56%±0.79%）. Further analysis indicated that the total content of VLCFAs of ICGV86699 derived from wild specie was significantly higher than that of cultivated peanut of different botanical type. The result shows that Arachis wild species can be effectively applied to genetic improvement of VLCFAs in cultivated peanut.
In order to enhance the tolerance of rapeseed respond to low nitrogen（N） stress, this study investigated the effects of melatonin（MT） on N absorption and transport of rapeseed at the seedling stage under N deficiency conditions. The effects of exogenous application of MT on biomass, N uptake and accumulation, as well as the expressions of genes（BnNRT2s and BnAMTs） involved in N absorption and transport were analyzed by pot experiments. Results showed that, exogenous spraying of MT under N deficiency conditions significantly improved the shoots and roots biomass of rapeseed, especially when MT was sprayed at a concentration of 100 μmol/L. And exogenous spraying of MT also significantly increased N accumulation of shoots and roots of rapeseed seedlings. Further analysis found that, expression levels of BnNRT2.1s gene members（except BnNRT2.1a）, BnNRT2.2a, and BnNRT2.4b were up-regulated and reached the highest in roots when MT concentration was 100 μmol/L. And BnNRT2.7s and BnNRT2.5s were up-regulated and reached the highest in leaves when MT concentration was 50 μmol/L（MT50）. Meanwhile, the expression of BnAMT1.1a, BnAMT1.3b, BnAMT1.3c, BnAMT2.2a and BnAMT2.2c genes were significantly up-regulated in junior leaves, senior leaves and roots after exogenous application of MT. The expression of BnAMT1.4a, BnAMT1.4b, BnAMT2.1b, the abundance of BnAMT2.2a and BnAMT2.2b genes were also significantly enhanced in junior and senior leaves. Additionally, except BnAMT1.3b and BnAMT1.3c, all the above genes were expressed at the highest level under MT50 treatment. In conclusion, exogenous spraying of MT might improve N absorption and transport limited N to shoot through enhancing the expression of several BnNRT2s and BnAMTs. Thus exogenous application of MT could promote N absorption and utilization in rapeseed, alleviate low N stress and improve its low N tolerance.
水稻油菜轮作制度是华中地区最具代表性的耕作制度,但水稻收获后的秸秆清理和还田效果会影响后续油菜的播种和收获.利用微生物降解秸秆是解决这一问题的有效途径之一.前期研究发现,粗糙脉孢菌接种至水稻秸秆,培养48 h时秸秆有明显降解现象,因此,本研究通过转录组测序技术研究分析比较接种在PDA培养基上和接种在水稻秸秆上培养48 h时粗糙脉孢菌的差异表达基因,以探讨其降解机理.结果表明,两者间共存在3329个显著差异表达基因,GO(gene ontology)功能注释分析发现,这些基因主要富集在生物过程类,表达差异较大的基因主要参于核苷酸代谢、蛋白质代谢及与内膜系统;KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)通路富集分析发现,这些差异表达基因的功能主要涉及半乳糖代谢、果糖和甘露糖代谢、氧化磷酸化、次生代谢产物的生物合成和核糖体,在这些代谢途径中筛选到的与降解秸秆相关的酶系多数为上调表达.在这些代谢途径中,推测粗糙脉孢菌主要通过半乳糖代谢、果糖和甘露糖代谢来降解水稻秸秆.以上研究可为更高效地利用粗糙脉孢菌降解秸秆提供新的理论依据和一定的技术支持.
8029AB is a newly bred dominant genic male sterility （DGMS） two-type line in Brassica napus,whose fertility is controlled by one gene with three different alleles （BnMS5 a /BnMS5 c /BnMS5 e ）.It can be used in a three-line approach for the seed production of rapeseed hybrids.In order to promote its application,functional markers should be developed to accurately identify multiple alleles （BnMS5 a /BnMS5 c /BnMS5 e ）.In our study,15pairs of SNP markers were designed according to the sequence of BnMS5 a ,BnMS5 c and BnMS5 e .Three of them were successfully identified and validated.The SNP marker SNPMS5 a -5 was tightly linked to BnMS5 a ,which could amplify a 200 bp band in fertile individuals with BnMS5 a .SNPMS5 c -3 could be used as the molecular marker of BnMS5 c through amplifying a 140 bp band.SNPMS5 e -1 which was tightly linked to BnMS5 e could amplify one band of 150 bp in plants with BnMS5 e .These SNP markers could predict the presence of BnMS5 a /BnMS5 c /BnMS5 e effectively.Consequently,marker-assisted selection can be carried out in the early generation to shorten the breeding period and improve the breeding efficiency,so as to realize large-scale commercial production of DGMS three-line hybrid seed in rapeseed.
为提高我国食用花生的品质,研究栽培技术对日本鲜食花生Omasari的影响.设计该品种在山东省的最适播期、最佳种植密度及鲜食时收获时间,调查对主要农艺性状、产量和感官品质的影响.播期试验结果表明,在2022年4月25-5月25日西海岸新区播种的Omasari,其主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数、单株结果数和花生产量等主要性状均表现较好,处理间差异不显著,以5月10日播种的产量最高;2023年在西海岸新区和莱西市不同时期播种的Omasari的侧枝长、分枝数和单株结果数,各处理间差异不显著,以5月8日播种的产量最高.密度试验结果表明,随着种植密度的减少,该品种的侧枝长、分枝数、单株结果数出现增加的趋势;2022年在密度为74 074株/hm2时,其产量显著高于其它处理;2023年在密度为88 889株/hm2时,产量最高.根据不同收获时期Omasari的甜味、细腻度、硬度和总体喜欢度试验结果,Omasari播种后110～120 d收获,表现最佳.
土壤渍涝与缺钙是南方花生生产上主要的非生物胁迫.为明确不同钙耐性花生品种在生产上对耕种模式及施钙的互作关系,采用钙肥、耕作模式、品种三因素设计大田裂区试验,钙肥为主区,分别为0 kg/hm2、750 kg/hm2;耕作模式为裂区,分别为垄作、平作;品种为裂裂区,分别为湘花2008(钙敏感)和湘花55(耐低钙),通过测定光合参数、荧光参数、产量及其构成因素,研究不同处理对花生生长阶段光合性能和荚果产量的影响.结果表明:在施钙条件下,垄作更能提高花生的光合特性;垄作时,施钙使敏感品种的光合参数(净光合速率、蒸腾速率、初始荧光、最大荧光、最大光化学效率、潜在光化学活性、可变荧光参数)值升高,但耐低钙品种施钙和不施钙差异不明显.钙敏感或耐低钙品种均以施钙垄作栽培条件下(Ca1H)的荚果产量最高,比传统的不施钙平作栽培(Ca0F)大幅增产(57.45%和11.40%),主要原因是施钙和起垄栽培能显著提高两品种尤其是钙敏感品种的光合效率和荧光性能,强壮个体素质,优化群体结构,实现了花生产量结构因子如单株果数、百仁重(百果重)的协同提高.因此,对于花生品种尤其钙敏感类型,施钙起垄组合是适合南方缺钙、多雨生态环境下花生高产高效的栽培模式.
为探明芝麻不同组织中矿物质元素含量的分布特征,本研究采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对芝麻不同组织中、不同种皮色芝麻籽粒中Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn等矿物质元素的含量进行测定及分析.结果显示不同芝麻组织中矿物质元素含量水平差异显著,Ca在不同组织中含量相差最高可高达4倍,在叶中平均含量最高,为2151.61 mg/100g,其次为20 d籽粒,平均含量为984.18 mg/100g;Mg在叶和20d发育籽粒中含量较高,平均含量分别为390.23 mg/100g和300.01 mg/100g;Fe在叶中含量相对较高,为19.98 mg/100g;Cu和Zn在芝麻组织中相对其他矿物质含量较低,均小于5.00 mg/100g,以叶片中的Cu的含量最高.不同种皮色的芝麻成熟籽粒中矿物质元素含量结果显示,芝麻籽粒中Ca和Mg含量最高,平均含量分别为1133.64 mg/100g和382.85 mg/100g.褐色芝麻具有最高的Ca、Mg和Cu的平均含量,分别为1342.68 mg/100g、445.95 mg/100g和2.38 mg/100g;黑色芝麻具有最高的Fe含量,为11.77 mg/100g;浅褐色芝麻具有最高的Zn含量,为7.70 mg/100g.在不同组织和成熟籽粒中,Ca和Mg的含量分别具有极显著和显著的正向相关性,Cu和Ca、Mg的含量在不同组织中呈极显著正相关,在成熟籽粒中,Zn和Fe含量呈极显著正相关.明确矿物质元素含量在芝麻不同组织中的分布特征将为芝麻综合开发利用提供理论参考和数据支撑.
花生是一种营养丰富的食、油兼用型高产经济作物,含有丰富的蛋白质、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖等营养物质,但目前对其味觉特征的评价仍缺乏数据支撑.采用TS-5000Z味觉分析系统收集33份鲜食花生材料(包含9个品种和24个高世代品系TC,后者来自吉花02-1-4和中花26的杂交组合)干燥籽仁的味觉相关指标数据,对5种基本味(酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜)和涩味进行主成分分析(PCA),确定了苦味、涩味、鲜味、咸味和甜味为有效的味觉指标.通过对有效味觉指标PCA分析,对第1主成分贡献较大的是咸味、鲜味和甜味,对第2主成分贡献较大的是咸味、鲜味和苦味.扶花1号等9个品种与TC品系具有明显的差异,对TC1～TC进行PCA聚类区分,鲜味、苦味、甜味等对第一主成分贡献较大,咸味对第二主成分贡献最大,其次是苦味等;对扶花1号等9个品种的花生进行PCA聚类分析,咸味对第一主成分贡献最大,其次是涩味等;甜味对第二主成分贡献最大,其次是涩味回味和苦味等.苦味方面,TC20～TC24的苦味最强,为6.5～7.0,其余品种苦味在6.5以下;涩味方面,TC5和TC6的涩味和涩味回味均偏低外,黑甜花和黑珍珠涩味回味最大,其它样本的涩味均为3.0～4.5;甜味方面,四粒红的甜味最大,黑珍珠的甜味最小,甜味值在21以上的品种有16个,TC品系的大部分样本的甜味值较高;鲜味和咸味方面,扶花1号等9个品种和TC17、18、19的鲜味较低,TC20～TC24的鲜味也相对偏低,其它TC品系的鲜味则较大;吉花403、吉花43和冀花甜1号、冀花甜2号4个品种接近,且鲜味和咸味均最低.通过利用电子舌技术对鲜食花生籽仁鉴别分析,可知鲜食花生的味觉指标以鲜味、甜味、咸味、苦味和涩味(回味)为主,在今后研究中可以无需借助统计分析和建模即可快速真实评价鲜食花生食味性,为培育高糖、高蛋白的花生新品种提供技术参考.
为提高食用型花生品质育种的选择效率,优化食用花生品质评价体系,对10个食用型花生品种的21项外观品质、营养品质和感官品质性状和17种氨基酸组分进行测定和评价分析.结果表明,外观品质变异系数籽仁长>百仁重>籽仁宽,营养品质变异系数蔗糖>油酸>生育酚>粗蛋白>粗脂肪;氨基酸分析表明,花生中氨基酸种类齐全,含硫氨基酸是第一限制氨基酸,改良潜力最大;通径分析和决策分析表明,氨基酸对粗蛋白含量的影响天冬氨酸>甘氨酸>组氨酸>脯氨酸>酪氨酸>苯丙氨酸;相关分析表明,品质性状间相关性较强,鲜食品质与蛋白含量显著相关,烤果品质和蔗糖、油酸含量显著相关;主成分分析中提取前6个主成分累积贡献率为91.69%.最终确定籽仁长、籽仁宽、油酸、脂肪、生育酚、鲜食细腻度、鲜食异味、烤果香味、烤果细腻度9个品质性状为食用型花生品质综合评价核心指标,筛选出品质优异资源3个,为食用型花生品质育种研究提供参考.
超长链脂肪酸(VLCFAs)在工业、医学和食品领域具有很好的应用价值,前期研究发现花生野生种超长链脂肪酸含量高于栽培种.本研究利用含有野生种血缘的花生品种ICGV86699和中花5号杂交构建的重组自交系群体,对超长链脂肪酸进行测定.结果表明,RIL群体中超长链脂肪酸总量变异广泛,变异范围为4.99%～10.33%.同时也发现了5份超长链脂肪酸总量高(≥8.50%)的家系,其中ZJ011家系高达9.82%.利用前期构建的遗传图谱,对单个超长链脂肪酸及总量进行QTL检测,能被重复检测到的QTL有20个,贡献率为3.72%～15.66%,主要集中在A04、B04和B06染色体上.本结果为油脂品质改良奠定了分子和材料基础.
大豆土传病害是造成其质量和产量严重损失的主要原因之一.目前,生产上大豆病害的防治主要依赖杀菌剂等化学药剂的使用,这带来了水土污染、食品安全风险、杀菌剂抗药性等问题,因此寻找经济有效的绿色防治方法迫在眉睫.利用生防菌防治大豆病害的生物防治方法在安全性、有效性、持续性等方面优势突出,是近几年生物农药和生防菌剂研究的重点.本文针对大豆生产上的极难防治的四种土传病害(大豆根腐病、菌核病、炭腐病和胞囊线虫病),综述相应生防菌的生防潜力、生防机理和应用现状,并对应用中存在的问题和研发方向进行了展望,为大豆土传病害的综合防治提供参考,以期推动大豆产业的可持续发展.
彩色花生是集观赏、鲜食、营养、保健于一体的多色种皮特色食用型花生.云南省是我国食用型花生的代表性产区之一.近年来,在传统种植的红皮小粒花生品种的基础上,发掘出种皮颜色七彩、紫色、黑色为代表的食用花生优异种质,育成云花23号等高糖、低油等特色食用型花生新品种10个,这些优异的食用型花生品种具有品质和销售价格上的优势,通常年份一般产值约7.5万元/hm2、最高产值超过15万元/hm2,大幅提升了区域花生产值,大大助力了产区的乡村振兴.
