GOAL:Presentation of the first Russian computer program (www.carotidscore.ru) for risk stratification of postoperative complications of carotid endarterectomy (CEE).MATERIAL AND METHODS:The present study is based on the analysis of a multicenter Russian database that includes 25,812 patients after CEE operated on from 01/01/2010 to 04/01/2022. The following types of CEE were implemented: 6814 classical CEE with plastic reconstruction of the reconstruction zone with a patch; 18,998 eversion CEE.RESULTS:In the hospital postoperative period, 0.18% developed a lethal outcome, 0.14%-myocardial infarction, 0.35%-stroke. The combined endpoint was 0.68%. For each factor present in patients, a predictive coefficient was calculated. The prognostic coefficient was a numerical indicator reflecting the strength of the influence of each factor on the development of postoperative complications. Based on this formula, predictive coefficients were calculated for each factor present in patients in our study. The total contribution of these factors was reflected in "%" and denoted the risk of postoperative complications with a minimum value of 0% and a maximum of 100%. On the basis of the obtained calculations, a computer program CarotidSCORE was created. Its graphical interface is based on the QT framework (https://www.qt.io), which has established itself as one of the best solutions for desktop applications. It is possible not only to calculate the probability of developing a complication, but also to save all data about the patient in JSON format (for the patient's personal card and his anamnesis). The CarotidSCORE program contains 47 patient parameters, including clinical-demographic, anamnestic and angiographic characteristics. It allows you to choose one of the four types of CEE, which will provide an accurate stratification of the risk of complications for each of them in person.CONCLUSION:CarotidSCORE (www.carotidscore.ru) is able to determine the likelihood of postoperative complications in patients undergoing CEE.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze immediate and long-term results of conventional and eversion carotid endarterectomy (CEA) within a multicenter registry.MATERIAL AND METHODS:This retrospective, multi-center, comparative study included 375 patients who underwent CEA between February 1, 2018 and February 1, 2022. Depending on the type of operation, the sample was stratified into the eversion CEA (group 1, n=218) and conventional CEA with plasty of the reconstruction area with a diepoxy-treated xenopericardium patch (group 2, n=157). The long-term follow-up period was 26.5±18.3 months. Information about the condition of patients and the development of complications was obtained by telephone questioning and calling patients to the clinic for a follow-up examination.RESULTS:No myocardial infarction was diagnosed in the hospital postoperative period. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of acute cerebrovascular accident. The only cause of death after conventional CEA was hemorrhagic stroke. According to the section study, the cause of death was edema with dislocation of the brain stem. The remaining strokes in both groups (1 case each) were of the ischemic type. The probable cause was a distal embolism following the use of a temporary shunt. During conservative treatment, the neurological deficit completely regressed on days 21 and 26, respectively. In the late postoperative period, significant differences were obtained in the incidence of stroke (group 1: n=2; 0.91%; group 2: n=6; 3.8%; p=0.05; OR - 0.23; 95% CI=0.04-1.17) and restenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) more than 60% (group 1: n=0; group 2: n=11; 7.0%; p<0.0001; OR - 0.03, 95% CI=0.001-0.49).CONCLUSION:The eversion CEA technique demonstrated a lower risk of developing hemodynamically significant restenosis of the internal carotid artery in the long-term follow-up period. To obtain convincing evidence of the effectiveness of eversion or conventional CEA, additional randomized multicenter trials with the inclusion of results in clinical guidelines are required.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the provision of emergency surgical care to patients of a multispecialty hospital, repurposed for the treatment of patients with a new coronavirus infection and suspected of it. As a comparison period, a similar period of time outside of work in the conditions of CAVID-19 is taken. An increase in thrombosis and pneumothorax was reversed.

Analysis of the results of emergency carotid endarterectomy (CEE) against the background of internal carotid artery (ICA) thrombosis in the acute period of acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA) in patients with COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic (April 1, 2020-May 1, 2021), 43 patients with ICA thrombosis and a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for SARS-CoV-2 were included in this prospective study. In all cases, CEE was performed in the acutest period of ACVA. These patients were included in group 1. The comparison group was represented by 89 patients who underwent CEE in the acute period of stroke, in the period before the COVID-19 pandemic (April 1, 2019-March 1, 2020). According to laboratory parameters, patients with COVID-19 had severe coagulopathy (with an increase in D-dimer: 3832 ± 627.2 ng/mL, fibrinogen: 12.6 ± 3.1 g/L, prothrombin: 155.7 ± 10, 2%), inflammatory syndrome (increased ferritin: 646.2 ± 56.1 ng/mL, C-reactive protein: 161.3 ± 17.2 mg/L, interleukin-6: 183.3 ± 51.7 pg/mL, leukocytosis: 27.3 ± 1.7 10E9/L). In the hospital postoperative period, the groups were comparable in terms of the incidence of deaths (group 1: 2.3%, n = 1; group 2: 1.1%, n = 1; P= 0.81; OR=2.09; 95 % CI = 0.12-34.3) myocardial infarction (group 1: 2.3%, n = 1; group 2: 0%; P= 0.7; OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 0.25-158.5), CVA (group 1: 2.3%, n = 1; group 2: 2.2%, n = 2; P= 0.55; OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0,.09-11.7). ICA thrombosis and hemorrhagic transformations were not recorded. However, due to severe coagulopathy with ongoing anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy, patients with COVID-19 more often developed bleeding in the operation area (group 1: 11.6%, n = 5; group 2: 1.1%, n = 1; P= 0.02; OR = 11.5; 95% CI = 1.3-102.5). In all cases, the flow of hemorrhagic discharge came from the drainage localized in the subcutaneous fat. This made it possible to remove skin sutures in a dressing room, suturing the source of bleeding and applying secondary sutures under local anesthesia. Emergency CEE in the acute period of stroke is an effective and safe method of cerebral revascularization in case of ICA thrombosis in conditions of COVID-19.

Aim of study. Analysis of the dynamics of resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) and the spectrum of adverse cardiovascular events in patients after classical carotid endarterectomy (CEE) with preservation of carotid body (CB) and eversion CEE with CB transection. Material and methods. This cohort, comparative, retrospective, open-label study from January 2014 to December 2020 included 761 patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis of the internal carotid arteries (ICA) and RH lasting more than 3 years. Depending on the implemented revascularization strategy, 2 groups were formed: Group 1: 38.0% (n=289) — classical CEE with plasty of the reconstruction zone with a patch (made of diepoxy-treated xenopericardium or synthetic); Group 2: 62% (n=472) — eversion CEE with CB transection. To study the dynamics of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the preoperative period for 4 days, and in the postoperative period, blood pressure was measured for 10 days (during the period when the patient was in intensive care - according to daily monitoring of blood pressure; in the department - 10 times per day, daily). The average SBP figures for all patients were taken into account when constructing a graph of BP fluctuations. Results. In the postoperative period, the groups were comparable in the frequency of the following events: death (group 1: 0.34% (n=1), group 2: 0.63% (n=3); p=0.98; OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.05–5.21), myocardial infarction (group 1: 0.34% (n=1), group 2: 0.84% (n=4); p=0.71; OR 0, 40; 95% CI 0.04–3.65), ischemic stroke (group 1: 0.34% (n=1), group 2: 1.27% (n=6); p=0.36; OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.03–2.25), hemorrhagic transformation (group 1: 0%, group 2: 0.84% (n=4); p=0.29; OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.009–3.35). However, in terms of the number of all complications (death + myocardial infarction + ischemic stroke + hemorrhagic transformation) presented as a combined endpoint, patients after eversion CEE with CB transection were three times superior to classical surgery (group 1: 1.03% (n=3 ), group 2: 3.60% (n=17); p=0.05; OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.08–0.9). Conclusion. The choice of a revascularization strategy in patients with hemodynamically significant ICA stenosis should be personalized and based on the conclusion of a multidisciplinary consultation, and not only on the preferences of the operating surgeon. In patients with RH, it is more expedient to use classical CEE with plasty of the reconstruction zone with a patch in view of the preservation of the CB during this operation. The intersection of the latter with eversion CEE provokes labile hypertension, progression of RAH and a statistically significant increase in the number of all unfavorable cardiovascular events. Thus, the use of carotid body preserving CEE in patients with RAH confirms the therapeutic mechanism of this manipulation in achieving the target SBP level.

Aim. To analyze the immediate and long-term outcomes of eversion and conventional carotid endarterectomy (CE) with patch angioplasty.Material and methods. For the period from February 1, 2006 to September 1, 2021, the present retrospective multicenter open comparative study included 25106 patients who underwent CE. Depending on the technique of operation, the following groups were formed: group 1 (n=18362) — eversion CE; group 2 (n=6744) — conventional CE with patch angioplasty. The long-term follow-up period was 124,7±53,8 months.Results. In the hospital postoperative period, the groups were comparable in incidence of all complications: lethal outcome (group 1: 0,19%, n=36; group 2: 0,17%, n=12; p=0,89; odds ratio (OR) =1,1; 95% confidence interval (CI) =0,57- 2,11); myocardial infarction (MI) (group 1: 0,15%, n=28; group 2: 0,13%, n=9; p=0,87; OR=1,14; 95% CI=0,53-2,42); stroke (group 1: 0,33%, n=62; group 2: 0,4%, n=27; p=0,53; OR=0,84; 95% CI=0,53-1,32); bleeding with hematoma formation (group 1: 0,39%, n=73; group 2: 0,41%, n=28; p=0,93; OR=0,95; 95% CI=0,61-1,48); internal carotid artery (ICA) thrombosis (group 1: 0,05%, n=11; group 2: 0,07%, n=5, p=0,9; OR=0,8; 95% CI=0,28-2,32). In the long-term follow-up, the groups were comparable only in MI incidence: group 1: 0,56%, n=103; group 2: 0,66%, n=45; p=0,37; OR=0,84; 95% CI=0,59-1,19. All other complications were more frequent after conventional CE with patch angioplasty: all-cause death (group 1: 2,7%, n=492; group 2: 9,1%, n=616; p<0,0001; OR=0,27; 95% CI=0,24-0,3); lethal ischemic stroke (group 1: 1,0%, n=180; group 2: 5,5%, n=371; p<0,0001; OR=0,17; 95% CI=0,14-0,21); non-lethal ischemic stroke (group 1: 0,62%, n=114; group 2: 7,0%, n=472; p<0,0001; OR=0,08; 95% CI=0,06-0,1); ICA restenosis >60%, requiring re-revascularization (group 1: 1,6%, n=296; group 2: 12,6%, n=851; p<0,0001; OR=0,11; 95% CI=0,09-0,12). Thus, the composite endpoint (lethal ischemic stroke + non-lethal ischemic stroke + MI) after conventional CE with patch angioplasty was more than 6 times higher than this parameter of eversion CE: group 1: 2,2%, n=397; group 2: 13,2%, n=888; p<0,0001; OR=0,14; 95% CI=0,12-1,16.Conclusion. Conventional CE with patch angioplasty is not prefer for cerebral revascularization in the presence of hemodynamically significant ICA stenosis due to the high prevalence of deaths, stroke, and ICA restenosis in the long-term follow-up.

This literature review focuses on the problem of peripheral arterial thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Russian and international recommendations for the treatment of this cohort of patients were created in the period before the pandemic and do not take into account the new genesis of the development of the disease. In turn, this leads to the ineffectiveness of the existing methods of reperfusion, aimed primarily at removing the thrombus and administering anticoagulants/antiplatelet agents. The elimination of endotheliitis, as one of the key factors of arterial thrombosis, is not always possible, which is accompanied by the development of repeated thrombosis with further unfavorable events. The lack of prospective randomized trials, as well as information in the Interim Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of New Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, where infectious coronavirus hospitals operate, creates uncertainty in the choice of methods for treating arterial thrombosis when infected with SARS-CoV -2. This trend is associated with a high rate of amputations and deaths in patients with COVID-19. To date, there is no method of revascularization in the presence of arterial thrombosis that demonstrates optimal results for patients with new coronavirus infection.

AIM OF STUDY Study of hospital results of emergency carotid endarterectomy (CEE) and carotid angioplasty with stenting (CAS) in the acute period of acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA).MATERIAL AND METHODS From January 2008 to August 2020, the study included 615 patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis of the internal carotid arteries (ICA), operated on in the acute period of ischemic stroke (within 3 days from the onset of stroke). Depending on the type of revascularization implemented, all patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 — CAS (n=312); 2nd group — CEE (n=357). Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1. Mild neurological disorders: NIHSS score 3–8; Modified Rankin Scale score 2 of less; Barthel Scale > 61; 2. Indications for CEE / CAS according to the current national recommendations; 3. Ischemic focus in the brain not more than 2.5 cm in diameter. Exclusion criteria: 1. Presence of con-traindications to CEE / CAS. Carotid angioplasty with stenting was performed according to the standard technique; in all cases, distal embolism protection systems were used. Carot-id endarterectomy was performed according to the classical and eversion techniques. When the retrograde pressure in the ICA was less than 60% of the systemic pressure, a temporary shunt (TS) was installed. In the postoperative period, all patients underwent multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) of the brain. In the absence of negative dynam-ics in the neurological status, MSCT was performed on the 7th day after the operation, if available, it was performed urgently. The checkpoints were the development of such unfa-vorable cardiovascular events as death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke / transient is-chemic attack (TIA), “mute” stroke, “mute” hemorrhagic transformations, combinedend-point (death + all strokes / TIA + MI). Strokes were mute if diagnosed according to MSCT, without symptoms.RESULTS In 69% of diabetic patients with anterior myocardial infarction and in 63% of patients with posterolateral MI 12 months after PCI, signs of LV inferiority were revealed in the form of an increase in the indices of end-diastolic and systolic volumes of the LV and low ejection fraction (≤45%). In patients without diabetes, these figures were 18% and 31%, respectively. High concentrations of NT-proBNP on the first day of myocardial infarction after PCI were of the greatest value in the diagnosis and prognosis of LV UR after 12 months.RESULTS When analyzing hospital complications, significant differences in the frequency of lethal outcome were not obtained (group 1: n=6 (1.92%); group 2: n=8 (2.24%); p=0.98; OR=0.85; 95% CI 0.29–2.49); MI (group 1: n=5 (1.6%); group 2: n=5 (1.4%); p=0.91; OR=1.14; 95% CI 0.32–3.99 ); ACVA (ischemic type) / TIA (group 1: n=5 (1.6%); group 2: n=6 (1.7%); p=0.82; OR=0.95; 95% CI 0.28–3.15), as well as “mute” ACVA (group 1: n=7 (2.2%); group 2: n=15 (4.2%); p=0.23; OR=0.52; 95% CI 0.21–1.3). However, the vast majority of hemorrhagic transformations (group 1: n=2 (0.64%); group 2: n=13 (3.6%); p=0.018; OR=0.17; 95% CI 0.03–0.76) and all “mute” hemorrhagic transformations (group 1: n=0; group 2: n=26 (7.3%); p=0.001; OR=0.02; 95% CI 0.001–0.33) were observed only in the CEE group, which was reflected in the maximum values of the combined end point: group 1: n=22 (7.05%); group 2: n=73 (20.4%); p<0.0001; OR=0.29; 95% CI 0.17–0.48). Thus, in the CEE group, every 5th patient had a complication.CONCLUSION Carotid angioplasty with stenting is the safest method of revascularization for patients in the acute period of ACVA. This is largely due to the reduction in the risk of reperfusion syndrome and the prevention of embolism due to the use of modern protection systems. Carotid endarterectomy can be performed with comparable efficiency only when a tempo-rary shunt is placed in the internal carotid arteries in the absence of unstable atheroscle-rotic plaque.

Цель. Анализ непосредственных и отдаленных результатов гломус-сберегающей аутотрансплантации внутренней сонной артерии (ВСА) по А.Н. Казанцеву.

Aim. To analyze the results of multicenter study on dynamics of resistant hypertension (RH) in patients after various types of carotid endarterectomy (CE) with and without carotid body savingMaterial and methods. During the period from January 2010 to December 2020, 1827 patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and RH were operated on. Depending on CE type, the two groups were selected. Group 1 (n=1135; 62,2%) consisted of patients received glomus-saving surgery: 19,2% (n=351) -conventional CE with a patch repair of reconstitution point; 13,6% (n=248) — glomus-saving CE sensu R. A. Vinogradov; 7,3% (n=133) — glomus-saving CE sensu K. A. Antsupov; 11,7% (n=214) — glomus-saving CE sensu A. N. Kazantsev; 4,6% (n=84) — Chick-Chirik CE; 5,7% (n=105) — swallow tail type patch repair sensu R. I. Izhbuldin. Group 2 (n=692; 37,8%) consisted of patients received CE without glomus saving: 18,6% (n=341) — eversion CE with carotid body cutoff; 6,3% (n=115) — CE with new bifurcation plasty; 5,85% (n=107) — autoarterial reconstruction; 7,1% (n=129) ICA autotransplantation sensu E. V. Rosseikin.Results. The mortality rate, as well as the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic strokes were comparable in groups. The incidence of hemorrhagic transformation (group 1: 0%; group 2: 0,6%; p=0,04; OR=0,06; 95% CI, 0,003-1,25) and composite endpoint (death+MI+ischemic stroke+hemorrhagic transformation) (group 1: 1,06%; group 2: 3,0%; p=0,004; odds ratio (OR)=0,34; 95% CI, 0,16-0,69) significantly differs between groups. After glomus-saving CE, the number of patients with the target blood pressure (BP) level reached 51,1% (p <0,0001; OR=0,0009; 95% CI, 6,05-15,9). The number of patients with grade II (31,1%; p<0,0001; OR=12,7; 95% CI, 10,4-15,52) and III (3,6%; p<0,0001; OR=10,26; 95% CI, 6,71-15,67) hypertension significantly decreased. In the group 2, the prevalence grade III hypertension increased (48,0%; p<0,0001; OR=0,23; 95% CI, 0,18-0,3), while the number of patients with grade I (0%; p<0,0001; OR=77,0; 95% CI, 4,71-12,58) and II (52%; p<0,0001; OR=3,06; 95% CI, 2,43-3,86) hypertension decreased.Conclusion. Glomus-saving CE contributes to achieving target BP in patients with RH. Its removal increases the risks of labile hypertension, postoperative hypertensive crisis, hyperperfusion syndrome and hemorrhagic transformation.

Aim. To analyze the outcomes of popliteal thrombectomy using the standard release technique with vascular instruments and rapid release sensu A. N. Kazantsev in patients with acute popliteal artery thrombosis (PAT) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Material and methods. The present prospective single-center study for the period from April 1, 2020 to March 17, 2021 included 157 patients with acute PAT and COVID-19 at the Alexandrovskaya City Hospital. All patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the popliteal artery access: group 1 (n=88; 56%) — rapid release sensu A. N. Kazantsev; group 2 (n=69; 44%) — standard popliteal artery release using vascular instruments (vascular forceps and scissors) and tourniquets. Rapid popliteal artery release was distinguished by the fact that fasciotomy and hemostasis, the fatty tissue behind it and up to the artery was torn with two index fingers. First, the fingers were joined together at the lateral edges and inserted into the wound middle. Then the wound together with tissues was stretched with fingers to proximal and distal edges until the popliteal artery was visualized. Further, a Beckmann retractor was used to fix the torn fiber to the upper and lower wound walls. The tourniquets were not used.Results. Surgical access duration (group 1, 4,5±1,3 minutes; group 2, 11,41±0,9 minutes; p=0,005), as well as the total procedure duration (group 1, 47,5±2,8 minutes; group 2, 62,15±4,5 min; p=0,001) had the lowest values in the group of rapid popliteal artery release. Moreover, all intraoperative bleedings (n=11; 15,9%) was recorded in group 2 as a result of popliteal vein injuries and/or bleeding from popliteal artery. The retrombosis rate in the rapid release group was lower (group 1, 40,9%; group 2, 55,1%; p=0,03). On the first day after surgery, 18% of thrombosis developed in group 1, and 39% in group 2. The mortality rate was highest in the standard artery release group (group 1, 55,7%; group 2, 86,9%; p<0,0001; OR, 0,18; 95% CI, 0,08-0,42). In all cases, the cause of death was systemic multiple organ failure due to severe pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and cytokine storm.Conclusion. The use of rapid popliteal artery release sensu A. N. Kazantsev significantly reduces the thrombectomy duration in the context of COVID-19. This effect is achieved due to a decrease in the incidence of intraoperative bleeding, no need to use tourniquets and vascular instruments. A decrease in the ischemia duration using novel release technique reduces the retrombosis rate, as well as deaths caused by systemic multiple organ failure against the background of hyperperfusion and compartment syndrome. Reducing the operation duration with the use of rapid popliteal artery release sensu A. N. Kazantsev reduces the time of intraoperative mechanical ventilation, which in COVID-19 patients reduces the risks of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, emphysema, and pulmonary embolism. Thus, the rapid popliteal artery release sensu A. N. Kazantsev can be recommended for popliteal thrombectomy in patients with COVID-19.

Aim of study. Analysis of the results of a new method of emergency glomus-sparing carotid endarterectomy (CEE) according to A.N. Kazantsev in the acute period of ischemic stroke.Material and methods. This cohort comparative prospective open-label study from January 2017 to April 2020 included 517 patients operated on for occlusive stenotic lesions of the internal carotid arteries (ICA) in the acute period of ischemic stroke (within 24 hours after the development of ischemic stroke). Depending on the implemented revascularization strategy, all patients were divided into three groups: group 1 — 214 patients (41.4%) — glomus-sparing CEE according to A.N. Kazantsev; 2nd group — 145 (28%) — classical CEE with plasty of the reconstruction zone with a patch; 3rd group — 158 (30.6%) — eversion CEE. The observation period was 35.2±9.6 months. Glomus-saving СE according to A.N. Kazantsev was carried out as follows. Arteriotomy with transition to the common carotid artery (CCA) was performed along the inner edge of the external carotid artery (ECA) adjacent to the carotid sinus, 2–3 cm above the ostium, depending on the spread of atherosclerotic plaque, the ICA was cut off at the site formed by the sections of the wall of the ECA and CCA. Then endarterectomy from the ICA was performed using the eversion technique. The next step was open endarterectomy from ECA and CCA. Then the ICA was implanted in the same position on the saved site.Results. In the hospital follow-up period, there were no significant intergroup differences in the number of complications. However, it should be noted that in the CEE group according to A.N. Kazantsev had no adverse cardiovascular events. In the long-term follow-up period, the smallest number of cardiovascular accidents was detected after CEE according to A.N. Kazantsev. However, intergroup differences were found only in the combined endpoint and the incidence of thrombosis, which were the highest in the 2nd and 3rd groups (p = 0.01). When analyzing the survival curves, it was revealed that the greatest number of cardiovascular accidents in the group of classical and eversion CEE occurred either during the hospital observation period or during the first months after surgery, and after CEE according to A.N. Kazantsev - in a year or more. When analyzing the graph of the dynamics of systolic blood pressure (BP), it was revealed that after glomus-sparing CEE according to A.N. Kazantsev, stable numbers are maintained while receiving preoperative antihypertensive therapy and do not rise above 140 mm Hg. In turn, after classical and eversion CEE, critical hypertension persists in the first three days, which is difficult to treat. In the future, blood pressure figures are unstable and fluctuate in the range from 140 to 160 mm Hg. All cases of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke were recorded against the background of critical numbers of systolic blood pressure, reaching 180-200 mm Hg.Conclusion. The presented glomus-sparing carotid endarterectomy according to A.N. Kazantsev meets the modern standards of carotid surgery, combined with the minimum permissible risks of developing adverse cardiovascular events, both in hospital and in the long-term follow-up. The confident effect of the developed revascularization is based on the precise removal of plaque from the common, external and internal carotid arteries, as well as maintaining the stability of hemodynamic parameters.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the dynamics of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the results of various types of carotid endarterectomy (CEE) in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (RAH).MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study included 1577 patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and RAH for more than 3 years. Patients were enrolled from January 2014 to December 2020. Depending on the implemented revascularization strategy, 5 groups were formed: group 1 (n=289 (18.3%)) with classical CEE with plasty of the reconstruction zone with a patch, group 2 (n=472 (29.9%)) with eversional CEE with cut-off of carotid glomus (CG); group 3 (n=109 (6.9%)) with the formation of a new bifurcation; group 4: (n=117 (7.4%)) with autoarterial reconstruction; group 5: (n=590 (37.4%)) with glomus-saving CEE.RESULTS:In the postoperative period, no significant differences were obtained in the frequency of deaths (0.34% for group 1; 0.63% for group 2; 0% for groups 3, 4 and 5), myocardial infarction (0.34%, 0.84%, 1.83, 0.85%, 0.33%, respectively); ischemic stroke (0.34%, 1.27%, 0.91%, 0.85%, 0.17%, respectively), hemorrhagic transformation (0%, 0.84%, 0.91%, 0.85%, 0%, respectively). However, according to the frequency of the combined endpoint (death + myocardial infarction + ischemic stroke + hemorrhagic transformation), the lowest rates were observed in the group of classical carotid endarterectomy with plasty of the reconstruction zone with a patch and glomus-sparing CEE (1.03%, 3.6%, 3.67%, 2.56%, 0.5%, respectively). This is due to the absence of cases of labile AH and hypertensive crises among patients of groups 1 and 5, which was ensured by the preservation of carotid glomus (CG). As a result, the number of patients with 2 and 3 degrees of hypertension in these groups decreased statistically significantly. The vast majority of patients after these operations achieved a stable target SBP. In groups 2, 3, and 4, there was a statistically significant increase in the number of patients with 2 and 3 degrees of AH, which is associated with excision of the CG.CONCLUSION:Classical CEE and glomus-sparing CEE techniques make it possible to achieve a stable target SBP level in patients with RAH as a result of CG preservation. Removal or traumatization of the latter during eversional CEE, the formation of a new bifurcation, autoarterial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of labile hypertension, an increase in the degree of hypertension and a high risk of hemorrhagic transformation in the brain. Thus, the most effective and safe types of CEE in the presence of RAH are classical CEE with plasty of the reconstruction zone with a patch and glomus-sparing CEE.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze in-hospital and long-term results of eversion carotid endarterectomy (CEE) with transposition of internal carotid artery (ICA) over hypoglossal nerve.MATERIAL AND METHODS:A cohort prospective open-label study included 919 patients with severe ICA stenosis for the period from January 2017 to April 2020. The 1st group (n=172) included patients who underwent eversion CEE with ICA transposition over hypoglossal nerve; the 2nd group (n=747) - who underwent conventional eversion CEE. ICA transposition technique included standard mobilization of the carotid arteries, cross-clamping, arterial wall incision, removal of atherosclerotic plaque and ICA translocation above the hypoglossal nerve for subsequent anastomosis. All patients were examined every 6 months. Mean follow-up period was 17.5±6.9 months.RESULTS:There were no significant between-group differences in cardiovascular morbidity. However, all complications occurred in the 2nd group (traditional eversion CEE). Nevertheless, incidence of adverse events was minimal and combined endpoint did not exceed 0.6% (n=5). Both groups were also comparable by overall incidence of cardiovascular events in long-term period. All ICA restenoses (over 70%) were symptomatic with similar incidence (4 (2.3%) vs. 18 (2.4%), respectively, p=0.83; OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.32-2.88). Mean restenosis-free period was 7.2±2.6 months. In case of significant restenosis, redo CEE with patch repair was performed. There were no cardiovascular complications. All cases of hypoglossal nerve injury occurred in the 2nd group (0 vs. 18 (100%), respectively; p=0.0001; OR 0.003; 95% CI=5.21-0.17) without ICA transposition over the hypoglossal nerve.CONCLUSION:Eversion CEE with ICA transposition over the hypoglossal nerve ensures optimal conditions for successful redo CEE in case of restenosis. This technique facilitates ICA mobilization without hypoglossal nerve injury. This aspect is valuable for successful postoperative outcome and adequate quality of life. ICA transposition is not difficult and does not require additional experience. Transposition per se is not a risk factor of ICA restenosis. Thus, ICA transposition may be routinely recommended in patients eligible for eversion CEE.

OBJECTIVE:Analysis of the results of emergency carotid endarterectomy (CEE) in internal carotid artery (ICA) thrombosis in the acute period of acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVI) in patients with COVID-19.MATERIAL AND METHODS:During the COVID-19 pandemic (April 1, 2020 - May 1, 2021), 43 patients with ICA thrombosis and a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for SARS-CoV-2 were included in this prospective study. In all cases, CEE was performed in the acutest period of ACVA. These patients were included in group 1. The comparison group was represented by 89 patients who underwent CEE in the acute period of stroke, in the period before the COVID-19 pandemic (April 1, 2019 - March 1.2020).RESULTS:In the hospital postoperative period, the groups were comparable in terms of the incidence of deaths (group 1: 2.3%, n=1; group 2: 1.1%, n=1; p=0.81; OR=2.09; 95% CI=0.12-34.3) myocardial infarction (group 1: 2.3%, n=1; group 2: 0%; p=0.7; OR=6.3; 95% CI=0.25-158.5), CVA (group 1: 2.3%, n=1; group 2: 2.2%, n=2; p=0.55; OR=1.03; 95% CI=0.09-11.,7). ICA thrombosis and hemorrhagic transformations were not recorded. However, in view of severe coagulopathy with ongoing anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy, patients with COVID-19 more often developed bleeding in the operation area (group 1: 11.6%, n=5; group 2: 1.1%, n=1; p=0.02; OR=11.5; 95% CI=1.3-102.5).CONCLUSION:Emergency CEE in the acute period of stroke is an effective and safe method of cerebral revascularization in case of ICA thrombosis in conditions of COVID-19.

Цель. Анализ частоты повторных тромбозов после тромбэктомии из артерий нижних конечностей при назначении различных схем антикоагулянтной и дезагрегантной терапии у пациентов с COVID-19.