Objective: This study aims to analyze the characteristics of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) and evaluate specific vestibular nerve pathway impairments in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) compared to typically developing (TD) children. Methods: Forty-five children with ADHD and 34 TD children were recruited. All participants underwent comprehensive acoustic (ACS) and galvanic (GVS) VEMP examinations. To account for within-subject correlation, statistical analyses were performed at the subject level. Results: Children with ADHD exhibited prolonged P13 and N23 latencies in both ACS-cVEMP and GVS-cVEMP compared to TD children. For oVEMP, the N1 latency of ACS-oVEMP was significantly shorter in the ADHD group, and the interval was prolonged. Additionally, the absolute amplitude of ACS-cVEMP was significantly and markedly higher in children with ADHD. Conclusions: Children with ADHD exhibit functional abnormalities in both the saccule inferior vestibular nerve pathway (reflected by cVEMP) and the utricle superior vestibular nerve pathway (reflected by oVEMP). These impairments are primarily characterized by altered neural conduction latencies and hyperactive amplitude responses, providing valuable electrophysiological insights into vestibular dysfunction in ADHD.

Selective recovery of specific elements from spent lithium-ion batteries is essential for the sustainable development of finite resources. An approach to selectively extract lithium from the spent mixed black powder and regenerate single-crystal cathodes was proposed in this work. Firstly, (NH4)(2)SO4 was utilized to convert some of the spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(S-NCM523) in the mixed black powders to sulfates with different thermodynamic stability. With the further increase in temperature, the transition metal sulfates continued reaction with residual NCM523 (r-NCM523) generated water-soluble phase Li2SO4 and water-insoluble slag phase Ni-Co-Mn-O/graphite. It was worth mentioning that the graphite in the black powder reduced the Gibbs free energy of the sulfate roasting reaction under air atmosphere, which helped to reduce energy consumption. Then, 95.73 % of the Li was recovered by water-leaching, which was further converted into battery-grade Li2CO3. The precursor Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)(2) was obtained by co-precipitation after acid leaching and filtration of the slag phase to remove residual graphite. Finally, the regeneration single-crystal NCM523 (RSC-NCM523) exhibited stable cycling performance compared with commercial single-crystal NCM523 (CSC-NCM523), which had an initial discharge specific capacity of 151.2 mAh g(-1) at 1C and the capacity retention rate of 92.20 % after 100 cycles.

Objective To analyze the clinical significance of subjective visual vertical(SVV)tests at different head deflection angles in assessing utricle function in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV).Methods A total of 61 BPPV patients who were treated at the Hearing Impairment and Vertigo Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Xinhua Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from August 2022 to May 2023 were retrospectively included,and 29 healthy adults were selected as controls.SVV tests were performed on all research subjects at different head deflection angles:upright head(0°),left head 45°(L45°),right head 45°(R45°).The test results between the two groups were compared.Results SVV absolute value at R45°in BPPV group was lower than that in the control group(P=0.003);there was no significant difference in SVV values at 0°and L45°between the two groups.There was no statistical difference in SVV values at different head deflection angles between the control group and the left BPPV group.SVV absolute value at R45°in right BPPV group was lower than that in the control group(P＜0.001);there was no statistical difference in SVV values at 0°and L45° between the two groups.Conclusions SVV test can provide subjective information about the utricle,and SVV tests at different head deflection angles can fine-tune evaluate the function of the utricle in BPPV patients.

Background Following successful canalith repositioning procedures (CRPs), some patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) may experience residual symptoms. There is currently no consensus on whether these residual symptoms are related to the disease duration. Objective To examine the impact of BPPV duration on the persistence of residual symptoms following successful CRP. Methods A total of 102 idiopathic BPPV patients were enrolled and categorized into short-course and long-course groups based on the duration of the disease. The course of disease in the short-course group was less than or equal to 7 days. The long course of disease was longer than 7 days. All patients underwent swivel-chair-assisted CRP and were followed up 7–10 days after successful CRP. The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaire was administered to all patients before and after CRP. Results Before CRP, significant differences were observed between the two groups in total DHI score and its subdomains: Physical (DHI-P), Functional (DHI-F), and Emotional (DHI-E) ( p < 0.05), indicating that long disease duration significantly affected all patient aspects. After CRP, significant differences remained in total DHI, DHI-P, DHI-F, and DHI-E scores ( p < 0.05), with the long-course group consistently scoring higher. However, no significant differences were found in the changes in DHI scores across dimensions before and after CRP between the two groups. Conclusion The duration of BPPV did not influence CRP outcomes, but patients with a longer disease course were more likely to experience residual symptoms after successful CRP.

The recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron manganese phosphate batteries is crucial for the efficient utilization of lithium resources and for alleviating supply constraints. This study proposes a selective lithium recovery method using a Na2S2O8 leaching system for spent lithium iron manganese phosphate battery cathodes. Na2S2O8 was selected based on an analysis of the thermodynamic data of each component in the leaching system. Essential leaching parameters, including H2SO4 dosage, Na2S2O8 dosage, leaching time, and leaching temperature were systematically investigated. The results showed that under the optimized experimental conditions, the lithium leaching rate reached 97.4 % with a selectivity of 96.24 %. The recovered Li2CO3 product meets battery grade requirements.

Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) stands as a pivotal raw material within the lithium-ion battery industry. Hereby, we propose a solid-liquid reaction crystallization method, employing powdered sodium carbonate instead of its solution, which minimizes the water introduction and markedly elevates one-step lithium recovery rate. Through kinetic calculations, the Li2CO3 solid-liquid reaction crystallization process conforms by the Avrami equation rather than shrinking core model, which means the dissolution rate of Na2CO3 is the most important factor affecting the reaction process. The effects of reaction conditions such as temperature and stirring speed on the Li2CO3 precipitation behavior were evaluated. The results indicated that temperature is a most essential parameter than other reaction conditions or stirring speed. The exceptional 93% recovery of Li2CO3 at 90 degrees C with a remarkable purity of 99.5% was achieved by using 1.2 M ratio of Na2CO3/Li2SO4. This method provides a new idea for the efficient preparation of battery-grade Li2CO3. (c) 2024 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

With the widespread application of lithium-ion batteries, a large amount of spent lithium-ion batteries will be produced every year, and their recycling and reuse pose an imminent issue. The conventional recycling methods, such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, usually involve various processes like calcining, leaching, enriching, purifying, precipitating, and filtering. They are associated with high energy consumption, large amounts of acid and alkali reagent utilization, and therefore high recycling costs. Currently, recycling waste electrode materials containing high value metals, such as Li, Co, Ni and Mn, has been commercially successful. However, it faces an economical dilemma for recycling spent LiFePO4 cathode material which comprises cheap Fe and P elements except for high value lithium element, especially when the lithium price goes down. Here, this work demonstrates an electrochemical recycling strategy that directly combines lithium extraction from waste cathode materials with the regeneration of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode materials. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of effective lithium extraction of waste cathode materials, and adequate lithium replenishment of spent LiFePO4 electrodes driven by positive bias of 0.3 V (vs SHE). The leaching rate of the waste electrode materials reaches 95%, and the regenerated LiFePO4 electrode exhibits a high specific discharge capacity of 125.40 mAh g(-1) at 5 C. This synergistic recycling method avoids the various processes in traditional recycling methods and their related high energy consumption, large amount of wastewater disposal, and carbon dioxide emission, thus exhibiting high economic benefit and environmentally benign significance.

The selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium -ion batteries (LIBs) has engrossed significant scientific attention due to prompting environmental potential and addressing resource scarcity. Hereby, we propose an innovative and economically more environment friendly manganese sulfate roasting water leaching process to selectively recuperate lithium preferentially from spent LiCoO 2 batteries. Notably, it is found that manganese sulfate roasting agents can be recirculated thoroughly without SOx emission during the sulfation roasting process. To better understand the conversion mechanism of LiCoO 2 , the effects of numerous parameters including, roasting time, roasting temperature, and a molar ratio of MnSO 4 /LiCoO 2 during the recovering process were investigated. An exceptional recovery rate of 98.62% with a remarkable lithium selectivity of 99.35% by manganese sulfate leaching was achieved. This work proposes an environmentally friendly and promising strategy to extract lithium selectively from spent lithium cathodes without introducing SOx emission.

Recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries is crucial to alleviating the storage of lithium. This study proposes a method for the selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate battery cathodes using a leaching system of H2SO4 and H2O2. Efficient and selective lithium recovery was achieved through in-situ oxidation of lithium iron phosphate driven by a low acid dosage, and the mechanism of selective lithium recovery was investigated by precipitation experiments of Fe2+ and PO43- . The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic analysis of the leaching process, and the results suggested that the leaching process was controlled by the internal diffusion of the product layer. Moreover, essential leaching parameters such as acid concentration, H2SO4 dosage, H2O2 dosage, leaching time, and leaching temperature were systematically investigated. The results showed that the leaching rate of Li reached 97.95 % along with a selectivity of 99.60 %, which meets the standard of the battery-grade Li2CO3, while the leaching rate of both Fe and P was less than 1 %.

The recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries offers a significant way to alleviate the shortage of lithium resources. In this work, the preferential extraction of lithium from the spent LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode through a two-step (NH4)2SO4 roasting was proposed, followed by regeneration LCO (r-LCO). Firstly, the LCO structure was destroyed, and parts of Li and Co were converted into Li2SO4 and CoSO4. At this time, the elemental sulfur was stored and recycled in the form of SO42-. Secondly, CoSO4 acted as a roasting agent and reacted with the residual LCO (R-LCO) to form water-soluble Li2SO4 with the increase in temperature, while CoSO4 was converted into water-insoluble Co3O4. Lithium was preferentially extracted through the subsequent water-leaching. No impurity cations were introduced in the whole roasting process which had a high sulfur atom economy of 54.4%. Finally, the effects of key parameters such as roasting temperature, w(LCO)/w((NH4)2SO4), and holding time on preferential lithium extraction were investigated. The results showed that 98.75% of the lithium was preferentially extracted and then successfully prepared as battery-grade Li2CO3. 99.32% of the Co was recovered in the form of Co3O4. The r-LCO with excellent structure and electrochemical performances and a high-capacity retention of 91.6% at 1C after 150 cycles.

The selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has engrossed significant scientific attention due to prompting environmental potential and addressing resource scarcity. Hereby, we propose an innovative and economically more environment friendly manganese sulfate roasting water leaching process to selectively recuperate lithium preferentially from spent LiCoO2 batteries. Notably, it is found that manganese sulfate roasting agents can be recirculated thoroughly without SOx emission during the sulfation roasting process. To better understand the conversion mechanism of LiCoO2, the effects of numerous parameters including, roasting time, roasting temperature, and a molar ratio of MnSO4/LiCoO2 during the recovering process were investigated. An exceptional recovery rate of 98.62% with a remarkable lithium selectivity of 99.35% by manganese sulfate leaching was achieved. This work proposes an environmentally friendly and promising strategy to extract lithium selectively from spent lithium cathodes without introducing SOx emission.

Lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted extensive attention due to the skyrocketing price of lithium. The medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting was proposed to preferential selective extraction of lithium from spent Li-CoO 2 (LCO) cathodes to overcome the incomplete recovery and loss of lithium during the recycling process. The LCO layered structure was destroyed and lithium was completely converted into water-soluble Li 2 CO 3 under a suitable temperature to control the reduced state of the cobalt oxide. The Co metal agglomerates generated during medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting were broken by wet grinding and ultrasonic crushing to release the entrained lithium. The results showed that 99.10% of the whole lithium could be recovered as Li 2 CO 3 with a purity of 99.55%. This work provided a new perspective on the preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium batteries.

This paper reported a strategy for selective lithium extraction from spent LiCoO2 (LCO) cathodes by two-step chlorination calcination combined with water-leaching. The feasibility of selective lithium extraction by two-step chlorination calcination was predicted by the thermodynamic analysis. The elements of Li and Co in the LiCoO2 cathode material were converted into water-soluble LiCl and CoCl2 respectively after pretreatment at 350 °C. Afterward, the generated CoCl2 reacted with the remaining LiCoO2 and converted into water-soluble LiCl and water-insoluble Co3O4 with temperatures increased. The results showed that 96.56% of the lithium can be recovered as LiCl and 95.23% Co in the form of Co3O4.

OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to determine the correlation between cognitive impairment and P300 event-related potential (ERP) in older adults with vertigo and imbalance, which further provides a reference for clinical diagnosis and patients' rehabilitation.METHODS:A total of 79 older adult patients with vertigo and imbalance in our outpatient department from January 2022 to December 2022 were selected and divided into the mild group (n = 20), moderate group (n = 39), and severe group (n = 20) according to the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). The auditory P300 component of event-related potentials (ERPs), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to evaluate depression, anxiety, and cognitive function in these patients, respectively.RESULTS:The P300 latencies of the different severity groups were 292 ± 10 ms, 301 ± 8 ms, and 328 ± 5 ms, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (p = 0.010). The P300 amplitudes of the different severity groups were 14.4 ± 2.6 μV, 3.9 ± 0.8 μV, and 5.1 ± 1.4 μV, respectively, and the differences were also statistically significant (p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference in the DHI evaluation or VAS visual simulation scoring between the two groups (p = 0.625, and 0.878, respectively). Compared with the short-course group, the long-course group showed prolonged P300 latency and decreased amplitude, higher scores in PHQ-9 and GAD-7, and lower scores in MMSE, and all the differences were statistically significant (p = 0.013, 0.021, 0.006, 0.004, and 0.018, respectively).CONCLUSION:Older patients with more severe symptoms of vertigo and imbalance are at higher risk of developing abnormal cognitive function. The P300 can be used as an objective neurophysiological test for the assessment of cognitive function relevant to elderly patients with vertigo and imbalance.

Cisplatin is a first-line chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of malignant tumors with remarkable clinical effects and low cost. However, the ototoxicity and neurotoxicity of cisplatin greatly limit its clinical application. This article reviews the possible pathways and molecular mechanisms of cisplatin trafficking from peripheral blood into the inner ear, the toxic response of cisplatin to inner ear cells, as well as the cascade reactions leading to cell death. Moreover, this article highlights the latest research progress in cisplatin resistance mechanism and cisplatin ototoxicity. Two effective protective mechanisms, anti-apoptosis and mitophagy activation, and their interaction in the inner ear are discussed. Additionally, the current clinical preventive measures and novel therapeutic agents for cisplatin ototoxicity are described. Finally, this article also forecasts the prospect of possible drug targets for mitigating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. These include the use of antioxidants, inhibitors of transporter proteins, inhibitors of cellular pathways, combination drug delivery methods, and other mechanisms that have shown promise in preclinical studies. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these approaches.

Background:Severe and profound idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) generally leads to unfavorable prognosis, and has a considerable impact on patient quality of life. However, related prognostic factors remain controversial.Objective:To elaborate the relationship between vestibular function impairment and the prognosis of patients with severe and profound ISSNHL, and investigated the relevant factors affecting prognosis.Methods:Forty-nine patients with severe and profound ISSNHL were divided into good outcome group [GO group, pure tone average (PTA) improvement > 30 dB] and poor outcome group (PO group, PTA improvement ≤ 30 dB) according to hearing outcomes. The clinical characteristics and the proportion of abnormal vestibular function tests in these two groups were analyzed by univariate analysis, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed for parameters with significant differences.Results:Forty-six patients had abnormal vestibular function test results (46/49, 93.88%). The number of vestibular organ injuries was 1.82 ± 1.29 in all patients, with higher mean numbers in PO group (2.22 ± 1.37) than in GO group (1.32 ± 0.99). Univariate analysis revealed no statistical differences between the GO and PO groups in terms of gender, age, side of the affected ear, vestibular symptoms, delayed treatment, instantaneous gain value of horizontal semicircular canal, regression gain value of vertical semicircular canal, abnormal rates of oVEMP, cVEMP, caloric test and vHIT in anterior and horizontal semicircular canal, however, significant differences were found in the initial hearing loss and abnormal vHIT of posterior semicircular canal (PSC). Multivariable analysis revealed that only PSC injury was an independent risk factor for predicting the prognosis of patients with severe and profound ISSNHL. Patients with abnormal PSC function had worse initial hearing impairment and prognosis than patients with normal PSC function. The sensitivity of abnormal PSC function in predicting poor prognosis in patients with severe and profound ISSNHL was 66.67%, specificity was 95.45%, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were 14.65 and 0.35, respectively.Conclusion:Abnormal PSC function is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with severe and profound ISSNHL. Ischemia in the branches of the internal auditory artery supplying the cochlea and PSC may be the underlying mechanism.

As the global consumption of lithium-ion batteries increased dramatically, recycling spent lithium-ion batteries became an urgent task, which is vital to alleviate resource shortages and maintain sustainable development. In this study, a strategy for preferential extraction of lithium from spent LiCoO2 (LCO) cathodes by chlorination roasting combined with water leaching was proposed, along with the regeneration of LCO cathodes with ma-terials recycled from spent LCO. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) was selected for chlorination, and roasting tempera-ture, dosage of CaCl2, and roasting time were optimized systematically. In this process, lithium was converted into water-soluble LiCl under a low chlorination atmosphere, the relatively stable Co-O octahedral structure was maintained in the solid phase, and preferential extraction of lithium was completed by subsequent water -leaching. The experimental results showed that 99.49% of Li was selectively recovered as LiCl which was further recovered as battery-grade Li2CO3, and 98.12% of Co was recovered in the form of Co3O4. Regenerated LCO cathodes (r-LCO) from recovered Li2CO3 and Co3O4, exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with a capacity of 141.2 mAh g-1 at 1 C and a high-capacity retention of 91.8% after 100 cycles.

With the development of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and autonomous driving technologies, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) enable to absorb surrounding information to enhance economic driving. This study proposes a dynamic inverse hierarchical optimization method, which incorporates traffic-signal phase and timing as well as road data, to plan economic velocity and improve PHEV energy consumption. The hierarchical control framework determines the desired speed and arrival time in the upper layer using the shortest path faster algorithm. The lower level accounts for multi-objective velocity planning based on particle swarm optimization and Pareto theory. The inverse layering method solves the economic velocity optimization problem. With the support of V2X and autonomous driving technologies, the method enhances energy efficiency and computational efficiency in PHEVs through dynamic inverse hierarchical optimization. Simulation results highlight that the proposed algorithm leads to 7.43% improvement in energy consumption economy and the reduced calculation time, compared to the existing solutions. The hardware-in-the-loop experiments validate the real-time applicability of the proposed algorithm.

The Kölliker’s organ is a transient cellular cluster structure in the development of the mammalian cochlea. It gradually degenerates from embryonic columnar cells to cuboidal cells in the internal sulcus at postnatal day 12 (P12)–P14, with the cochlea maturing when the degeneration of supporting cells in the Kölliker’s organ is complete, which is distinct from humans because it disappears at birth already. The supporting cells in the Kölliker’s organ play a key role during this critical period of auditory development. Spontaneous release of ATP induces an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in inner hair cells in a paracrine form via intercellular gap junction protein hemichannels. The Ca2+ further induces the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the synaptic vesicles of the inner hair cells, which subsequently excite afferent nerve fibers. In this way, the supporting cells in the Kölliker’s organ transmit temporal and spatial information relevant to cochlear development to the hair cells, promoting fine-tuned connections at the synapses in the auditory pathway, thus facilitating cochlear maturation and auditory acquisition. The Kölliker’s organ plays a crucial role in such a scenario. In this article, we review the morphological changes, biological functions, degeneration, possible trans-differentiation of cochlear hair cells, and potential molecular mechanisms of supporting cells in the Kölliker’s organ during the auditory development in mammals, as well as future research perspectives.

目的 对儿童外耳道胆脂瘤(external auditory canal cholesteatoma,EACC)的临床特征进行分析.方法 收集并分析于2000年1月-2019年12月间在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院治疗的41例EACC患儿的临床资料.结果 41例中幼龄组(2-5岁)13例14耳,大龄组(6-15岁)28例28耳,症状多为单侧发病的轻中度传导性听力下降、耳漏和耳痛,幼龄患儿患侧气导听阈和气骨导差明显高于大龄患儿(t=2.155,P=0.039;t=2.593,P=0.014),骨质破坏多累及耳道后壁和下壁,确诊时多为Kaneda分期0-II期.幼龄患儿以继发性EACC为主,主要与耳道狭窄(6耳)、第一鳃裂瘘管(4耳)等耳道结构异常有关;大龄患儿则以特发性EACC(17耳)为主,两组患儿在病因分类上有统计学差异(χ2=5.775,P=0.016).0期(8耳)行耳内单纯病灶切除;Ⅰ期(9耳)和Ⅱ期(16耳)行耳内径路病灶切除及耳道和/或耳甲腔成形术;Ⅲ期(9耳)在上述基础上,根据侵犯中耳结构的不同行完壁式或开放式鼓室成形术、听骨链重建术等.根据伴有的不同疾病,同时进行鳃裂瘘管切除、耳后脓肿清除、鼓膜切开探查置管术等手术治疗.结论 幼龄和大龄EACC患儿在病因、症状、听力及影像结果上均有相似和不同之处,对不同年龄段的儿童EACC及合并疾病,应采取不同的预防和诊疗措施.