Aim: to study defects of infants and pre-school children diet, which negative consequences are aggravated by unfavorable nature and ecological conditions of St. Petersburg region. Patients and methods: diet of 119 children (53 — aged from 2 to 3 years old and 66 — from 4 to 6 years old) visiting St. Petersburg pre-school institutions of 12-hours stay (including all additional food outside the institution) was analyzed. Analysis of diet was formed by assessment of actual nutrition and supply of nutrients. Results: actual diet of infants and pre-school children was found to deviate significantly from recommended standards which lead to long-standing imbalance of the main nutrients intake. Many defects of the diet are maintained by specific negative factors of the habitat. Combined influence of such influence causes disturbances in development and increase of ecology-dependent disorders in children. Conclusions: in organization of nutrition of children living in unfavorable nature and ecology conditions account must be taken not only of age standards of nutrients and calories intake, but weather, nature biological rhythms and specific geological characteristics.

This review of current literature summarizes results of scientific studies on the structure of the intestinal microbiota both of adults and infants. It is shown, that all intestinal microbiota of an adult consists of 395 phylogenetically isolated groups of microorganisms, among them 244 are absolutely new. Based on the RNA-sequencing of genes the most common among Caucasians enterotypes were detected. It was demonstrated, that specific structure of intestinal microbiota of an adult individual is unique and stable and that genetic background of the macroorganism is a base of intestinal microbiome formation. The article covers the issues of special characteristics of microbiocenosis development at the early stages of ontogenesis. It is emphasized, that prevalence of «infantile» species of bifidobacteria in the structure of intestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants is due to the presence of certain nutritive substances in the milk: oligosaccharides of the breast milk, which are natural prebiotics. The authors give criteria for including the nutrients into the group of prebiotics and show new experimental and clinical data on influence of prebiotics on different levels of immunological defense system.Key words: intestinal microbiota, enterotypes, prebiotics, oligosaccharides, inulin, immune response.

The article is an overview of contemporary global studies summarizing the results of research of composition of intestinal microflora and its effect on human health. Gene sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA amplified bacterial nucleic acids was applied to define most common European enterotypes and highlight the factors that influence the formation of enterotype. The possible relationship between intestinal microbiota and obesity is highlighted.

The article reviews the modern data on structure and functions of intestinal micro flora. Possible ways of activation of acquired immune response and food tolerance forming are shown. Positive role of probiotics in treatment and prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections is described.Key words: intestinal micro flora, expression of genes, immunity, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), toll-like receptors (TSRs), cross-talk.(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2010;9(6):37-44)

The article reviews the modern data on structure and functions of intestinal micro flora. Possible ways of activation of acquired immune response and food tolerance forming are shown. Positive role of probiotics in treatment and prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections is described.

The article highlights the key issues of the classical immunology, modern definition of the immunity and immunologic tolerance, mechanisms of the specific and adaptive immune responses. Based on the data of the new scientific research, the authors showed peculiarities in the development of the immune system and anti contagious immune response in ontogenesis, the role of the breast feeding in the formation of an adequate immune response. Key words: immunologic reactivity, immune response, food allergy, cytokines, newborn, breast milk, breast milk oligosaccharides .

The article highlights the key issues of the classical immunology, modern definition of the immunity and immunologic tolerance, mechanisms of the specific and adaptive immune responses. Based on the data of the new scientific research, the authors showed peculiarities in the development of the immune system and anti contagious immune response in ontogenesis, the role of the breast feeding in the formation of an adequate immune response.Key words: immunologic reactivity, immune response, food allergy, cytokines, newborn, breast milk, breast milk oligosaccharides.

(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii = Current pediatrics. 2007;6(1):111-114)

The lecture give substantiation for the choice of the quality characteristics of the milk formula contents for feeding term infants for the period of the neonatal adaptation to the conditions of the extrauterine life. The physiological premise for choosing the formula is based on the colostrum contents, which is «the gold standard» for newborn feeding. The authors provide the comparative characteristics and match the contents of the mature milk, colostrum and a number of the start milk formulas.Key words: newborn child, feeding, colostrum, breast milk, milk formula, start formula, prebiotics, probiotics, micro-biocenosis.

The literature overview is dedicated to the characteristics of intestinal microbiocenosis among infants under the influence of various end and exopathic factors, generation mechanism of local adaptive immune response under the influence of gut organisms. The authors showed probable ways to activate the acquired immune response and formation of food tolerance. Key words: gut organisms, infants, children, immune response, secretory immunoglobulin А (SIGA), toll-like receptors (TLRS).

The literature overview is dedicated to the characteristics of intestinal microbiocenosis among infants under the influence of various end and exopathic factors, generation mechanism of local adaptive immune response under the influence of gut organisms. The authors showed probable ways to activate the acquired immune response and formation of food tolerance.Key words: gut organisms, infants, children, immune response, secretory immunoglobulin А (SIGA), toll-like receptors (TLRS).