Background. Appropriate prescribing of complementary food allows to optimize the intake of macro- and micronutrients, provides adequate indicators of growth and development of the child, reduces the risk of non-infectious pathology. Taking into account the significance of this problem, World Health Organization (WHO) experts, together with The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, carried out a research where they studied issues related to the appointment of complementary food for children in the European Region and their compliance with existing recommendations. Aim. To study the features of the introduction of complementary food in the Russian Federation on the basis of an assessment of the implementation of the recommendations of the "National program for optimizing the feeding of children in the first year of life in the Russian Federation", 2009 and to conduct a comparative analysis of the results obtained and the data presented in the study carried out by WHO experts. Materials and methods. A multicenter retrospective, uncontrolled, non-randomized study was conducted in 7 cities of the Russian Federation. Results. The median age at which complementary foods were introduced was 5 [46] months; vegetables (51.0%) and cereals (31.2%) were the first complementary food products; children began to receive fruit mainly (77.3%) in the second half of life; the age of introduction of meat puree was 7 [68] months, while every 4th child by 9 months did not receive meat; juices were introduced at 7 [69] months, but in 8.8% of children juices became the first product of complementary foods; median age for yolk administration was 8 [710] months, fish 9 [810] months. Only 14.0% of mothers used products of exclusively industrial production in the nutrition of their children, 33.9% prepared it themselves. Correlation analysis did not revealed any relationship between the body weight of a child at the age of 12 months and the time of introduction of the first complementary food product, as well as with the age of introduction of each of the introduced products. A connection was established between the body weight of a child at the age of 12 months and the volume of individual products that children receive between the age of 6 and 12 months. The recommendations of the National program for optimizing the feeding of children in the first year of life in the Russian Federation were generally implemented. Our analyses revealed the most frequent violations during the introduction and use of complementary food products: late start of their introduction (after the age of 6 months) in 41.3% of children, delayed prescription of meat, frequent use of home-made cereals not enriched with micronutrients, dilution of dairy-free porridge with water, irregular inclusion in the diet of egg yolk. Conclusion. The results obtained confirm the importance of implementation of the Program for Optimizing Feeding of Children in the First Year of Life in the Russian Federation updated in 2019 and approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia and indicate the need for further work on its improvement.

Breastfeeding is the most important postnatal factor in metabolic and immunogenic programming of newborns’ health. When it is impossible to breastfeed the baby best efforts should be applied to maintain lactation in mother in order to feed the baby with expressed breast milk. Feeding with frozen expressed breast milk is as good as breastfeeding in its nutritional and biological values. Expressed breast milk (both native and thawed in 3–6 months) is testified to be safe nutrition in its microbiological features for a breastfed child. The article presents recent capabilities to maintain milk production in a nursing mother, sets forth conditions requiring a baby to be breastfed with expressed milk, either partial or exclisive, indicates medical alerts for breastfeeding. Data for safe and effective baby nursing with expressed breast milk is considered. The ways for creation individual breast milk “bank” and rules for storage of frozen milk are indicated. Authors present results of introduction of new technologies for breastfeeding maintenance. The use of up-to-date breast pumps created on the basis of the studies of lactation physiology and mechanisms by which a baby takes the milk from his mother’s breast, helps to improve efficiency of milk expression, simplifies this process a lot making it more comfortable and effective.Key words: newborns, breastfeeding, expressed breast milk, breast pumps, Individual breast milk «banking».

Functional nutrition is one of the main factors ensuring infants’ balanced growth and development, as well as learning abilities, immunity to unfavourable environment conditions during infancy period. It also provides for a morphofunctional development of infant organs and body systems, and ensures that an infant will grow up to his or her genetically determined age growth and development level. Choosing the proper nutrition for infants, one can prevent nutritional disorders, rickets, anaemias, acute infectious and non-contagious diseases. It can also reduce the probability of the development of chronic diseases, and allows to sustain relatively high quality of life of infants with congenital and genetic anomalies. Using breast milk as a primary source of nutrition is the most optimum choice of infant feeding. However, according to the statistical data, the numbers reported for occurrence and duration of breastfeeding in Russia are far from being perfect.

Acute and/or chronic hypoxia is a leading cause of perinatal lesions of central nervous system. Severe consequences of this condition can be the reason of temporary withdrawal from breast-feeding started soon after birth. Study objectives included: scrutiny of lactation establishment, influence of various factors on lactation duration in mothers of children with perinatal lesions of CNS. Study included 86 pairs mother-child, with duration of 12 months. It has been shown that in cases where breast feeding was impossible, regular expression of breast milk with the help of breast pump in the early lactation period allows not only to organize breast feeding by the time of discharge from the hospital, but also to extend its duration almost to the normal one. Severity of perinatal CNS lesion does not correspond with the duration of lactation period of the mother.

Breast feeding is «the golden standard»of childern’s nutrition on their first year of life. Basic knowledge in this field is given to future medical professionals throughout their years of study in a medical school. Study objective: to assess whether knowledge and skills that future doctors possess in the field of maintaining of breast feeding is adequate to modern requirements. Methods: as a part of retrospective cross-section study a questionnaire was given to medical students of two final years as well as to interns and residents. Results: in 2010–2011 the total of 1088 medical students from 8 medical schools and Novokuznetsk Institute of Advanced Medical Studies was questioned. 64.9% from the total were from pediatric faculty and 35.1% on a general medical faculty. The proportion of correct answers to theoretic questions was more than 85%. However the majority of students experience difficulties with implying this knowledge to solve practical cases. No major differences in replies given by pediatric and medical students were found. Conclusion: The «alienation» of theoretic knowledge that students possess from its practical implication doesn’t help to solve problems with maternal lactation. Therefore it’s necessary to pay more attention to practical implication of theoretical knowledge given to medical students, especially upon infantile nutrition. Key words: breast feeding, student education. (Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. — 2011; 10 (5): 10–16.)

Breast feeding is «the golden standard»of childern’s nutrition on their first year of life. Basic knowledge in this field is given to future medical professionals throughout their years of study in a medical school. Study objective: to assess whether knowledge and skills that future doctors possess in the field of maintaining of breast feeding is adequate to modern requirements. Methods: as a part of retrospective cross-section study a questionnaire was given to medical students of two final years as well as to interns and residents. Results: in 2010–2011 the total of 1088 medical students from 8 medical schools and Novokuznetsk Institute of Advanced Medical Studies was questioned. 64.9% from the total were from pediatric faculty and 35.1% on a general medical faculty. The proportion of correct answers to theoretic questions was more than 85%. However the majority of students experience difficulties with implying this knowledge to solve practical cases. No major differences in replies given by pediatric and medical students were found. Conclusion: The «alienation» of theoretic knowledge that students possess from its practical implication doesn’t help to solve problems with maternal lactation. Therefore it’s necessary to pay more attention to practical implication of theoretical knowledge given to medical students, especially upon infantile nutrition. Key words: breast feeding, student education. ( Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. — 2011; 10 (5): 10–16.)