Modern clinical immunology makes it possible to conduct fairly effective laboratory diagnostics of immuno-inflam-matory rheumatic diseases (IVRS). The applied methods make it possible to obtain objective information about the nature of immunopathological changes, being an important tool for diagnosis, assessment of activity, determining the prognosis, choosing a treatment method for the disease and monitoring the effectiveness of therapy. Currently, the optimal choice and use of immunological methods is possible. The main goal of laboratory diagnostics of IVRS is to obtain objective information about the presence and nature of immunopathological changes in the examined patient, which is an important tool for early diagnosis, assessment of activity, severity of the course, prognosis of the disease and the effectiveness of therapy.

This brief literature review presents the results of activities of the Tula scientific school "Medical technologies in the system of external control of the functioning of the human body". The scientists of this school has prepared 32 doctoral dissertations and 51 PhD thesis, has published 89 monographs, 1 textbook, 630 articles, 340 of which are in the leading journals, has received 63 copyright certificates and patents for inventions, has registered 9 discoveries. The authors present a list of the main works of the scientific school in the section "Pulmonology", namely 20 copyright certificates and patents for inventions, the studies supporting the effectiveness of the developed devices and technologies, the professional practices of pulmonary pathology of certain diseases, syndromes and possibilities of their correction.

The review focuses on the role of crystals in biological fluids (blood, plasma) of human body. A comparison of crystal formation in living and technical environments was carried out. The authors determine the importance of natural biological nanotechnologies in the relationship of the structures of cells, tissues, organs. They demonstrate the modulating influence of various external factors on thesiographic picture of biological fluids. The significance of nanocrystalline structures in the creation of new materials for medicine is identified in the study. The authors offer explanations of the peculiarities of crystallization in living organisms. The authors found a need for the development of the theory of cluster formation of crystals of multi-component solutions. They gave a description of the process of stone formation, including Tartar, from the standpoint of bio-crystallization and fractal views, a state of stability and instability of stationary states of thesiograms. The synergistic approaches to the problem, including the significance of the theory of solitons, were identified. It was shown that thesiography can be used in the development of new technologies to obtain solids from liquids.

The importance of scientific research presented in this review, is to justify the adaptation of the new medical paradigm to the third paradigm and the theory of chaos and self-organization systems. Medicine must be of the control. The definition of the order parameter allows to create a program of correction of external influences (adaptogens, fields, and radiation, etc.). The authors highlighted the importance of the modulation of the adaptation mechanisms in physiological and pathological conditions, the possibility of their correction, as well as many adaptogens (syntoxins and catatoxins) affecting the controlled parameters of life. The authors ex- perimentally established a localization of systems control activity in the brain and identified intersystem and intra-system relationships of the functional systems of the organism, as well as new laws changing the parame- ters of homeostasis under physical control actions.

A developed stand of physical modeling of inhalation allows us to estimate the distribution of the powdered drug in the respiratory tract, depending upon the device and method of inhalation. The created means of mathematical and physical modeling of inhalation can be used in the purchase of dosage forms overseas pro-duction to determine the most effective models. The authors propose and justify a new way of training of the respiratory muscles and the corresponding device implementing peak load in the initial phase of inhalation and exhalation. Most effectiveness of the proposed respiratory simulator compared to simulators throttle type is identified.

This review is devoted to modern non-invasive studies of cellular respiration. Characteristic fluorescence biological tissue under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, which can reflect the process of biological oxidation, is presented. The erythron importance to ensure a functional condition of an organism and part of blood cells in the respiratory chain, gas transportation and information functions is considered. The authors described the biomarkers of cell respiration and showed the complexity of modern methods of research of biological oxidation and the necessity of using low-cost techniques based on microscopic analysis. The method of laser biospectrophotometry is characterized. The evaluation method of tissue auto-fluorescence, its biological basis, the possibility of dual-channel spectrophotometer facilities – domestic and foreign, is developed and presented in this review. The importance of fiber-optic television spectrophotometry in the noninvasive determination of cellular respiration in living organisms is proved. The authors gave a footnote to works, confirming the practical diagnostic significance of the definition of auto-fluorescence.

The review is devoted to the role of crystals in biological liquids (blood, plasma) of the human body. Comparison of crystal formation in living and technical environments was carried out. The importance of natural biological nanotechnology in correlation to the structures of cells, tissues, organs was shown. The impact on thesiographic picture of the biological liquids of various external factors modulating was demonstrated. The significance of nanocrystalline structures in the creation of new materials for medicine and explain the features of crystallization in living organisms was determined. Necessity of development of the theory of cluster formation of crystals of multicomponent solutions was established. Processes of stone formation, including calculus, with positions biocrystallization and fractal representation, condition of stability and instability of the steady state of thesiograms were described. Synergetic approaches to the problem, including the significance of the theory of solitons, were identified. It is shown that thesiography can be used in the development of new technologies for obtaining of crystal liquids solids.

The review summarizes the research activity of scientists of the Tula region aimed at creation and development of new biomedical technologies. Areas of research presented in the monographs, patents, discoveries, articles have been identified, examined and implemented in experimental, clinical practice. The research areas are the following: nano-technology, nuclear medicine, technologies of mathematical assessment of complex systems parameters, thesiography of blood and biological fluids, the use technologies of laser radiation in the diagnosis and correction of functional changes, technology of matrix uncooled thermal imaging systems, the spectrofluorimetry autof-luorescence, mechanical simulators, cellular technologies, control technologies of functional systems of the body, biomedical technologies in sport.

The central nervous system plays an important role in the development of both digestive diseases and arterial hypertension (AH) in young adults. We hypothesize that there may be differences in blood pressure (BP) dynamics and heart rate variability (HRV) accessed by 24-h Holter monitoring in adolescents and young men having different digestive system disorders. 71 patients aged 16–26 years with mild AH (mean (M +/− m) 19.5 +/− 0.3 years, height 178.9 +/− 0.8 cm, weight 82.4 +/− 1.9 kg, body mass index (BMI) 26.1 +/− 0.6 kg/m2) underwent 24-h Holter outpatient monitoring, echocardiography, upper endoscopy and abdominal ultrasound screening. Chronic gastritis was diagnosed in 15.5%, biliary tract dysfunction in 25.4%, fatty liver in 19.7% and hyperechoic pancreas in 39.4%. Although the echogeneity of the normal pancreas can vary, this group served as a control. Adolescents having gastrointestinal problems reported more symptoms (headache—90.9%, vertigo—72.7%, palpitation and rhythm disturbances—45.5%) than those with hyperechoic pancreas—46.2 and 36.5% (P < 0.05). They had lesser left ventricular myocardial mass index (LVMMI, 78.9 +/− 3.5 g/m2) than those with biliary dysfunction (89.0 +/− 4.5; P < 0.05) and hyperechoic pancreas (87.5 +/− 3.0 g/m2; P < 0.05); but greater circadian index of heart rate (150.2 +/− 4.5%). Despite that BP in the daytime (136.3 +/− 3.2 mm Hg) was lower than in the fatty liver group, there was insufficient BP decline at night (122.3 +/− 2.6 mm Hg; −8.8+/1.2%, P < 0.05). A "non-dipper" pattern was detected in 66.6% of the patients. HRV revealed relative parasympathetic predominance both day and night. In young men with AH and fatty liver mean diurnal (147.2 +/− 2.7 mm Hg) and nocturnal (132.1 +/− 2.4 mm Hg) systolic and diastolic (85.2 +/− 2.8 and 68.3 +/− 1.9 mm Hg) BP was bigger than in the other groups. It may be due to greater BMI (31.3 +/− 0.6 kg/m2 vs 23.2 kg/m2 in biliary dysfunction, 25.3 kg/m2 in chronic gastritis and 25.5 kg/m2 in hyperechoic pancreas group, P < 0.01). A "non-dipper" pattern was seen in 50% of the patients. Heart rates both in the daytime and nighttime (96.2 +/− 2.5 and 70.4 +/− 2.7 beats/min) were greater, but HRV during 24 h was diminished (LF% and HF% in the day; VLF%, LF%, HF% and total power in the night). Relative left ventricular posterior wall thickness (0.39 +/− 0.02 cm) was greater than in the chronic gastritis group (0.32 +/− 0.01 cm, P < 0.05). 12.5% of the patients with biliary dysfunction had an "over-dipper" pattern of systolic BP and 56.5% of diastolic BP. Mean nocturnal systolic BP (115.5 +/− 2.4 mm Hg) was lesser than in the hyperechoic pancreas group (125.9 +/− 2.4 mm Hg, P < 0.05). The power of high frequency band (HF%) in the daytime was moderately diminished. In conclusion, concomitant digestive disorders influence the autonomic nervous system, HR and BP profile in adolescents and young men with overweight and mild arterial hypertension. Young patients with chronic gastritis more often had transient cerebral hemodynamic impairment (headache, vertigo), lesser LVMMI, relative parasympathetic predominance and insufficient nocturnal BP decline. Young adults with fatty liver disease were obese and had sympathetic predominance, higher HR, systolic and diastolic BP during day and night. Adolescents with biliary dysfunction were stressed in the daytime and more often demonstrated an "over-dipper" pattern of BP profile.