The relevance of studying the dynamics of ozone concentration in the troposphere is due to the fact that in high concentrations it is a strong poison and a powerful oxidant that extremely negatively impacts both biological structures and the environment. Therefore, the dynamics of ozone concentration require urgent study in different areas of the Earth. Based on monitoring data, the paper examines the distribution of tropospheric ozone in Russia in 2023 in the surface air layer, as well as its vertical distribution based on the results of aircraft sensing. It is shown that the maximum permissible daily average concentrations established by the national hygienic standard, including maximal one-time, daily average, and annual average, were exceeded at all measurement sites. The current situation necessitates widespread public awareness of the results of monitoring and the development of environmental protection measures to reduce the concentration of ozone and its precursors in the surface air layer. The results of the work can be useful to specialists in the fields of atmospheric physics, climatology, and environmental protection, as well as to administrative bodies of different responsibility levels.

Озон в тропосфере в высоких концентрациях является сильнодействующим ядом и мощным окислителем, крайне негативно воздействующим на биологические объекты и объекты окружающей среды. Поэтому весьма актуально исследование динамики его концентрации во всех регионах планеты. По данным мониторинга рассматривается распределение тропосферного озона на территории России в 2023 г. в приземном слое воздуха, а также его вертикальное распределение по результатам самолетного зондирования. Показано, что во всех пунктах измерений превышались предельно допустимые среднесуточные концентрации, установленные отечественным гигиеническим нормативом: максимальные разовые, среднесуточные и среднегодовые. В связи со сложившейся ситуацией необходимы широкое информирование населения о результатах мониторинга и разработка природоохранных мероприятий по снижению уровня концентрации озона и его прекурсоров в приземном слое воздуха. Результаты работы могут быть полезны специалистам в области физики атмосферы, климатологии, охраны окружающей среды, а также административным органам разных уровней. The relevance of studying the dynamics of ozone concentration is due to the fact that at high concentrations it is a potent poison and a powerful oxidizer that extremely negatively impacts both biological objects and the environment. Based on the monitoring data, the paper examines the distribution of tropospheric ozone in Russia in 2023 in the surface air layer, as well as its vertical distribution based on the results of aircraft sounding. It is shown that the maximum allowable daily average concentrations established by the domestic hygienic standard, maximum single, daily average, and annual average, were exceeded at all measurement points. The current situation necessitates widespread public awareness of the results of monitoring and the development of environmental measures to reduce the concentration of ozone and its precursors in the surface air layer.

The results of airborne measurements and statistical characteristics of mesoscale fluctuations of wind velocity, temperature, and concentrations of gas constituents at different heights of a stably stratified troposphere are presented. The measurements were carried out in September 2022 in the Arctic region of Russia with the aircraft laboratory Tu-134 "Optik." The obtained spectra and structure functions of the fluctuations are interpreted with the theoretical model of formation of the spectrum of mesoscale wind velocity and temperature fluctuations described in the paper. The presence at high wavenumbers of a steep section in the obtained horizontal wavenumber spectra of the fluctuations of wind velocity and greenhouse gas concentration with a slope close to -3 is discussed. The fluctuation spectra along different slanted tracks of the aircraft crossing the tropospheric layer between altitudes of 1 and 9 km are also obtained and analyzed with the theoretical model.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856024330017

В обсерватории «Фоновая» с осени 2021 года установлен 13-каскадный импактор высокого разрешения 125R NanoMoudi-II, способный селективно отбирать аэрозоль разного диапазона дисперсности с номинальными размерами: 10000, 5600, 3200, 1800, 1000, 560, 320, 180, 100, 56, 32, 18 и 10 нм. Кварцевые и тефлоновые фильтры используются для исследования ионно-элементного и органического состава фракций приземного фонового аэрозоля, соответственно. Анализ кварцевых фильтров производится в Иркутском лимнологическом институте СО РАН методами ионной хроматографии и ИСП-МС. Тефлоновые фильтры типа Grimm 1.113A используются для отбора и анализа органических аэрозолей методом ГХ-МС в ИХКГ СО РАН. Обсуждается химический состав отобранных в 2022 году проб продолжительностью от 6 до 16 суток, состав которых анализируется опробированными в 2021 г. методиками. Изменчивость содержания ионной компоненты аэрозоля в течение года достигает порядка величины, с максимумом в конце зимы и минимумом летом. «Зимний» пик основы ионной фракции - сульфат-аниона - лежит в области 0,56-1 мкм, смещаясь летом в область более мелких частиц 0,18-0,32 мкм. Для микроэлементов как временной ход концентраций, так и распределения по размерам имеют более сложный вид. A high-resolution 125R NanoMoudi-II impactor with 13 cascades has been installed at the "Fonovaya" Observatory since the autumn of 2021. It is capable of selectively sampling aerosols of varying size ranges with nominal sizes of 10000, 5600, 3200, 1800, 1000, 560, 320, 180, 100, 56, 32, 18, and 10 nm. Quartz and Teflon filters are used for studying the ionic-elemental and organic composition of ground-level background aerosol fractions, respectively. The analysis of the quartz filters is carried out at the Irkutsk Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences using ion chromatography and ICP-MS methods. Teflon filters of type Grimm 1.113A are utilized for sampling and analyzing organic aerosols using GC-MS in the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The chemical composition of samples collected in 2022 with exposure times ranging from 6 to 16 days is discussed, analyzed using methods tested in 2021. The variability of the ionic component of aerosol content throughout the year reaches significant levels, peaking in late winter and hitting a minimum in summer. The winter peak of the ionic fraction’s base—the sulfate anion—lies within the range of 0.56-1 µm, shifting to smaller particles of 0.18-0.32 µm in summer. For trace elements, both the temporal course of concentrations and the size distribution exhibit a more complex pattern. «Background» observatory, high-resolution impactor, ground-level background aerosol, ionic component of aerosol

Clear air turbulence (CAT) constitutes the highest danger for aviation in the free atmosphere in the altitude range 6–12 km. Intermittence and random localization of CAT in a quiet surrounding air flow significantly restrict possibilities of its forecasting. Creation of systems for remote detection of turbulent zones becomes especially topical with allowance for climate changes and increase in the probability of CAT appearance. Results of turbulence sounding by the BSE-5 UV lidar from the Optik Tu-134 aircraft laboratory are presented. The in-flight experiment was conducted in September 2022 as part of the Arctic exploration program. The lidar recorded zones of moderate turbulence in the lower troposphere where the probability of turbulence is maximum; isolated cases of CAT were also recorded at an altitude of 9 km. The turbulent lidar can be used in practice for remote detection of turbulent zones at altitudes where most commercial flights are carried out. The prospects of ground-based application of the turbulent lidar for solving aviation safety problems during flights in the lower troposphere are also shown. The results of the BSE-5 lidar sounding in winter, when an increase in the intensity of turbulence in the 0.4–1.6-km layer was recorded during the passage of a cold front, are presented.

В свободной атмосфере в интервале высот 6–12 км наибольшую опасность для авиации представляет турбулентность ясного неба (ТЯН). Перемежаемость и случайная локализация ТЯН в спокойном окружающем воздушном потоке существенно ограничивают возможности ее прогнозирования. С учетом изменения климата и увеличения вероятности возникновения ТЯН создание систем дистанционного обнаружения турбулентных зон становится особенно актуальным. Приведены результаты зондирования турбулентности ультрафиолетовым лидаром УОР-5 с борта самолета-лаборатории Ту-134 «Оптик». Летный эксперимент проводился в сентябре 2022 г. в рамках программы исследования Арктики. Лидар регистрировал зоны умеренной турбулентности в нижней части тропосферы, где вероятность турбулентности максимальная; также были зафиксированы единичные случаи ТЯН на высоте 9 км. Турбулентный лидар может использоваться на практике для дистанционного обнаружения турбулентных зон на высотах, где осуществляется большинство коммерческих авиарейсов. Также показана перспектива наземного применения турбулентного лидара для решения задач авиационной безопасности при полетах в нижней тропосфере. Представлены результаты зондирования лидаром УОР-5 в зимнее время, когда было зарегистрировано повышение интенсивности турбулентности в слое 0,4–1,6 км при прохождении холодного фронта. A flight experiment was carried out in which turbulence was sounded with the UV lidar BSE-5 from the Tu-134 Optik laboratory aircraft. The experiment was conducted in September 2022 as part of the Arctic exploration program. During the flights, lidar recorded zones of moderate turbulence in the lower troposphere, where the probability of turbulence is maximal, and isolated cases of clear air turbulence (CAT) at an altitude of 9 km. The intensity of the aircraft shaking was monitored using a 3-coordinate accelerometer. It was found that the turbulent lidar can be used in practice for remote detection of turbulent zones at altitudes where most commercial flights are carried out. The prospect of ground-based application of turbulent lidar for solving aviation safety problems during flights in the lower troposphere is shown. The results of the BSE-5 lidar sounding in winter, when an increase in the intensity of turbulence in the 0.4–1.6 km layer was recorded during the passage of a cold front, are presented.

Based on the results of a comprehensive experiment conducted in September 2020, the spatial distribution of the following trace gases over the seas of the Russian Arctic are analyzed: carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (NO and NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). It is shown that the gas concentrations in the surface air layer over the seas (at an altitude of 200 m) vary in the range 18–36 ppb for O3, 60–130 ppb for CO, 0.005–0.12 ppb for NO, 0.10–1.00 ppb for NO2, and 0.06–0.80 ppb for SO2. The distribution of the gases over the water area is heterogeneous over most seas, which most likely reflects differences in their uptake by the ocean and peculiarities of transport from the continent.

This work presents the analysis of the spatial distribution of number concentration, size distribution, and chemical composition of aerosol particles measured for the first time over the seas of the Russian Arctic. Various types of vertical distribution of the number concentration were recorded, characteristic of both coastal marine and continental areas. Most of them turned out to be of the continental type. Attention is also drawn to the almost complete absence of coarse particles above 2–3 km over all seas. The chemical composition of the Arctic aerosol at altitudes of both 200 m and 5000 m contains ions that can be referred to as both marine and continental. The identifiable carbon- and salt-free elemental part of the aerosol over the Arctic is 3–4 times larger than that of ions. Over all seas and at both altitudes, the Arctic aerosols mainly contain elements of terrigenous origin – Al, Cu, Fe, and Si. Over almost all seas, except the Barents Sea, Si is dominant in the elemental composition of the aerosol, its contribution over the Chukchi Sea reaching 85

In the Arctic, global warming is 2–3 times faster than over other regions of the globe. As a result, noticeable changes are already being recorded in all areas of the environment. However, there is very little data on such changes in the Russian Arctic. Therefore, to fill the gap in the data on the vertical distribution of the gas and aerosol composition of air in this region, an experiment was carried out on the Tu-134 Optik flying laboratory in September 2020 to sound the atmosphere and water surface over the water areas of all seas in the Russian Arctic. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of methane. It is shown that during the experiment its concentration was the highest over the Kara Sea (2090 ppb) and the lowest over the Chukchi Sea (2005 ppb). The East Siberian and Bering Seas were slightly different from the Chukchi Sea in terms of the methane concentration. Average values of CH 4 are characteristic of the Barents (2030 ppb) and the Laptev Seas (2040 ppb). The difference between the concentrations at an altitude of 200 meters and in the free troposphere attained 150 ppb over the Kara Sea, decreased to 91 and 94 ppb over the Barents and Laptev Seas, and further decreased over the East Siberian, Chukchi, and Bering Seas to 66, 63, and 74 ppb, respectively. Horizontal heterogeneity in the distribution of methane over the Arctic seas is the greatest over the Laptev Sea, where it attained 73 ppb. It is two times higher than over the Barents and Kara Seas, and 5–7 times higher than over the East Siberian and Bering Seas.

Настоящая статья продолжает цикл исследований состава воздуха над морями Российского сектора Арктики в сентябре 2020 г. Анализируется пространственное распределение следующих малых газовых составляющих: оксида углерода (СО), озона (О3), оксида и диоксида азота (NO, NO2) и диоксида серы (SO2). Показано, что концентрация О3 изменялась в приводном слое (высота 200 м) в диапазоне 18-36 млрд-1, СО - 60-130 млрд-1, NO - 0,005-0,12 млрд-1, NO2 - 0,10-1,00 млрд-1 и SO2 - 0,06-0,80 млрд-1. Над акваториями большинства морей распределение газов по площади было неоднородным, что, скорее всего, обусловливается различиями в поглощении их океаном и особенностями переноса с континента. Based on the results of a comprehensive experiment conducted in September 2020, the spatial distribution of the following trace gases over the seas of the Russian Arctic are analyzed: carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (NO and NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). It is shown that the gas concentrations in the surface air layer over the seas (at a height of 200 m) vary in the range 18-36 ppb for O3, 60-130 ppb for CO, 0.005-0.12 ppb for NO, 0.10-1.00 ppb for NO2, and 0.06-0.80 ppb for SO2. Over most seas, the distribution of the gases across the water area is heterogeneous, which most likely reflects differences in their uptake by the ocean and peculiarities of transport from the continent.

The ERA 5 reanalysis data and the daily average surface ozone concentrations (O 3 ) measured at the TOR station from 1993 to 2020 are used to study the circulation pattern favoring the formation of extremely high ozone concentrations (95th percentile, henceforth О 3 95). All months are characterized by an identical circulation mode accompanied by an increase in the surface air temperature in the area encompassing the ozone concentration measuring station. In addition to the increase in the air temperature, О 3 95 events are characterized by strengthening of the southwesterly component of the wind velocity field. It is also found that these circulation features are associated with the development of meridional properties, probably due to the propagation of waves in the upper troposphere in midlatitudes. The identified circulation mode simultaneously favors the transboundary transport of ozone and its precursors from the southern regions, the enhancement of photochemical O 3 formation, and the occurrence of wildfires.

We consider the distribution of tropospheric ozone on the territory of Russia in 2022 using data from 33 stations located in different physical and geographical zones, as well as its vertical distribution from results of aircraft sensing. It was shown that measurements at all measurement sites exceeded the maximum permissible daily average concentrations, determined by the national hygienic standard. In some regions, the excess over the maximum permissible concentrations of the working zone and over the maximum one-time hourly average concentrations is recorded, so that the population should be broadly warned about the monitoring results and measures should be taken to reduce the level of ozone concentration in the surface air layer.

We discuss the methodical aspects and approaches used to arrange solar radiation measurements at the Fonovaya Observatory at the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the capabilities of the new radiation unit, integrated into the Observatory measurement system in 2020. It is equipped with a set of instruments allowing a continuous monitoring of the total (0.285–2.8 μm), total UV (0.280–0.400 μm), and UV-B radiation (0.280–0.315 μm), as well as the radiation balance. We describe the capabilities of software specially developed for the measurement data acquisition, transmission, and processing.

Ozone is one of the most toxic admixtures in the troposphere. Therefore, it is among the main pollutants and its concentration is monitored. This work represents an overview of continuous measurements of the ozone content in the troposphere on the territory of Russia throughout 2021 carried out on an initiative of scientific and educational institutions at 17 stations in different Russian regions. The monitoring results showed that the daily average ozone concentration exceeded the MPC d.a level during a major part of the year at all observation sites, and by a factor of two or even three at a number of stations. At six stations, concentrations in excess of the maximum permissible one-time concentration MPC m.o were recorded. This requires a more comprehensive analysis of the composition and concentration of ozone precurcors and the development of measures to reduce their emission into the atmosphere.

— We analyze the spatial distribution of carbon dioxide over the seas of the Russian Arctic based on the results of the comprehensive experiment conducted in September 2020. It turned out that during the experiment, the concentration of CO 2 increased from west to east. The minimum of 396 ppm was over the Barents Sea, and the maximum of 4106 ppm was over the Chukchi Sea. The difference between the concentrations at an altitude of 200 m and in the free troposphere attained 156 ppm over the Barents Sea and decreased to 56 ppm over the Laptev Sea. Over the eastern seas, the difference became generally positive, which was associated with the air transfer from Alaska. Above the waters of most seas, the distribution of carbon dioxide was horizontally heterogeneous, which showed the regional features of its assimilation by the ocean and transfer from the continent.

Ground-based measurements at the Fonovaya Observatory in 2021 are used to analyze the variations in solar radiation in the wavelength ranges 0.285–2.8, 0.280–0.400, and 0.280–0.315 μm. The calculations of the radiation balance and albedo of the underlying surface are presented. The diurnal radiation balance is shown to be −1.20 ± 1.18 MJ/m 2 during the period of stable snow cover, from November to March, and +8.83 ± 4.49 MJ/m 2 in the snow-free period, from May to September. The diurnal solar radiation absorption by the Earth’s surface is estimated to not exceed 2 MJ/m 2 during the period of stable snow cover, from December to March, and to vary from 10 to 25 MJ/m 2 in summer.

Рассматривается распределение тропосферного озона на территории России в 2022 г. по данным 33 станций, расположенных в разных физико-географических зонах, а также его вертикальное распределение по результатам самолетного зондирования. Показано, что во всех пунктах измерений превышались предельно допустимые среднесуточные концентрации, установленные отечественным гигиеническим нормативом. В отдельных регионах фиксируется превышение предельно допустимых концентраций рабочей зоны и максимальных разовых среднечасовых концентраций в сложившейся ситуации необходимо широко информировать население о результатах мониторинга и проводить мероприятия по снижению уровня концентрации озона в приземном слое воздуха. The work considers the distribution of tropospheric ozone in Russia in 2022 according to 33 stations located in different physical and geographical zones, as well as its vertical distribution according to the results of aircraft sensing. It was shown that ozone concentration stations the maximum permissible daily average concentrations established by the domestic hygienic standard at all exceed. In some regions, the maximum permissible concentrations of the working zone and the maximum one-time hourly average concentrations are exceeded. The current situation causes the need to widely inform the population about the monitoring results and develop environmental measures to reduce the level of ozone concentration in the surface air layer.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856023340018